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A field experiment conducted for screened 288 elite gen pool of linseed against bud fly infestation at Kanpur, India during rabi 2011-12 and 2012-13. The flowering duration showed significant positive relationship (r=0.9278 and 0.9368) with bud infestation. The maximum flowering duration 32.80 and 31.44 days was recorded on variety A-44 with highest bud infestation of 62.29 and 69.99 percent during respective years against variety C-C-1-2 which had a shortest flowering duration of 8.80 and 12.94 days with the minimum 16.38 and 14.30 percent bud fly infestation. The sepal thickness negative highly significant relationship (r=--0.7224) with bud infestation. The resistant germplasm line maximum sepal thickness (0.49 mm) had relative minimum bud infestation (6.88%) while minimum sepal thickness (0.24 mm) with maximum bud infestation(65.11%), plant height, flower colour did not show significance in bud fly resistance, whereas, flowering duration bud as well as sepal thickness showed significant impact.

A field experiment conducted for screened 288 germplasm of linseed against bud fly infestation at Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh during rabi season to study the historical basis of resistance of linseed against bud fly. The results indicated that the sepal thickness negative highly significant relationship (r=--0.7224) with bud infestation. The resistant germplasm line maximum sepal thickness (0.49 mm) had relative minimum bud infestation (6.88%) and was statically at par other resistant germplasm lines viz. A-95B, CI-1385, EC-1392, EC-1424, GS-234, IC-15888 and JRF-5. While minimum sepal thickness (0.24 mm) with maximum bud infestation (65.11%) which was statically at par with other susceptible lines viz. Ajgan-3-1, Ajgan-20M, Alipur (Hamirpur), Anand, GS-148, GS-440, Gunawal Local, NP (RR) 193, RAULD-7810, RLC-28 (PM), MS-14, SJKO-2, SJKO-45. The genotypes with minimum thickness of sepal suffered maximum bud infestation as compared to those with maximum sepal thickness.

A field experiment conducted for screened 288 elite gen pool of linseed against bud fly infestation at Kanpur, India during rabi 2011-12 and 2012-13. The flowering duration showed significant positive relationship (r=0.9278 and 0.9368) with bud infestation. The maximum flowering duration 32.80 and 31.44 days was recorded on variety A-44 with highest bud infestation of 62.29 and 69.99 percent during respective years against variety C-C-1-2 which had a shortest flowering duration of 8.80 and 12.94 days with the minimum 16.38 and 14.30 percent bud fly infestation. Categorization on the basis of flowering duration and damage caused by the bud fly, were found, flowering duration range (11.80- 18.30) and (12.94-21.44), number of entries 11 and 8 were resistant, (0-10 %), flowering duration range (11.80-20.80) and (11.44-25.94), number of entries, 164 and 146 moderately resistant, (10 to 25%), flowering duration range (12.80-30.80) and (11.44- 28.94), number of entries 98 and 116 moderately susceptible, (25 to 50%), flowering duration range (24.80-33.30) and (21.94-32.44), number of entries 15 and 18 susceptible, (50 to 75%), none of the varieties found highly susceptible (more than 75%) to be bud fly attack during 2011-12 and 2012-13, respectively. The variety having longer flowering duration was severely infested by bud fly as compared to those with shorter flowering duration.

A field experiment conducted for screened 288 elite gen pool of linseed against bud fly infestation at Kanpur, India during rabi 2012-13 to study the bud structure of resistance of linseed against bud fly. The results indicated that the bud length and width showed significant positive correlation coefficient relationship (r=0.1559 and 0.0761) bud infestation. The resistant germplasm line minimum (GS-234) minimum bud length and width (7.93 ×3.26 mm) had relative minimum bud infestation (6.88%) and was statically at par other resistant germplasm lines viz. A-95B, CI-1385, EC-1392, EC-1424, GS-234, IC-15888 and JRF-5. While susceptible germplasm line (Arny) exhibited maximum bud length and width (8.25 ×3. 23 mm) maximum bud infestation(65.11%) which was statically at par with other susceptible lines viz. Ajgan-3-1, Ajgan-20M, Alipur (Hamirpur), Anand, GS-148, GS-440, Gunawal Local, NP(RR)193, RAULD-7810, RLC-28(PM), MS-14, SJKO-2, SJKO-45.

