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Deniz yolu taşımacılığı küresel ekonominin devamlılığı açısından önemlidir. Türk Boğazları olarak adlandırılan İstanbul ve Çanakkale Boğazı’nın ise taşımacılık güzergahı için önemli stratejik noktalardır. Devletler için geçiş serbestliğinin olduğu boğazlar birçok yabancı bayraklı geminin geçiş rotasıdır. Çalışmada COVID-19 ve Ukrayna-Rusya Savaşı gibi tüm dünyayı etkileyen gelişmelerin taşımacılık ve dolayısıyla boğazlar üzerindeki etkisinin ne olduğu sorusuna cevap aranmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı’ndan alınan “Türk Boğazları Gemi Geçiş İstatistikleri” verileri doğrultusunda 2019-2023 yılları arası dönemin karşılaştırmalı analizi yapılmıştır. Veriler İstanbul ve Çanakkale Boğazlarından geçen gemi sayıları, gemi tonaj ağırlıkları, gemi büyüklükleri/uzunlukları ve geçiş yapan ülkelerin bayrakları bilgilerinden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı denizyolu taşımacılığı açısından Türk Boğazlarının önemi ve küresel etkileri olan gelişmelerin etkisini incelemektir. 2019-2023 (2023 Ağustos ayı dahil) yılları arasında İstanbul Boğazı’ndan ve Çanakkale Boğazı’ndan geçen ilk yirmi ülke verilmiş, yıllara göre ülkelerin yüzdelik payı tabloda sunulmuştur. Dünya haritasında gemilerin taşıdıkları ülke bayraklarına göre geçiş sayılarının yoğunlukları verilmiştir. Son beş yılda geçiş yapan gemi sayısı ve tonajın en fazla ve en düşük olduğu yıl belirtilmiştir. 2019-2023 yılları arası Boğazlardan geçen gemilerin sayısı, tonajı, boyları karşılaştırılmıştır.

Maritime transportation is important for the continuity of the global economy. The Bosphorus and the Dardanelles, called the Turkish Straits, are important strategic points for transportation routes. The straits, where there is freedom of passage for states, are the transit route of many foreign flagged ships. The study seeks to answer the question of what is the impact of developments affecting the whole world such as COVID-19 and the Ukraine-Russia War on transportation and therefore on the straits. In this direction, a comparative analysis of the period between 2019-2023 has been made in line with the “Turkish Straits Vessel Transit Statistics” data obtained from the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. The data consists of the number of ships passing through the The Bosphorus and the Dardanelles Straits, ship tonnage weights, ship sizes/lengths and flags of the transiting countries. The aim of the study is to examine the importance of the Turkish Straits in terms of maritime transportation and the impact of developments with global effects. The first twenty countries passing through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles between 2019-2023 (including August 2023) are given, and the percentage shares of the countries by year are presented in the table. On the world map, the density of the number of crossings of ships according to the country flags they carry is given. The year with the highest and lowest number of ships passing through and tonnage in the last five years is indicated. The characteristics of the ships passing in 2019-2023 were compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines four major naval battles (1656, 1657, 1807, and 1915) that took place in the Dardanelles during the Ottoman Empire period. The study analyzes the historical context, causes, course, and consequences of these battles, emphasizing the strategic importance of the Dardanelles. Furthermore, in light of the lessons drawn from these historical events, the article offers recommendations for modern Turkey's maritime security policies. By highlighting the importance of strait defense, naval power, technological superiority, and international cooperation, the article aims to contribute to Turkey's future maritime security strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shipping interests of Miguirditch Gumuchdjian stemmed from a coal enterprise established in Constantinople in the mid-1890s. A local business partnership operating as coal-mine proprietors and ship owners acquired its first vessel around 1900. From 1902 Gumuchdjian focused on coal importing and shipping, further vessels being acquired or managed under different flags between 1910 and 1914. In the early twentieth century the Turkish coal industry and the prevailing geopolitical situations presented both opportunities and risks. These factors were shaped by external conflicts, demands for independence within the widespread territories of the Ottoman empire, rising Turkish nationalism and the empire's decline, resulting in the declaration of the Turkish Republic in 1923. The First World War proved eventful, with vessels requisitioned for war service and sunk by Allied naval actions. As an Armenian Christian, Gumuchdjian's personal situation became difficult, necessitating a temporary relocation to London between 1915 and 1919 and a permanent move in 1923. His London-based shipping and trading business continued until 1932, when financial and management problems led to its closure. These events are examined in relation to the external contexts and the changing fortunes of a small shipping enterprise over more than three decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) is the most prominent active fault system in Northwestern Turkey. It is a major fracture that traverses the Northern part of Asia Minor and marks the boundary between the Anatolian tectonic plate and the larger Eurasian continental block, and has been the source of numerous large earthquakes throughout history. The NAFZ splits into three strands at the eastern part of the Marmara Sea. The northern strand passes through Izmit Bay, traverses the Marmara Sea and reaches to the Saros Gulf. The central fault zone passes through Izmit Bay, traverses the Sea of Marmara and reaches the Saros Gulf to the southeast. Earthquakes on this zone involve primarily horizontal ground motions (strike-slip type of faulting). Because of this unstable tectonic system, the area is considered to be as one of the most seismically active zones of the world. In the last hundred years, numerous large earthquakes have also occurred along the NAFZ, in the western part of Turkey. Beginning with an earthquake in 1939, several more quakes - with Richter magnitudes greater than 6.7 - struck in progression along adjacent segments of the great fault. The August 17, 1999 Izmit earthquake was the eleventh of such a series that have broken segments of the NAFZ, in both eastward and westward direction. The epicenter of the 1999 earthquake was near Izmit, as well as the location of previous events. The sequence of historic events indicates that the next destructive tsunamigenic earthquake could occur west of the 1999 event in the Sea of Marmara. The present study incorporates the results of a subsequent 2001 study which uses standardized remote sensing techniques and GIS-methods – based on Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data, and on geo- morph metric parameters that influenced local site conditions in the Sea of Marmara, as determined with Digital elevation data of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), and with high resolution ASTER-data. With such remote sensing methods, areas that are potentially vulnerable areas in the Sea of Marmara were detected, so that disaster mitigation strategies can be implemented more effectively in the future. Based on such technology, local site conditions, which exacerbated earthquake intensities and collateral disaster destruction in the Marmara Sea region, were identified. Also reviewed by the present study are the similarities of NAFZ with the San Andreas fault in California in the USA, for the formation of an active transform boundary of the strike-slip type, with the two sides moving horizontally and continuously past each other. Finally examined is the tectonic and continuing geodynamic evolution and collision between the Arabian Plate and Eurasia, which places in danger many cities in southeastern Turkey and NorthWest Syria - which is are located on the boundary with the Arabian tectonic plate, as evidenced by the recent disastrous earthquake of 8 February 2023 along the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ).

The Russian-Ukrainian war that is currently destabilizing the east of the European continent has led the international community to recalibrate its focus on the maritime sector. The Black Sea has been a controversial area throughout history, with the riparian states considering necessary to develop measures to maintain regional peace and security. In 1936, the Montreux Convention was signed, with the aim of limiting security risks, Turkey being thus responsible for regulating transit through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits. For a better understanding of the context, respectively of the international act signed in 1936, the article will present a brief description of the basic elements of the Convention, as well as the extent to which the Convention contributes to ensuring a balanced climate from a security point of view in the region in the context of Russian-Ukrainian war. The current research will be based on quantitative tools, aiming at both the analysis of the text of the international act, as well as the study and filtering of some elements of interest from the analyzes published in the national and international media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) is the most prominent active fault system in Northwestern Turkey. It is a major fracture that traverses the Northern part of Asia Minor and marks the boundary between the Anatolian tectonic plate and the larger Eurasian continental block, and has been the source of numerous large earthquakes throughout history. The NAFZ splits into three strands at the eastern part of the Marmara Sea. The northern strand passes through Izmit Bay, traverses the Marmara Sea and reaches to the Saros Gulf. The central fault zone passes through Izmit Bay, traverses the Sea of Marmara and reaches the Saros Gulf to the southeast. Earthquakes on this zone involve primarily horizontal ground motions (strike-slip type of faulting). Because of this unstable tectonic system, the area is considered to be as one of the most seismically active zones of the world. In the last hundred years, numerous large earthquakes have also occurred along the NAFZ, in the western part of Turkey. Beginning with an earthquake in 1939, several more quakes - with Richter magnitudes greater than 6.7 - struck in progression along adjacent segments of the great fault. The August 17, 1999 Izmit earthquake was the eleventh of such a series that have broken segments of the NAFZ, in both eastward and westward direction. The epicenter of the 1999 earthquake was near Izmit, as well as the location of previous events. The sequence of historic events indicates that the next destructive tsunamigenic earthquake could occur west of the 1999 event in the Sea of Marmara. The present study incorporates the results of a subsequent 2001 study which uses standardized remote sensing techniques and GIS-methods - based on Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data, and on geomorph metric parameters that influenced local site conditions in the Sea of Marmara, as determined with Digital elevation data of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), and with high resolution ASTER-data. With such remote sensing methods, areas that are potentially vulnerable areas in the Sea of Marmara were detected, so that disaster mitigation strategies can be implemented more effectively in the future. Based on such technology, local site conditions, which exacerbated earthquake intensities and collateral disaster destruction in the Marmara Sea region, were identified. Also reviewed by the present study are the similarities of NAFZ with the San Andreas fault in California in the USA, for the formation of an active transform boundary of the strike-slip type, with the two sides moving horizontally and continuously past each other. Finally examined is the tectonic and continuing geodynamic evolution and collision between the Arabian Plate and Eurasia, which places in danger many cities in southeastern Turkey and NorthWest Syria - which is are located on the boundary with the Arabian tectonic plate, as evidenced by the recent disastrous earthquake of 8 February 2023 along the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The struggle for control of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, strategic access points on the only waterway between the Black Sea and the oceans of the world, has a long