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BACKGROUND Cryptorchidism is one of the most common urogenital malformations. Cryptorchidism prevalence varies greatly in different countries and populations. The aim of the current study was to determine and analyse cryptorchidism prevalence in Estonia. MATERIALS AND METHODS During 2012-2015, all consecutively born 5014 boys at Tartu University Hospital were examined for cryptorchidism. All the subjects with cryptorchidism were followed up for at least 6 months to assess spontaneous testicular descent. RESULTS Note that 2.1% cases had one or both testicles undescended at birth, 1.6% cases at expected date of birth, 1% cases at 3 months of age, and 0.8% cases at the age of 6 months had cryptorchidism. Cryptorchidism prevalence at birth was higher in preterm boys (11.9%), boys of low birth weight (16.7%) and boys small for gestational age (14%) but was lower in full-term newborn boys (1.1%). During follow-up, testes descended spontaneously in 61.6% of boys, more commonly in prematurely born boys (92%) and boys with low gestational weight (93%) as compared to full-term cryptorchid boys (29.2%) and cryptorchid boys with normal birth weight (34%). At the age of 6 months, cryptorchidism prevalence was equalized in preterm boys (0.9%) and boys with low birth weight (1%) as compared to full-term boys (0.7%) and boys with normal birth weight (0.7%). Boys SGA required surgical intervention more commonly than boys with normal birth weight. Ethnically, cryptorchidism prevalence at birth was similar among Estonians and non-Estonians. CONCLUSION Our data revealed that cryptorchidism prevalence, especially in full-term boys, is lower in Estonia than reported in the other Nordic-Baltic countries and worldwide.

Desde hace unos años, el cine catalán tiene rostro de mujer. Mar Coll, Liliana Torres, Nely Reguera, Carla Simón, Celia Rico, Meritxell Colell, o Belén Funes. Todas ellas se conocen, comparten procesos, proyectos educativos y sus óperas primas han sido seleccionadas en festivales internacionales, lo que pone en evidencia la existencia de un movimiento que podría dar nombre a una «Nova Escola de Barcelona», esta vez formada por mujeres, y cuyo estudio se revela fundamental para entender la ficción contemporánea en el conjunto del estado español. ¿De dónde surge este espacio de creación protagonizado por mujeres cineastas? ¿Qué procesos comparten y cómo estos influyen en sus obras? ¿Cuáles son sus motivos, sus filiaciones, sus intereses narrativos y estéticos o los referentes que captan su atención? Este artículo intentará arrojar luz a los rasgos que constituyen una nueva ola de jóvenes cineastas que trabajan en Barcelona y cuya fecha de nacimiento encontramos en Tres días con la familia (Tres dies amb la família, 2009).

Background Despite regulations currently in place, the incidence of lawnmower injuries in children has not decreased for several decades in the United States. In fact, studies in several countries show that the incidence of riding lawnmower injuries are actually on the rise worldwide. Those injuries tend to be devastating and limb-threatening. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a pediatric trauma center's experience with those injuries over the past 25 years. Methods All patients who presented to a level I pediatric trauma center with injuries from lawnmowers between 1994 and 2019 were reviewed. Date of birth, gender, date of injury, mechanism of injury, type of lawnmower, and type of injury (including whether an open fracture, soft tissue defect, and/or amputation were present) were recorded. Results A total of 142 pediatric patients were treated over the study period. The average age was 7.5 years. The three most common mechanisms of injury were being hit by a riding lawnmower moving forward, falling off a riding lawnmower, and being hit by a riding lawnmower moving backward. Of all patients, 68.3% sustained an open fracture and 38% required an amputation. Riding lawnmowers resulted in more operative procedures, longer hospital stays, and more soft tissue defects that require reconstruction than push mowers. Younger patients were at a higher risk to sustain proximal amputations (wrist/ankle or proximal) than older patients. Conclusion Lawnmower injuries are devastating and largely avoidable. There are currently recommendations and regulations in the United States, which if followed, would prevent the vast majority of pediatric lawnmower injuries. Unfortunately, the incidence of these injuries has not decreased despite the current regulations. Broader public education is essential to decrease the incidence of serious lawnmower injuries in children. Level of Evidence: IV

