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Background: The use of probiotics is emerging as an innovative approach to managing oral health issues and mediating the immune system. The current study assessed the in vitro impacts of non-orally isolated probiotics on periodontitis and tooth decay pathogens. Methods: Briefly, the persistence of probiotics in exposure to oral cavity enzymes, hydrogen peroxide, and saliva samples was examined. It was also investigated the biofilm formation and aggregation ability of probiotics, the adherence of probiotics in human gingival fibroblast cell (HGFC) lines and molar teeth samples, and the potential of probiotics to co-aggregate with oral pathogens. Additionally, the current study evaluated the effects of live probiotics on virulence gene expression, biofilm production of main oral pathogens, and changes in inflammation markers. Results: The probiotics remained alive when exposed to enzymes in the oral cavity, hydrogen peroxide, and saliva at baseline, 1, 3, and 5 h after incubation at 37°C (p-value <0.05). Probiotics demonstrated to produce biofilm and aggregation, as well as adherence to HGFCs and maxillary molars (p-value >0.05). They showed significant co-aggregation with oral pathogens, which were recorded as 65.57% for B. bifidum 1001 with S. mutans, 50.06% for B. bifidum 1005 with P. gingivalis, 35.6% for L. plantarum 156 with F. nucleatum, and 18.7% for B. longum 1044 with A. actinomycetemcomitans after 8 h of incubation. A balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, along with inhibition of biofilm formation and changes in virulence gene transcripts, were observed. However, most of these changes were not statistically significant (p-value >0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated the direct link between adhesiveness, aggregation, and biofilm formation with probiotic antibacterial activity. In addition to the careful selection of suitable probiotic strains, the concentration and origin of probiotic isolates should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study investigated the effect of photodynamic therapy on chronic periodontitis patients and then evaluated the microbial, immunological, periodontal, and clinical outcomes. The significant effects of photodynamic therapy obtained by in vitro and in vivo studies have made it a popular treatment for periodontal diseases in recent years. Photodynamic therapy is a novel bactericidal strategy that is stronger, faster, and less expensive than scaling and root planing. Method: This study registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021267008) and retrieved fifty-three randomized controlled trials by searching nine databases (Medline, Embase, Scopus, Open Gray, Google Scholar, ProQuest, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov) from 2008 to 2023. Of 721 records identified through database searches following title and full-text analysis, and excluding duplicate and irrelevant publications, 53 articles were included in this systematic review. Fifty of the 53 eligible studies fulfilled all the criteria in the Joanna Briggs Institute's (JBI's) Checklist for RCTs; the remaining articles met 9-12 criteria and were considered high quality. Results: The present study showed that photodynamic therapy in adjunct to scaling and root planing has the potential to improve periodontal parameters such as clinical attachment loss or gain, decrease in bleeding on probing, and probing pocket depth. In addition, photodynamic therapy decreases the rate of periodontal pathogens and inflammation markers, which, in turn, reduces the progression of periodontitis. Conclusion: Photodynamic therapy is considered a promising, adjunctive, and low-cost therapeutic method that is effective in tissue repair, reducing chronic periodontitis, reducing inflammation, and well-tolerated by patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is the final stage of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN). The microbiome plays a critical role in eye disease and health. Changes in the eye microbiome may be involved in the development of OSSN. Materials and Methods: The sampling for this case-control study involved rolling sterile rayon-tipped swabs on the conjunctival tissue of both patients and controls. The detection of bacterial communities, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (S. haemolyticus), Corynebacterium spp., and Acinetobacter spp. The study was conducted using the TaqMan quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method, which targets the 16S rDNA gene from bacteria in various samples. Results: The results showed that the frequency of Corynebacterium spp. was the same in both the patient and control groups (77.88%). Further, it exhibited the highest copy number compared to other bacteria. In general, a significant difference was observed in the total amounts of P.aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. haemolyticus among patients, with a P-value < 0.001, additionally, Acinetobacter spp. showed a significant difference with a P-value = 0.004. 