history. It has become even topical in the modern age, as an effect of the increase in economic power and the expansionist tendencies of some states, bearing the imprint of the flourishing or decline of some empires whose fate depended on the strategic situation at the junction of Europe and Asia. However, 86 years ago, in a conciliatory setting, a diplomatic instrument was signed in Montreux, emblematic in the evolution of international law, based on a real spirit of harmonization of political, economic and military interests, which authorized the transit of ships and aircraft through the area of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles straits. Still in force today, the Montreux Convention signed on 20 July 1936, which put Ankara in possession of the keys to the straits, is one of the long-lasting international agreements, limiting the number and tonnage of vessels and, in the case of warships, the duration of their presence in the area, a fact that, in the almost nine decades, has produced effects on the interests of some states, be they Black Sea littoral states or not. The current war in Ukraine, launched on 24 February 2022, brings back in the diplomatic debates the document whose articles relating to the conflict situation have not been invoked since the end of the Second World War, although, over time, interested parties have strongly advocated for the revision of the Montreux Convention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Black Sea region has a special geopolitical significance for at least two states - Russia and Turkey. In order to identify the key factors that complicate regional cooperation between the two countries, the article considers the main problems of Russian-Turkish cooperation in the Black Sea area under the conditions of post-crisis resumption of bilateral relations after the 2015 incident. Regional contradictions between Moscow and Ankara are largely caused by different positions on such issues as Crimeas joining to Russia, the regime of the Black Sea Straits as well as the policy of pan-Turkism pursued by Turkey towards the Turkic-speaking peoples of the region in the strive to form a Turkic world. In conclusion the authors explain the need to further strengthen versatile bilateral cooperation with Turkey and to pay special attention to security and humanitarian fields.

Cevat Paşa (General Cevat Çobanlı: 1870-1938) was an Ottoman Army officer who played a decisive role in the defence of the Dardanelles Strait against the Allied offensive during the First World War. He had been primarily responsible for the preparation and improvement of defensive plans as the commander of the Çanakkale Fortified Zone, as well as the implementation of these plans during the Allied naval assault of 19 February-18 March 1915. The ultimate failure of the offensive was mainly due to the careful planning and successful execution of defensive measures under the command of Cevat Paşa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to make censuses of Puffinus yelkouan at the Dardanelles and to evaluate the movements at the Aegean and the Marmara Sea during the early breeding period. Field studies were carried out in the morning and afternoon for 40 days between 6 February and 22 March 2019. In the censuses, the highest number of birds, passing in both directions in a day was 78145 individuals; 56451 of them were counted in the direction of the Aegean Sea on 17 February, which is the highest number counted in one direction in a day. As a result, the number of birds crossing to the Aegean Sea through the Dardanelles in the afternoon is significantly higher than the number of birds crossing to the Aegean Sea in the morning. In the afternoon, the number of birds flying towards the Aegean Sea is significantly higher than the number of birds flying towards the Marmara Sea. Considering that the species visits the breeding colonies at night, this movement pattern could be related to the fact that the shearwater breeding population is predominantly found in the Aegean or in the Mediterranean Sea. In addition, some issues, such as how long the birds stay in these sea regions after flying to the Aegean Sea or the Marmara Sea, which route they follow or how the flocks mix require further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies / Çagdas Türkiye Tarihi Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the early phase of the career of Martin Eric Nasmith (1883–1965) and is an attempt to summarise his achievements during three underwater patrols in the Dardanelles and the Sea of Marmara in 1915. Those missions brought him the appellation of the most effective British submariner of WW1. In Anglophone historiography, all the books and articles related to this subject constitute a one-sided narrative based solely on British sources. Thus, the author has made the first attempt in western historiography to compare the British and Turkish points of view. Although a few such efforts have been made in Tur- key, their results are not widely known to western historians, and in some cases, they raise objections. The decision to take up this challenge came from an awareness that Nasmith’s view of the situation at the moment when he was personally observing the effects of his attacks could not be complete and entirely objective. He could not have known that some of the vessels he had sunk in shallow coastal waters were salvaged by the Turks and restored to service. The article gives detailed coverage of the attacks conducted by Nasmith on Ottoman warships, steam-powered merchant ships and land targets, during all three patrols of the “E11” submarine. As a result of his research, the author was able to draw attention to the fact that the results of “E11”’s second patrol were incomparably more favourable than those of the first one (for which Nasmith was awarded the Victoria Cross), both in terms of losses inflicted on the Ottoman Navy and on the transport fleet. In the case of the latter, the total tonnage of definitively sunken steam-powered vessels was more than 470 percent higher. While Nasmith claimed that he had sunk at least 122 Ottoman vessels during all three patrols, Turkish sources indicate that the total number of warships and steam-powered transport ships definitively destroyed by him did not exceed fifteen.