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a leading cause of hospitalization in infants. Underlying risk factors for RSV infection in the general population are not well understood, as previous work has focused on severe outcomes of infection in a clinical setting. Here we use RSV-specific IgG and IgA antibody measurements from two population-based cross-sectional serosurveys carried out in the Netherlands (n = 682) to classify children up to 5 years as seronegative or seropositive. We employ a generalized additive model to estimate the probability of prior RSV infection as function of age, date of birth within the year, and other risk factors. The analyses show that the majority of children have experienced a RSV infection before the age of 2 years. Age and birthdate are strong predictors of RSV infection in the first years of life, and children born in summer have higher estimated probability of infection than those born in winter [e.g., 0.56 (95% CI 0.45–0.66) vs. 0.32 (0.21–0.45) at age 1 year]. Our analyses reveal that the mean age at infection depends on date of birth, which has implications for the design of vaccination programmes and prioritisation schemes for the prophylactic use of monoclonal antibodies.

Promotion technique is one of the methods used by AMIK and STIKOM Tunas Bangsa Pematangiantar in finding new students. By developing promotional techniques that are more effective and efficient, it can produce the information needed to get new student candidates. The data that is processed in this research is the data of new student candidates who come from the AMIK New Student Admissions (PMB) and STIKOM Tunas Bangsa Pematangsiantar. Based on promotional data in 2020, there are several promotions carried out, including through print media, banners, collaboration with SMA / SMK schools in Pematangsiantar city, through alumni, and the web. Furthermore, the data is processed using Rapidminer software. The processing stages are grouped using the K-Medoids algorithm on the data of prospective students, including name, place and date of birth, address, religion, cellphone number, school origin, choice of study program and source of information. Followed by the process of improving the data so that more accurate data is obtained to be processed. The results of the testing of this method are knowing which regions are applying to AMIK and STIKOM Tunas Bangsa Pematngsiantar which are grouped into 2 clusters, namely the highest and the lowest. The K-Medoids algorithm that is used makes a big contribution by providing new information that can be used as a reference for AMIK and STIKOM Tunas Bangsa Pematngsiantar in terms of Promoting New Student Admissions in the coming year.

Kollars, JM, Taber, CB, and Beyer, KS. Relative age effects in elite olympic weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 35(5): 1223-1228, 2021-The time of year in which an athlete is born may provide an advantage developmentally for competition, known as relative age effects (RAEs). The presence of RAEs in sport may result in athletes participating less or leaving the sport early. To determine if RAEs exist in elite Olympic weightlifting, data were examined from the past 5 Olympic Games. Using retrospective competition data, a total of 953 weightlifters (595 men and 358 women) who competed in the Olympic Games between 2000 and 2016 were included in this study. Athletes were divided into lightweight, middleweight, and heavyweight for analysis. Using the subset weight classes, the observed date of birth distribution vs. the expected worldwide date of birth distribution were compared using multiple chi square tests. Relative age effects were present overall for weightlifters (χ2 = 189.428, p < 0.001), with over-representation in January (z = +12.6, 20.9%) and under-representation in June (z = -2.1, 6.3%), September (z = -3.2, 5.7%), and November (z = -3.0, 5.1%). Relative age effects were also present in men lightweight (χ2 = 74.773, p < 0.001), men middleweight (χ2 = 41.786, p < 0.001), men heavyweight (χ2 = 39.395, p < 0.001), and women lightweight (χ2 = 37.251, p < 0.001). Determining that RAEs are present in weightlifting is important because it will help maintain the amount of opportunity for all athletes regardless of when they were born in the year. Coaches should be aware of the possible advantages of training age and the effect of physical maturation as a result of these RAEs. Coaches may use this information for athlete selection, but the presence of RAEs should not discourage athletes from participating in the sport of weightlifting.

We analyze whether age relative to school classmates affects the likelihood of becoming famous. We measure such likelihood as the ratio of Wikipedia entries to births, by state and date of birth, a...

Induction of labor continues to become more common. We analyzed induction of labor and timing of obstetric and anesthesia work to create a model to predict the induction-anesthesia interval and the induction-delivery interval in order to co-ordinate workload to occur when staff are most available.Patients who underwent induction of labor at a single medical center were identified and multivariable linear regression was used to model anesthesia and delivery times. Data were collected on date of birth, race/ethnicity, body mass index, gestational age, gravidity, parity, indication for labor induction, number of prior deliveries, time of induction, induction agent, cervical dilation, effacement, and fetal station on admission, date and time of anesthesia administration, date and time of delivery, and delivery type.A total of 1746 women met inclusion criteria. Associations which significantly influenced time from induction of labor to anesthesia and delivery included maternal age (anesthesia P0.001, delivery P =0.002), body mass index (both P0.001), prior vaginal delivery (both P0.001), gestational age (anesthesia P0.001, delivery P0.018), simplified Bishop score (both P0.001), and first induction agent (both P0.001). Induction of labor of nulliparous women at 02:00 h and parous women at 04:00 or 05:00 h had the highest estimated probability of the mother having her first anesthesia encounter and delivering during optimally staffed hours when our institution's specialty personnel are most available.Time to obstetric and anesthesia tasks can be estimated to optimize induction of labor start times, and shift anesthesia and delivery workload to hours when staff are most available.