In this paper we examine the hypothesis that diapause induction in the polyvoltine pod midge Dasyneura brassicae Winn. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is controlled by cumulative global solar radiation during the larval stage. The correlation between field observations of relative diapause for 3 years and four environmental factors (daylength, temperature, cumulative daylight time, and cumulative global solar radiation) was investigated. The cumulative global solar radiation during the larval stage clearly showed the strongest correlation with the observed relative diapause. It was estimated that larvae which cumulated less than 71.1 kWh m-2 entered diapause. Compared to former theories on diapause induction in insects, this hypothesis explains how temperature and light can function together and, furthermore, it removes the requirement for biological clock involvement in diapause induction in insects.

Zusammenfassung Durch Kescherung der Imagines von Dasyneura brassicae Winn. an moglichst vielen Orten eines Befallsherdes und zu moglichst vielen Zeiten innerhalb eines Tages wurde versucht, Flugverhalten und Flugleistungen der Mucken aufzudecken. Hierbei ergaben sich folgende Resultate. 1 Bei niedrigen und mittleren Windgeschwindkeiten (0,8–4,5 m/sec.) flogen die Mucken aktiv gegen den Wind. Selbst bei Windgeschwindigkeiten bis zu 4,5 m/sec. vermochten die Weibchen sich im Schutze der Pflanzen bis auf eine Entfernung von etwa 500 m gegen den Wind vorzuarbeiten. 2 Bei Windstille und Luftbewegungen bis etwa 0,5 m/sec. schienen die Mukken unorientiert zu fliegen. Wahrend dieses Schwirrfluges wurden sie auf sehr kurze Entfernung und nur sehr langsam — sehr viel langsamer als der schwache Wind — verweht. 3 Auf kurze Entfernungen flogen die Weibchen den leuchtend gelb bluhenden Raps auch unmittelbar an. Aber schon dann, wenn die Mucken etwa 30 bis 40 m vom Bestandsrand entfernt schlupften, wurde die Abflugrichtung durch den Wind reguliert. 4 Nach den Beobachtungen zum Flugverhalten und anhand des Schadens innerhalb eines Feldes lies sich erkennen, das fur dieses eine Feld in diesem Jahr (1964) der aktive Flug der Mucken fur die Entstehung des Hauptbefallsortes entscheidend war. Summary With a small collecting net (diameter 10 cm) the imagines of Dasyneura brassicae Winn. were caught on as many places as possible of attacked areas and as frequently as possible within one day in order to investigate the flying behaviour and intensity of the midges. The following results were obtained. 1 At a low or moderate wind-speed (0.8–4.5 m/sec.) the midges flew actively against the wind. The females were able to move against the wind even at a speed up to 4.5 m/sec. over a distance of about 500 mtrs — in the protection of plants. 2 In the calm and with air movement up to 0.5 m/sec. the midges flew apparently without orientation. During this whirring flight they were blown about over a short distance, and very slowly, much slower than the faint wind. 3 Over short distances, the females flew directly to the bright yellow rape. But if the midges hatched 30 to 40 mtrs apart from the margin of the rape field, the flight was orientated by the wind direction. 4 From the observations on the flying behaviour and the damage within a field it could be concluded that for this particular field in this year (1964) the active flight of the midges was responsable for the development of the bulk of attack.