Copyright of Studia Maritima is the property of University of Szczecin Press / Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study reports the heterobranch mollusks Bursatella leachii (Blainville, 1817) and Melibe viridis (Kelaart, 1858) for the first time from the Dardanelles (Çanakkale Strait), Turkey. Individuals of these two species were observed in January 2020 on a sandy and seagrass bed of Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson and in groups among the algae Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskâl) J. Agardh. Although the Dar-danelles is one of the biodiversity hotspots in Turkish Seas and the abundance of marine invertebrates in particular regions is significantly high, the inventory of the sea slugs in the region is limited. This study improves the existing knowledge on the molluscan fauna of the Turkish Straits System, the species abundance in the region and their ecological characteristics. The current finding also represents the northernmost records in an invaded area at the Çanakkale Strait of Aegean Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inter-basin water exchanges can be quite important in climatic-scale numerical studies simulating the circulation and hydrographic characteristics of neighboring oceanic basins connected through narrow straits. The crucial role of the interaction between the Mediterranean and the Black Seas is often overseen in simulations, which rely mostly on parameterizations to describe the exchange, essentially decoupling the two basins. In this study, the fully interconnected Eastern Mediterranean–Black Sea system is simulated for the historical period (1985–2015) using realistic boundary conditions (lateral, atmospheric and hydrological), with a hydrodynamic fully three-dimensional ocean modeling system. The setup of such a configuration is thoroughly described and the performance of the 30-year hindcast product is validated exhaustively against observations and model results, by evaluating the representation of surface fields, circulation, three-dimensional hydrographic characteristics, volumetric water exchanges, and the spatio-temporal variability of the above. The comparison shows exceptional performance, minimal drift, and substantial improvement compared to modeling studies that do not include the interaction. Moreover, due to the free-run configuration of the simulation (i.e., absence of assimilation schemes) no additional input is required other than the respective boundary conditions, making it possible to reliably extend the same setup for scenarios where observational data are not available, such as in future projections.

The modern realm of international business has grown to be more and more dependent on the international state of affairs, thus, geopolitics have become an indispensable tool for predicting and evaluating future risks or for identifying opportunities. Because the center of global economic power is slowly but surely shifting from the western countries to Asia, the geopolitical moves of Asian countries on „The Grand Chessboard” need to be studied and analyzed, especially the ones of the leading actor, China. Being the only pretender to overthrow the US from the position of the biggest world economy, China wants to establish new international economic relations, implicitly new trade routes, through which it can secure a supply line for the sale of its products. Thus, China proposes a New Silk Road which is dependent on a series of maritime choke points, amongst which are the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits or better known as the Turkish Straits. This paper studies the future geopolitical and economic implications for this choke point if the New Silk Road comes in existence. The study utilises maritime economic data and geopolitical theory in order to assess the future risks and opportunities that derive from the establishment of the New Silk Road. The analyze results, indicates that the Turkish choke point will change the geopolitics and economics of Eastern Europe. The importance of this is that the countries that are directly linked with the New Silk Road can maximize their advantages in the long run.

Samples were collected seasonally from three stations in the Dardanelles between April 2016 and October 2017 to determine the effects of biological and physicochemical properties of the coastal system on the isotopic compositions of the most abundant copepod species, Acartia clausi and Calanus helgolandicus, and a cladoceran, Penilia avirostris. Plankton samples were collected horizontally with a 200-μm-mesh plankton net and isotopic analyses were performed by mass spectrometry after identification to species level. Total zooplankton abundance reached its maximum in spring and summer. The δ13C values of copepods showed statistically significant differences both between stations and seasons. As a selective feeder, C. helgolandicus had the highest values in both δ13C and δ15N. Being a filter feeder, P. avirostris distinctly differed from C. helgolandicus and A. clausi. Enrichment was observed in δ15N values of copepods in winter, when the highest values of total suspended solids and chlorophyll-a were determined. The results showed that δ13C values of the copepods were under the influence of environmental and biological factors. Additionally, dietary differences between herbivorous groups and other groups were clearly demonstrated, as well as differences in the diets of filter-feeding and selectively-feeding zooplanktonic species.