El pádel ha pasado a ser a uno de los deportes más practicados en España. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar el Efecto Relativo de la Edad (RAE) en los jugadores del circuito de World Pádel Tour (WPT) (n=395) teniendo en cuenta el mes de nacimiento, género, nacionalidad, edad y ranking. La distribución trimestral observada no fue significativamente diferente (χ2; p>.05) a la esperada para el grupo general o para cualquiera de las subcategorías analizadas. Por tanto, no parece confirmarse un efecto de la edad relativa en los jugadores profesionales de pádel analizados, considerando el ranking, género y nacionalidad, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en otros deportes de raqueta. En este sentido, esta investigación constata que la fecha de nacimiento no es un factor relevante en el circuito de WPT y confirma que llegar a la élite del pádel no se basa exclusivamente en factores físicos y antropométricos. Abstract: Padel has become one of the most practiced sports in Spain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Relative Effect of Age (RAE) in the World Padel Tour (WPT) circuit players (n = 395) taking into account the month of birth, gender, nationality, age and ranking. The quarterly distribution observed was not significantly different (χ2; p> .05) than expected for the general group or for any of the subcategories analyzed. Therefore, it does not seem to confirm an effect of relative age on professional padel players analyzed, considering the ranking, gender and nationality, unlike what happens in other racket sports. Thus, this investigation confirms that the date of birth is not a relevant factor in the WPT circuit and confirms that reaching the elite of the paddle that is not based exclusively on physical and anthropometric factors.

This paper studies the role of incentives for mothers and health care workers in the use of maternal and child health services. Using variations in date of birth, eligibility, and transfer ...

The present study aimed to investigate the influence of months of birth on anthropometry, body composition, biological maturation, and motor performance in young Brazilian soccer players. Young Brazilian soccer players from the Under-13 (n = 50; 13.6 ± 0.3 years), Under-15 (n = 50; 15.5 ± 0.4 years), and Under-17 categories (n = 46; 17.7 ± 0.3 years) took part in this study. Athletes were divided according to chronological age, 1st tertile (January to April); 2nd tertile (May to August); and 3rd tertile (September to December). Anthropometry, body composition, biological maturation, and motor performance variables were evaluated for all participants. There were no differences between the U-13, U-15, and U-17 categories regarding birth tertiles (p > 0.05). Differences between the ages and birth tertiles were observed for the stature, body mass, and lean body mass (p < 0.05). Moreover, differences were found in maturational status between the ages and birth tertiles (p < 0.05). In general, U-13 players showed lower values compared to U-15 and U-17 players in tests of motor performance. In addition, there was a difference in motor performance between the birth tertiles only for RSA variables. The months of birth influenced the stature, body mass, lean body mass, and repeated sprint ability in the U-13 and U-15 categories. Thus, care should be taken during the process of talent selection, as many young players could be underestimated due to their date of birth.

This article analyzes one of the classical works «Yatimat ad-dahr fi fatawa ahl al-’asr» (a Unique collection of fatwas of our time scholars) by a traditional for the Volga Region Muslim Hanafi School of Theology (madhhab). Most biographical writings ascribe the authorship of this work to Muhammad Ibn Mahmud at-Tarjumani (d. 645/1247). But the authors of the paper, having analyzed the manuscripts, which were compiled to form the work and having examined the Ijaza of al-Zamakhshari, naming arrays of his students, found out that the work actually belongs to the pen of his grandfather ‘Abd ar-Rahim Ibn’ Umar at-Tarjumani (approx. born in 515/1122). As well as the authors managed to identify some events concerning the biography of the theologian, for example, they made an assumption about his date of birth and revealed some textual features of this work.