Zusammenfassung Die Gallmucke Dasyneura abietiperda Hensch. tritt in einigen Revieren Schleswig-Holsteins an Fichtenmaitrieben auf. Ihre Biologie und der Bau der Galle werden beschrieben. Die Generation ist einjahrig, die Imago fliegt im Mai, die Larve ist im Herbst ausgewachsen und uberwintert in der Galle, deren Entwicklung von der Larve abhangig ist. Ein Vergleich mit der zweiten bisher auf Fichtentrieben gefundenen Gallmucke Dasyneura piceae Hensch. zeigt weitgehende Ubereinstimmung in Morphologie der Jugendstadien, Biologie und Gallbildung. Es wird vermutet, das es sich bei dieser zweiten Art um eine abweichende Form von D. abietiperda oder aber um eine inquiline oder parasitische Art handelt. Wirtspflanze war ausschlieslich die Rotfichte (P. abies). Es waren alle Altersstufen zwischen sieben Jahren und Hiebreife befallen. Der Schaden besteht in einer Verformung der Krone und kann stellenweise erheblich sein. Die naturliche Sterblichkeit ist im ersten Larvenstadium sehr hoch. Als wirksamer naturlicher Feind tritt eine Chalcididenart auf. Eine chemische Bekampfung erscheint nur in Sonderfallen notwendig. Summary The gall midge Dasyneura abietiperda Hensch. occurs in some districts in Schleswig-Holstein in young spruce shoots. Its biology and the structure of the gall are described. There is one generation annually, the adult flies in May, the larva is mature in autumn and hibernates in the gall, the development of which is dependent on the larva. The morphology of the larva, the biology and gall formation is very similar to that of the second gall midge found in spruce shoots, Dasyneura piceae Hensch. and it is assumed that this second species represents an abnormal form of D. abietiperda or an inquiline or parasitic species. The host was exclusively the red-spruce (P. abies) which was attacked at any age between 7 years and the time it was ready for felling. The damage consists of a deformation of the crown and can be considerable in places. Natural mortality is very high in the first larval instar, a Chalcid species is an effective natural enemy. Chemical control appears to be necessary only in exceptional cases.

Studies on insects damaging seeds and cones of fir, Abies alba Mill. (A)-larch, Larix decidua Mill. (L) and spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst. (P) were conducted in the Beskid Sadecki region of Poland during the period from 1976–1981. From the family Cecidomyiidae the following seminiphagous species were obtained: Resseliella piceae Seitn. (from A); Resseliella skuhravyorum Skrzypcz. (from L); Plemeliella abietina Seitn., Kaltenbachiola strobi (Winn.), Thomasiniana ingrica Mamajev and Dasyneura sp. (from P). Besides the following saprophagous insects were collected: Asynapta strobi (Kieff.) (from L, P), Camptomyia sp. (from A, P), Clinodiplosis cilicrus (Kieff.) (from P). Predatory species was Lestodiplosis holstei Kieff. (from A, L, P). A domination coefficient and species diversity index for insects in coenotic groups were calculated. An economic significance of Resseliella piceae and R. skuhravyorum was determined. The average losses in seeds were 18% and 20.1% (locally up to 72%) respectively. Zusammenfassung Gallmucken (Dipt., Cecidomyiidae) als Samen- und Zapfenschadlinge der Nadelbaume in Polen Es wurden Untersuchungen uber die schadlichen Insekten in Samen und Zapfen der Tanne, Abies alba Mill. (A), Larche, Larix decidua Mill. (L) und Fichte, Picea abies (L.) Karst. (P) in der Beskiden-Sadecki-Region in Polen in den Jahren 1976 bis 1981 durchgefuhrt. Dabei wurden folgende Insektenarten festgestellt, die der Familie Cecidomyiidae angehoren: Resseliella piceae Seitn. (aus A); Resseliella skuhravyorum Skrzypcz. (aus L); Plemeliella abietina Seitn., Kaltenbachiola strobi (Winn.), Thomasiniana ingrica Mamajev und Dasyneura sp. (aus P). Daruber hinaus wurden Asynapta strobi (Kieff.) (aus L, P), Camptomyia sp. (aus A, P), Clinodiplosis cilicrus (Kieff.) (aus P) festgestellt, die als Saprophyten bezeichnet werden konnen. Lestodiplosis holstei Kieff. (aus A, L, P) war der einzige Vertreter der Predatoren. Es werden coenotische Gruppen der Insekten unterschieden unter Anwendung des Dominanzkoeffizienten und des Artendiversitats-Index. Die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung von Resseliella piceae und R. skuhravyorum wird betrachtet: der von ihnen verursachte Verlust an Samen betrug 18-20,1 %, ortlich bis 72%.