This study was conducted in a copper alloy cage fish farm to observe the environmental properties of the marine system. Water quality parameters such as temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids, chlorophyll-a and inorganic nutrients such as NO2+NO3, NH4, PO4 and SiO2 were observed between May 2014 and September 2014 in the study area. The observed results were compared with acceptable limits pronounced in international organizations such as EPA and FAO, and national organizations such as WPCR and RTMAF as well as the previous studies conducted in the region. According to the results, a decrease in dissolved oxygen and pH was observed at the farm while increases in inorganic nutrients except for ammonia were recorded. TSS values showed significant positive correlation with TP, indicating that TSS was supported by fecal pellets or unused fish feed in the cage system. MDS analysis results showed that TSS, chlorophyll-a and TP were similar throughout the sampling period. The study showed that copper alloy cage system did not have any negative impact on the marine system, compared with the limits provided by FAO, EPA, WPCR and RTMAF as well as with previously conducted studies in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper provides the results of the dendrochronological analyses of seven wood samples from the Ottoman fortress of Seddülbahir on the Gallipoli Peninsula or Turkey. It concludes that the trees were cut in the late spring of 1656. The data collected allows the first building phase of the fortress to be securely dated. By bringing together the dendrochronological results with various archival records about the fortress, a more precise building chronology for the fortress can be reconstructed. The probable initial period of construction was between 1656 and 1661. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Çanakkale Strait, as a part of the Turkish Strait System (TTS), is an important water route in the world which connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Sea of Marmara and hence to the Black Sea via the Istanbul Strait. Due to its peculiar hydrodynamic characteristics, the area offers unique opportunities for researching profiles of bacteria under different, poorly described conditions. The samples of the mud formations, observed by "Remotely-Operated Vehicles" (ROV) with a diameter of roughly 120m and a height of 1.5-2m at a depth of 24m on the seabed of the Çanakkale Strait, were investigated regarding bacterial composition, metabolic characteristics of heterotrophic bacteria and environmental variables. Gram-negative fermenting and non-fermenting bacteria were the most common group in terms of species numbers, compared to Gram-positive cocci and non-spore-forming and spore-forming bacilli, both also found in the sample of mud formations and surface sediment around them. In the study, four species, Micrococcus lylae, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Bordetella trematum and Roseomonas gilardii were recorded for the first time in the Turkish Seas. The results of the study contribute to an increasing knowledge on bacterial diversity and bacterial interactions regarding metabolically-talented bacteria and the environmental conditions of different texture on the floor of the seabed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern realm of international business has grown to be more and more dependent on the international state of affairs, thus, geopolitics have become an indispensable tool for predicting and evaluating future risks or for identifying opportunities. Because the center of global economic power is slowly but surely shifting from the western countries to Asia, the geopolitical moves of Asian countries on „The Grand Chessboard” need to be studied and analyzed, especially the ones of the leading actor, China. Being the only pretender to overthrow the US from the position of the biggest world economy, China wants to establish new international economic relations, implicitly new trade routes, through which it can secure a supply line for the sale of its products. Thus, China proposes a New Silk Road which is dependent on a series of maritime choke points, amongst which are the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits or better known as the Turkish Straits. This paper studies the future geopolitical and economic implications for this choke point if the New Silk Road comes in existence. The study utilises maritime economic data and geopolitical theory in order to assess the future risks and opportunities that derive from the establishment of the New Silk Road. The analyze results, indicates that the Turkish choke point will change the geopolitics and economics of Eastern Europe. The importance of this is that the countries that are directly linked with the New Silk Road can maximize their advantages in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integrity of the Ottoman Empire was a fundamental concern in nineteenth-century European politics, often referred to as 'the Eastern Question'. The main military aspect of this question was how Istanbul and the Turkish Straits, namely the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles, could be defended against a probable Russian attack by land, sea or both. The Russian seizure of Adrianople at the end of the Ottoman-Russian War of 1828-9 confirmed European doubts that the Ottomans were no longer able to defend their own capital against their northern rival. Politicians, diplomats, officers and intelligence agents of different countries such as Britain, Austria, Prussia/Germany and France were discussing this scenario in their public and confidential writings. This article aims to analyse the defence plans and intelligence reports produced throughout the long nineteenth century by British government agents who discussed probable scenarios of a Russian assault on the Turkish Straits and Istanbul on tactical, operational and strategic levels. As long as the British grand strategy necessitated naval supremacy in the eastern Mediterranean, the defence of the Turkish Straits against Russia remained a strategic priority. By 1907 Britain concluded that even if Russia successfully took the Turkish Straits it would not alter the balance of power in the Mediterranean. Russia had also started to follow a new expansionist policy in the Far East and the century long fear of a Russian attack on the Bosphorus and Istanbul lost its context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we intent a source-based analyze of the main directions of American policy in Black and Eastern Mediterranean Sea basins during the World War I (WWI). We emphasized that the United States taking in account their robust economy and a large commercial fleet were highly interested in freedom of maritime navigation, especially in Bosporus and Dardanelles straits. Before entering the WWI, the USA conducted an intense diplomatic policy in this region due to American ambassador in Constantinople Henry Morgenthau brilliant efforts: he kept abreast of course of events and informed regularly Washington, D.C. Noteworthy, the USA not only maintained their diplomatic connections with Porte, but also provided a humanitarian assistance. After the USA entered the WWI in April 1917, American diplomatic service managed to change substantively a perspective of post-war settlement and insisted heavily that strategically situated Constantinople and Black Sea straits had not to be controlled by any of leading countries. They are ought to be placed under international control to secure a free maritime navigation and to keep the balance of power in Black sea basin, in Asia Minor and in Near East. W. Wilson’s policy in this region is examined in the context of his intents not only to protect American national interests but also to prevent world armed conflicts in future, as well as to create an international system of foretelling of wars, aggressive actions of countries or military and political alliances.