88.9% of S. haemolyticus (P=0.002) and 83.3% of P. aeruginosa (P=0.033) were detected in the OSSN group, and no detection of these bacteria was observed in any of the control samples. Conclusion: The study found a significant difference in some bacterial strains between patients with OSSN and those without OSSN. Understanding the function and composition of the ocular surface microbiome can provide insights into ocular surface diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrofurantoin (NF), a wide-spectrum antibiotic accessible since 1953, is utilized widely to treat urinary tract infections as it usually stays active against drugresistant uropathogen. The use of Nitrofurantoin has increased exponentially since new guidelines have repositioned it as first-line therapy for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection (UTI). To, although fluoroquinolones are usually used to re-evaluate the first- and second-line therapies for treating uncomplicated UTI, their level of utilization is thought to be inappropriately excessive and will eventually have a detrimental impact; thus, we hypothesize that NF might be the best choice for this condition, because of its low frequency of utilization and its high susceptibility in common UTI pathogens. It can be concluded from this review that NF can be considered as the most effective drug in the treatment of acute urinary infection, but due to the long-term side effects of this drug, especially in elderly patients, it is essential to introduce some criteria for prescribing NF in cases of chronic UTI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of research suggests that rising average global temperatures may be one of several causes of disease emergence and reemergence among human and animal populations. Climate change most significantly affects diseases caused by pathogens that spend part of their lifecycle outside the host and are exposed to the environment, such as waterborne diseases, foodborne pathogens, and vector-borne zoonoses. Additionally, the displacement of people and damage to health infrastructures from the projected increase in climate variability could indirectly contribute to transmitting infectious diseases. However, while the globe is significantly warmer than a century ago, not all studies have found a clear link between climate change and disease outbreaks. Analyzing the role of climate in the emergence of infectious diseases will require interdisciplinary collaboration among climatologists, physicians, social researchers, and biologists. Understanding the relationship between climatological and ecological change as disease emergence and redistribution determinants will ultimately help optimize preventive measures. Here, we review the scientific evidence of how global warming and patterns affect different human bacterial infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Foodborne diseases are considered as an important public health issue. The purpose of the current study was to isolate Lactobacillus spp. strains from fecal samples, investigate their antimicrobial properties, and assess the expression of genes encoding bacteriocin in co-culture of Lactobacillus with enteric pathogens. Materials and Methods: Fecal samples of healthy people were collected. Human colon adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 was used to examine Lactobacillus strains adherence capacity. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to determine bacteriocin-encoding genes expression in co-culture of the selected Lactobacillus strain with Salmonella, Shigella, and two diarrheagenic Escherichia coli serotypes during 4, 6, and 24 hr of incubation. Results: The selected L. plantarum strain was able to inhibit four foodborne pathogens in both methods. L. plantarum No.14 exhibited the highest ability to adhere to Caco-2 cells. In this study, pln F, sak P, pln I, pln B, and pln J genes of L. plantarum No.14 were upregulated in co-culture of L. plantarum No.14 with diarrheagenic E. coli serotypes. In addition, acd, Lactacin F, sak P, pln J, pln EF, and pln NC8 genes as well as pln NC8 and pln A genes mRNA levels were significantly increased in co-culture of L. plantarum No.14 with Shigella dysenteriae, and Salmonella typhi, respectively, during 24 hrs of incubation. Conclusion: Other studied genes were down-regulated during the incubation time. The selected L. plantarum strains could be served as alternative antimicrobial agents against pathogens which could contaminate foodstuffs and are responsible for human diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is an emerging agent among pathogens that causes diarrhea. Studies showed that diarrheagenic E. coli such as enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), diffusely adhering E. coli (DAEC) and shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC) strains are among the most frequent causative agents in acute diarrhea. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of DEC pathotypes in Khuzestan province. Materials and Methods: Stool samples were collected from patients with diarrhea in Khuzestan province of Iran. E. coli strains were isolated using conventional culture and standard biochemical tests. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to detect presence of virulence genes, i.e; eae, stx1 and stx2 for EHEC, bfp and eae for EPEC, LT and ST for ETEC, AA for EAEC, invE for EIEC, stx1 and stx2 for STEC. Results: Altogether, 200 stool samples were obtained from patients, of which 158 (79%) were positive for E. coli. DEC was identified in 127 (63%) of stool samples, which frequency of each pathotypes were as follows: atypical EPEC 49 (39%), typical EPEC 1 (0.7%), STEC 50 (39.3%), ETEC 21 (16.3%), EAEC 5 (4.0%) and EIEC 1 (0.7%). Most frequent etiological agents of diarrhea in Khuzestan province of Iran were STEC and EPEC. Conclusion: Our findings showed DEC had been agent of diarrhea in Khuzestan. This finding provides evidence that effort should be made to estimate the burden of infection by the etiological agent for better medical approach and should raise notification about antibiotic resistance among bacterial infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]