The developmental time of the juvenile stages of the pod gall midge (Dasyneura brassicae Winn.) was investigated in the laboratory at constant temperatures. The results were used to estimate the developmental zero (6.7°C for egg-larval stage, 8.1°C for development in the soil) and the thermal requirements (134°DD for egg-larval stage, 141°DD for the development in the soil). The results were generally found to be consistent with developmental data in the literature. Using the parameters from the development in the soil, the degree day model was found only to produce good predictions of the time of emergence in spring 1988. The model was unable to describe the effect of the very dry spring 1989. Zusammenfassung Uber die Entwicklungsdauer der Kohlschotengallmucke Dasyneura brassicae Winn. (Dipt., Cecidomyiidae) Die Entwicklungsdauer des Ei-Larvenstadiums und die Dauer des „Kokonstadiums” im Boden wurden im Laboratorium bei 5 konstanten Temperaturen untersucht. Die Beobachtungen wurden zur Schatzung der Parameter des Grad-Tag-Modelles verwendet. Der Entwicklungsnullpunkt lag bei 6,7 °C, und die Entwicklung dauerte 134°DD fur Ei und Larve. Fur die Entwicklung im Boden betrug der Entwicklungsnullpunkt 8.1 °C und die Dauer 141 °DD. Die Parameter wurden zusammen mit Bodentemperaturen von 1988–1989 in das Grad-Tag-Modell eingesetzt. Die Resultate wurden mit Beobachtungen uber den Flug der Kohlschotengallmucke verglichen. Eine Ubereinstimmung wurde nur fur 1988 gefunden. Das Wetter im Winter und Fruhjahr 1989 war anormal mit relativ hohen Temperaturen und geringen Niederschlagen. Unter diesen Bedingungen versagte das Grad-Tag-Modell.

Established Western European black currant cultivars are susceptible to Dasyneura tetensi but the Scandinavian ‘Sunderbyn II’, ‘Kangosfors’ and ‘Hedda’, and 10 out of 33 Russian cultivars showed very slight or no leaf symptoms of midge attack in the field.

SUMMARY Surveys of pest incidence on oil-seed rape in the south of England in 6 yr have shown that Meligethes aeneus can cause a considerable loss of pods on some fields. There is some evidence that control measures are often applied too late to obtain the best results; preliminary observations on the probable effect on yield are also presented. Ceuthorhynchus assimilis was recorded on the majority of fields with an average of 19% pods infested on spring-sown rape. Very heavy pod infestations were found on farms where rape had been grown regularly for some years. Dasyneura brassicae is at present not an important pest with an average of less than 1% pods infested. However, in each year infestations of up to 11% pod attack were recorded on a few fields.

Twenty-seven specimens in the University of Queensland Tephritidae collection determined by Francis Walker have been restudied and placed in their correct combinations. Eighteen species are represented, all except 2 described by Walker. Only Adrama selecta Walker, Dacus curcubitae Coquillett, Dacus determinatus Walker, Dasyneura zonata Saunders, Sophira punctifera Walker, Strumeta helomyzoides Walker and Trypeta multistriga Walker are Tephritidae. The other 11, originally described as new species of Dacus F., are Platystomatidae.

That crop rotation may be a valuable means of reducing pest populations has been shown in field-grown rape. On an isolated area of about 800 ha, preliminary observations showed the beneficial effects in containing Dasyneura brassicae Winn. populations by substituting spring rape by winter rape. It appeared to be more difficult to control Meligethes aeneus F. and Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis Payk. through crop rotation but, with an improved trapping system and surveying of populations, the prospects are encouraging. Possibilities of combining crop rotation with integrated control are also examined.

1. Genitalia of an appendicular nature are absent in D. leguminicola, the terminal abdominal segments being modified to form a tubular retractile ovipositor. 2. Apart from the ovaries and a portion of the paired oviducts, the efferent system is unpaired and ectodermal in origin. 3. The gonopore is posterior to the ninth sternite, and is derived from the primitive spermathecal invagination as in the Coleoptera. 4. The uterine rudiment is present during the early stages of development, but later becomes closed over, discharging its contents into the duct derived from the spermathecal rudiment.

In eastern Ontario, in 1954, when the first crop of red clover was harvested on June 10, 16, 22, and 28 and July 5 the percentages of heads damaged by the clover seed midge in the second crop were 2, 3, 34, 39, and 59 respectively. When the first crop was harvested by June 16, the second crop bloomed early enough to escape serious damage by the second generation. The plots that had the least damage by the midge gave the highest yields; however, fluctuations in pollinator activity and weather may also have affected seed set.