This study was conducted at Cardak Lagoon of Dardanelles between August 2009 and March 2010. The average initial and final length of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck,1819) from different depths (0.5 m, 5 m, 10 m) were measured as 9.75± 0.81 mm - 41.21±3.42 mm, 9.76±0.87 mm - 39.64±2.90 mm, 9.95±0.75 mm - 38.13±2.70 mm and 0.11±0.03 g - 6.56±1.82 g, 0.11±0.03 g - 5.83±1.23 g, 0.11±0.02 g - 4.39±1.00 g, respectively. On the growth of mussels, monthx depth interaction (P = 0.221) and depth (P = 0.078) did not show a significant effect, but months were found to be effective (P = 0.00). The survival rates of the mussels at 0.5 m, 5 m, 10 m depth were determined as 87%, 87% and 76%, respectively. The difference of the survival rates of the mussels with respect to different months was significant (P = 0.011). Nevertheless, the depth had no effect upon the mussel survival rate (P = 0.091). It was confirmed that especially the particulate organic matter (POM) detected in water as well as the particulate inorganic matter (PIM) played a significant role in addition to the slight role that the salinity had on the growth performance of the mussels.

The Otoman Empire, one of the most important reasons for entering the World War I ships Goeben and Breslau was the penetration of the Dardanelles The Ottoman Empire announced that they had unilaterally purchased Goeben and Breslau for 80 million German Marks. Althought reluctant to do so, the German Ambassador Wangenheim approved the “fait accompli” of the purchase to avoid turnning Ottoman public opinion against his country. Ultimately, the Navy Minister Cemal Pasha officially accepted the two ships into the Ottoman Navy in a ceremony that took place on the 16 August 1914. The ships were renamed as “Yavuz” and “Midilli”. Admiral Souchon, who arrived in the Black Sea on 27 October, participated in the bombarding of Odessa, Sivastopol and Novorossisk harbour on the night of 29/30 October with the Ottoman Navy consisting of 11 vessels including Yavuz and Midilli. The Tsardom of Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 2 November 1914. Then Middilli, during the World War I that determines the fate of the Otoman Empire was one of the ships at sea. The other was Yavuz. In this article, artivities up to the sinking of the cruiser Midilli were discussed.

The Trojan War and the Gallipoli Campaigns are two pivotal battles that took place on the shores of the Dardanelles. They are similar in several respects: Both battles involve several groups coming from different places. Some of the tactics employed during the Gallipoli campaigns are reminiscent of those used during the Trojan War. Many allied soldiers, as their memoirs and letters reveal, knew well the Trojan War and the deeds of its heroes. Their writings also reveal that they compared themselves to the ancient Greek heroes that fought at Troy. They also thought the Gallipoli Campaign as a sort of New Trojan War

The Turks first stepped into Anatolia. Following period, to maintain their presence in this region have adopted a strategy of targeting the Dardanelles. At one point the security strategy has been one of the cornerstones. For centuries an important element of the defense of the Dardanelles has been an indispensable especially for housing navy and sailors. Gallipoli campaign comes to mind first naval victory matters March 18 and from April 25 are land battles on the Gallipoli peninsula. There are lots of operative and tactical operations, including maritime transport logistics first victory strategy behind the scenes. This operative and tactical success in all the operations carried out investigations to assess the level will remain incomplete.

This paper primarily deals with the military cooperation between the Monarchy and Turkey, highlighting the fate of the forces involved in the siege of the Dardanelles, and the personages of the locally famous artillerymen This research is done on gained information of the Hungarian gunners of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy during the First World War: participants defending the Dardanelles and the Sinai Peninsula. I have looked the accessible information up in Hungarian and from Archiv Vienna, Austria. During the First World War, from the fall of 1914, when the Turkish Empire declared a war on Russia, who had attacked Ottoman ports in the Black Sea without any declaration of war, then England and France also entered into war against the Turks, the political alliance between the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire was created, which was also their common fate, until the end of the war. First the German Empire, and later, from 1915, Bulgaria also participated in the alliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil, which especially in the transport sector, as the basic source of energy, is the largest share of World primary energy consumption. As the of the first year of data oil by 2015, World energy demand %32,6 percent ist. Turkey which particularly, in the Middle East, and the Caspian Basin, one of the world's proven oil and gas reserves are approximately %72 of the region where it is located. Oil trading is increased energy. The importance of intercontinental transport in our globalizing World countries and because of cheaper sea freight is preferred. Oil transported by sea brings with it potential significant environmental risks. When accidental oil spillage is, that into the sea of the danger of oil transportation. The Straits and the sea of Marmara with characteristics of the ecosystem is defined as a high risk for sensitive areas. As a result, oil spills and the resulting compounds. Affect all organisms within the ecosystems more or less. Ecological and economic effects of oil spills can be mentioned. Although some economic effects are mostly temporary, such a tourism, energy production ubd fisheries sectors can hit a major blow. On the other hand, the acute and chronic effects to threaten of life on. This work is based on the year the ship that made of transition from the Dardanelles in the amount of hazardous materials to attract attention. One of the world's major important waterways of this region, have intensive and risky maritime traffic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how