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Paper is the most abundant and inexpensive polymeric structure of cellulose available. Paper has micro-porous capillary-like networks which are responsible for flow of solvents instead of pumps or electronic power, making paper an ideally usable tool. Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices use fabricated paper devices on which hydrophilic zones are formed within hydrophobic barriers. Hydrophilic zones act as regions for actual analytical purposes, whereas hydrophobic zones act to demarcate separate zones from one another. Clinically, these devices have been proved to be excellent point-of-care-devices in diagnosis which can bypass use of costly and time-consuming laboratory techniques. In the presented review, the basic principles and components involved in the design of paper-based devices were then summarised in understandable manner. Further, various applications in different fields were also compiled in the form of text under different sections and tables. Paper-based analytical devices may serve as an excellent tool in variety of analytical works as these techniques are simple, rapid, economic, and require less human power or trainings. They have prominent applications in analysis of biological fluids, drugs/metabolites, food stuffs, colorants, biomarkers, and several other fields.

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)technology has been proven to be a significant approach for target-based drug discovery and development in the modern era. SPR unfolds as a captivating biophysical marvel, allowing for label-free and real-time analysis of intricate molecular interactions transpiring on the sensor chip's surface.The technique quantifies alterations in the refractive index occurring at the interface between a metal film and a surrounding medium when molecules bind to the metal surface. SPR technology is able to characterize drug-target interactions, lead optimization through high-throughput screening, target suitability validation, fragment based drug design, drug kinetics study, drug selectivity, mode of action as well as biomarker identification.It accelerates the drug development process, increases the success rate of candidate compounds, and reduces costs associated with traditional screening methods. In the presented review, authors have described the basic principles of SPR, its variety of applications along with its pre-clinical and clinical impact. Also authors have tabulated the various clinical trials ongoing/completed for therapeutic agents using the SPR techniques. [Display omitted] • Surface plasmon resonance, a captivating biophysical phenomenon. • SPR sensors currently use the Kretschmann configuration of ATR coupling. • Probe molecules in SPR biosensors are initially immobilized on the sensor surface. • SPR has wide applications in drug-target interactions, lead optimization etc. • Various studies are in clinical trials utilizing SPR technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]