With the use of the radioisotope marking technique, comprehensive studies on the short range dispersal of the Brassica Pod Midge (Dasyneura brassicae Winn.), a serious pest of oil turnip and rape, were carried out in Central Sweden. Thousands of midge-infested pods each year were labelled, and later placed in the experiment area. In studying the spread of the resulting radioactive adults of the midge sweep net samples were taken; net traps fixed firmly at different levels above ground were also used. Above fallow areas, as well as in the open air above the vegetation in e.g. cereal areas, the dispersal in both sexes takes place mainly or entirely in the direction of the wind, even when the midges are exposed to air movements showing a velocity as low as i or 2 m per sec. or perhaps still less. In the males, and sometimes also in the females, there is a similar relationship between the dispersal and the wind down in the vegetation. However, in wind-sheltered spaces, e.g. in the upper part of the vegetation layer, large numbers of females frequently approach and enter fields suitable for egglaying more or less against the wind. From the applied point of view the results are of considerable interest e.g. in connection with prognostic work.

As mentioned in an earlier paper (Sylvén, I970) specimens of the Brassica Pod Midge, Dasyneura brassicae Winn., can be efficiently tagged by treating midge-infested pods with 32P. The results of the experiment dealt with in the present article indicate that about I-I I/2 μCi of 32P per g fresh weight of the pods is for this purpose an appropriate contamination level. This amount gives a high labelling effect, and seems to have no drastic influence upon the body size or the egg production of the female midges developed from larvae in the pods treated.

The pupae of Dasyneura laricis (F. Loew) appear to be little sensitive to juvenoids; 0.1 μg per specimen of the most active compounds is required to inhibit adult emergence in 50% of treated insects. The prepupae seem to be about hundred times more sensitive. Compounds, which are known to be highly active on mosquitoes, are also the best juvenoids for D. laricis. Zusammenfassung Hemmung der Metamorphose der Larchengallmucke Dasyneura laricis (F. Loew) durch Juvenoide (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) Die Puppen der Larchengallmucke Dasyneura laricis (F. Loew) zeigten sich 24 Stunden nach der Verpuppung nur wenig sensitiv gegenuber Juvenoide. 0,1 μg per Individuum der hcchstaktivsten Substanz fuhrte zur Verhinderung der Entwicklung bei 50% der behandelten Insekten. Die Praepuppen waren rund 100mal sensitiver. Juvenoide, die als hochstwirksam bei Culiciden bekannt sind, wurden auch die besten bei der Larchengallmucke.

In a letter of January 6, 1920, Dr. E. P. Felt called the attention of the writer to the fact that there is a variation in the number of segments in the antennae of the clover-flower midge ( Dasyneura leguminicola , Lintner). Felt (1908) has indicated the range of this variation in a general way as being from fourteen to sixteen segments, inclusive. Felt (1915) p. 174, further states that the female normally has sixteen subsessile antennal segments while the male has sixteen or seventeen antennal segments.

Studies on the flight habits of D. brassicae indicates that an olfactory stimulus is involved in the migrations. In the present paper the occurrence of olfactory response to rape plants among mated females is demonstrated. The males do not show the same capacity. The odour seems to be perceived mainly by receptors on the antennae. A substance with considerable arresting effect on the females is sinigrin. This substance occurs in the undamaged plant, which indicates that sinigrin is part of a long distance orientation factor facilitating the finding of a suitable host-plant, rather than finding suitable oviposition sites on the plant.

The development of new practices in agriculture and forestry frequently alters the habitats of herbivorous insects, turning normally nondamaging species into economically significant pests, Seed orchard plantations in Siberia provide an example wherein cultural practices have given rise to problems of protecting larch seed from pests, in particular, the larch gall midge, Dasyneura laricis F. Loew (Diptera: Cecidomylidae).

Das reife Weibchen von Dasyneura affinisKieff. legt seine Eier an Violaceen der Veilchen- und Stiefmutterchen-Reihe ab. Es wurde ein Sortiment von 25 Viola-Arten untersucht.

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Application of Thimet® ( O,O -diethyl S -(ethylthio)methyl phosphorodithioate) granules to the soil around birch, holly, and boxwood in 1957 controlled all season the birch leaf miner ( Fenusa pusilla (Lep)), the holly leaf miner ( Phytomyza ilicis (Curt.)), and the boxwood leaf miner ( Monarthropalpus buxi (Lab.)) on the treated trees. In 1958 the higher dosages used in each experiment continued to control leaf miners. Treatments of Thimet on soil gave good control of the first brood of honey locust pod gall maker ( Dasyneura gleditschiae (O.S)), but were ineffective for later broods. Similar treatments of andromeda and azalea plants controlled lace bugs.