the Royal Navy, in light of its highly ambiguous relationship with the submarine, was able to negotiate the image of their own submarines and submariners into their existing concepts of 'the best traditions and customs of the service'. It will consider how British submariners viewed themselves, how the surface fleet felt towards this new breed of naval men, and how their actions were constructed in a public sphere. This article will consider the various constructions of the heroic narratives surrounding campaign and will explore how and why these various narratives were constructed and reconstructed as they were, and what impact 'heroism' had on the prosecution of the campaign itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Propagation processes of plate‐scale faults through continental lithosphere are poorly documented. The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is a continental right‐lateral transform with striking evidence for propagation processes in the Marmara Sea pull‐apart region. Earlier work (Armijo et al., 1999, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091‐7613(1999)027<0267:WPOTNA>2.3.CO;2) suggests that in the Dardanelles, where the principal, northern branch of that fault (NNAF) enters into the Aegean: (1) a fold‐thrust system has progressively developed above the NNAF fault tip, at the WSW corner of the Marmara Sea pull‐apart. The main anticline formed there was sheared and its SW half laterally offset by ~70 km to the SW; (2) the timing of structure development appears correlated with sea level changes associated with the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Our new description of the Dardanelles (or Ganos‐Gelibolu) fold‐thrust system is based on structural mapping, field observations, and calcareous nannoplankton analyses to date key sedimentary units. Our results provide tight constraints on the main pulse of folding associated with propagation of the tip of the NNAF: it took place in the late Miocene to earliest Pliocene (5.60 to 5.04 Ma), before deposition of undeformed Pliocene marine sediments. The folding is mostly coeval with the Messinian Salinity Crisis and accommodated several kilometers of shortening at the fault tip. After full propagation of the NNAF up to the surface, the folded structure was sheared and right laterally offset, with an average 14 mm/year of slip rate during the past ~5 Myrs. A reconstruction of tectonic evolution suggests a flower structure nucleating and taking root at the tip of the fault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the concept of the sea as lieu de mémoire into maritime history. Pierre Nora has developed his „Lieux de mémoire” in France. According to Nora „a lieu de mémoire is any significant entity, whether material or non-material in nature […] which has become a symbolic element of the memorial heritage of any community”. Nora thus highlights symbolic values, hitherto often separated from historical sciences and reduced to historical narratives. In my paper I shall focus on shared memories, divided memories and entangled histories, but especially shared sites of memory. These – material or immaterial – „lieux de mémoire divisés” constitute symbolic intersections between cultures, spaces and times. They simultaneously affect not only the neighbouring countries and the national cultures of memory, but also societies and ethnic or religious groups. In two comparative case studies on the straits of the Sound (Oresund) and Dardanelles I shall try to test the application of the concept with respect to the various memories of the seafaring nations and ethnic communities, settling at the entrance of the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea.

High-resolution multibeam mosaics show that the seafloor across the southwestern Marmara Sea is host to remarkably organized near-circular bioherm mounds, which commonly are arranged into large, tightly packed clusters. Grab samples and gravity cores reveal that the bioherms are predominantly composed of very fine-grained, calcareous, silty mud with abundant bioclasts, including centimetre-scale masses of coralline red algae and intact disarticulated mollusc shells (mainly the genera Modiolus and Mytilus ). Geometric analysis of multibeam images reveals that the average bioherm is 15.6 m in diameter, occupies ~ 190 m 2 of seabed, stands 113 cm above the adjacent seafloor, and its crest is 20.6 m from the crests of neighbouring bioherms. In regions of tightly packed bioherm clusters (referred to as ‘bioherm colonies’) the inter-mound depressions are on average 4.4 m wide and 33 cm deep. Although each bioherm mound is nearly circular, the surrounding inter-mound channels form a more rectilinear mesh of linked pentagonal and hexagonal polygons suggesting densest possible spatial packing of the mounds. Near-neighbour statistics of R = 2.11–2.14 indicate an essentially uniform spacing between the bioherms, which is the expected result for close packing on a plane and full utilization of the available space. The bioherms occur at depths between − 30 m and − 60 m. They are absent above and below these depths. In this part of the southwestern Marmara Sea at the eastern exit of the Strait of Dardanelles, water depth controls important water mass properties such as salinity, nutrient supply and availability of light. Other inferred critical controls are the availability of a suitable hard substrate where Holocene muds are thin or absent, and nutrient supply, potentially including a component from escaping methane-rich pore fluids. Evidence here and elsewhere in the Marmara Sea provisionally dates the onset of bioherm growth and development to the latest Pleistocene–earliest Holocene, after global sealevel rose to the breach depth of the Strait of Dardanelles at ~ 13.8 cal ka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work was implemented to study the physicochemical and biological characteristics of the Sea of Marmara and the Turkish straits (TSS: Bosporus and Dardanelles straits) for the period 2010–2013 and to calculate winter and summer fluxes of nutrients (nitrates, phosphates) between the Aegean and Black Seas through the TSS. The brackish Black Sea waters reach the Dardanelles Strait with modified biochemical properties. The salinity and phosphates of the surface waters increased westwards. Biologically labile nutrients of Black Sea origin are utilized through biological processes in the Marmara Sea. On the other hand, increase of nutrients due to land based sources has led to eutrophication problems in the area. The sub surface water layer of Mediterranean origin is oxygen depleted (saturation < 30%) and rich in nutrients. Higher oxygen values indicated water mixing of the Sea of Marmara during winter 2012. Ammonium was the predominant form of inorganic nitrogen. The study area has been classified from Moderate to Bad trophic status. İzmit Bay also faced serious eutrophication problems together with hypoxic conditions below the halocline. Nutrient fluxes through the TSS showed temporal variation in the upper and lower layers related to changes in both nutrient concentrations and the water mass volume fluxes. Surface nitrates and phosphates outflux from the Sea of Marmara to the Aegean Sea was higher than the influx from the Black Sea through Bosporus strait, indicating high enrichment of nutrients in the Sea of Marmara from anthropogenic sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High Frequency (HF) radars, if properly located, can prove to be a valuable tool in areas of specific oceanographic interest, like Straits connecting two contrasting Ocean Basins, as in the case of the Turkish Straits connecting the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. The two basins' exchange generates a surface inflow and current into the North Aegean Sea that determine its characteristics and variability. Thus it is of prime importance to monitor and quantify the lateral advection of Black Sea waters (BSW) after their exit through the Dardanelles Straits. Here, we exploit surface velocity maps obtained through a HF radar in an effort to estimate (a) mixed-layer depth and (b) surface layer volume fluxes with unprecedented high spatiotemporal resolution. Comparison of the results of the hereby introduced method to estimates of the Dardanelles inflow into the Aegean Sea, or to independent estimates of the BSW advection volume fluxes in the interior of the basin, reveal consistently smaller values obtained with the new method. The difference is attributed to the fact that the HF radar method corresponds solely to advection within the surface mixed-layer, which is only a fraction of the total volume influx of Black-Sea waters into the Aegean. Testing this hypothesis on hydrographic measurements from a section further down the flow certifies that the quantity of BSW within the mixed-layer corresponds to a fraction of the total inflow of BSW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work introduces a method that enables the production of mixed-layer depth estimates from concurrent measurements of surface current velocities and surface wind stress. The method's basic assumption is that the mixed layer responds to wind forcing as a slab-layer. Here, the surface current velocities are provided by a High Frequency (HF) radar installed at the east coast of Lemnos island, monitoring the Dardanelles outflow of modified Black Sea waters into the Aegean Sea, and the wind stress is provided via the ERA-interim data set. The surface mixed layer is assumed to respond to wind-forcing as a slab. The method is applied both using the full EOF-reconstructed surface velocity field as well as only its wind-forced part. In the current implementation, the former method appears to produce better results than the latter. The method is evaluated using mixed-layer depth values estimated via local CTD profiles as reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces how differing perspectives on the sinking of the French battleshipBouvetultimately denied the Ottoman artillery credit for the success. The official British account would attribute the defeat to ‘floating mines’ and to the ‘luck’ of the Turks in March 1915 first, and later to theNusret’s minefield when they published their official history in 1921. Following the Great War and the occupation of Istanbul, the Ottoman officers who participated in the naval operations revised their own accounts and imported the British official narrative of the event. In understanding this overlooked case using newly disclosed Ottoman and German accounts, we can analyse how the losers’ historiography is vulnerable to overt influence from the victors’ hegemonic official historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

High-resolution modelling, for the first time, is used to study the basic hydrodynamics of the Turkish Straits System (TSS). Hydraulic controls in the Bosphorus and Dardanelles Straits are found to be essential in determining the coupled response of the TSS, which directly influences the interaction between the Mediterranean and Black Seas. The mixed baroclinic-barotropic response of the system is investigated as a function of the net barotropic flux and density stratification imposed at external boundaries, in the absence of atmospheric and tidal effects. The intense surface jet issuing from the Bosphorus is found to drive the basin-wide circulation of the Marmara Sea, varying with the net flux. The temporal response of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles Straits picks up rather fast, within a day or two, thanks to hydraulic controls within straits, while the surface currents in the Marmara Sea only approach steady state after a few months. Model stratification and circulation features are validated against independent measurements and a stand-alone model of the Bosphorus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation focused on weekly variations in cell density and volume of the dinoflagellateNoctiluca scintillans between March 2001 and January 2004 in the Dardanelles. March-June andOctober-December periods were excessive bloom periods. During the bloomperiods the density of N. scintillans reached 2.20 × 105 cells L-1 witha volume of 1.32 × 1012 µm3 L-1. In addition tothe high surface density, there was an increase in subsurface waters duringthe blooms. The bloom of N. scintillans, like that of diatom and otherdinoflagellate blooms, was associated not only with eutrophication, but alsowith stable temperatures and salinities.