In this paper we analyze the discourse-pragmatic use of the adverbs there/here, e.g., “So, our grandson there is a real mixture”, in four small northern Ontario towns. 1200 examples contrasted by type of reference, ambiguous locative or non-locative, were coded for social and linguistic factors and analysed using statistical modelling. The results reveal that the strongest predictor of discourse-pragmatic use is date of birth: middle-aged speakers use it most in each town, but no other social factors (e.g. perceived gender, education, job type) are significant. Importantly, the higher the proportion of Francophone populations in the community, the greater the use of there but not here. We argue that alignment between Francophones and Anglophones is a likely explanation. More generally this study highlights the value of discourse-pragmatic features for understanding styles of interaction and underscores the research potential for comparing these phenomena across communities.

BackgroundOver the past 30 years since the implementation of the National Health Service Breast Screening Programme, improvements in diagnostic techniques and treatments have led to the need for an up-to-date evaluation of its benefit on risk of death from breast cancer. An initial pilot case-control study in London indicated that attending mammography screening led to a mortality reduction of 39%.MethodsBased on the same study protocol, an England-wide study was set up. Women aged 47–89 years who died of primary breast cancer in 2010 or 2011 were selected as cases (8288 cases). When possible, two controls were selected per case (15,202 controls) and were matched by date of birth and screening area.ResultsConditional logistic regressions showed a 38% reduction in breast cancer mortality after correcting for self-selection bias (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.56–0.69) for women being screened at least once. Secondary analyses by age group, and time between last screen and breast cancer diagnosis were also performed.ConclusionsAccording to this England-wide case-control study, mammography screening still plays an important role in lowering the risk of dying from breast cancer. Women aged 65 or over see a stronger and longer lasting benefit of screening compared to younger women.

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of relative age on self-reported leadership behaviors among competitive female ice hockey players. Secondary purposes included examining whether a relative age effect (RAE) was present within the sample and if leadership behaviors differed according to leader status (i.e., formal versus informal leaders). Canadian female ice hockey players (ages 15-18 years) completed an online survey that contained the Leadership Scale for Sport along with additional demographic questions. Players were segmented into birth quartiles based upon Hockey Canada’s selection date and classified by leadership status. The MANOVA suggested that the frequency of leadership behaviors displayed by these athletes did not differ across birth quartiles. Furthermore, although there was a RAE trend within this sample of competitive female ice hockey players, the differences relative to population distributions were not statistically significant. Finally, formal leaders (i.e., captains/alternate captains) reported higher levels of social support, positive feedback, democratic behavior, and training and instruction than informal leaders. It appears that relative age is not a discriminating factor with respect to leadership behaviors. Competitive female ice hockey may be an avenue for all players, regardless of their date of birth, to develop and demonstrate leadership.

Summary Date of birth 29/07/1993; gender: female. Pre-treatment documents 19 years 2 months old: 29/07/1993. Diagnosis Skeletal class II with mandibular laterognathia and retrusion, hypodivergent facial pattern; class II division 1, transverse maxillary deficiency with left unilateral posterior cross bite; missing teeth before treatment: 18 28 38 48. Treatment planning Orthosurgical treatment (bimaxillary surgery); Bimaxillary lingual fixed appliances. Duration of active treatment 2 years. Post-treatment documents 22 years 5 months old; 09/01/2015. Post-retention documents 05/01/2016; 23 years 5 months old. Retention period 3 years.

Summary Date of birth: 03/27/1998; gender: female. Pre-treatment documents 29 years old; 3/2009. Diagnosis Angle malocclusion: Cl III cuspid on the right side and cl I on the left side, clI molar right and left. Missing teeth before treatment: 14, 23. Treatment planning Extractions: 63, 23, 34, 44, totally customized and individualized bimaxillary lingual appliance and TAD between 15 and 16. Beginning of phase I: 29 years old; 3/2009. Post-treatment documents 32 years old; 03/2012. Treatment duration: 36 months. Post-retention documents (minimum 1 year) 41 years old; 04/2019. Retention duration: 9 years and still continued.

This study was conducted with the aim of comparing the value of the Dams Productivity Index (DPI) for weaning weight in Peranakan Ongole (PO) Cows in Wawasan and Purwodadi Dalam Villages, Tanjungsari District, South Lampung Regency. The study was conducted in November 2019 - January 2020 in Wawasan Village and Purwodadi Dalam Village, Tanjungsari District, South Lampung Regency, Lampung Province. The data used were secondary data taken from the recordings of 50 breeding cows from each village that have given birth twice. Survey method was used in this research with data sampling was done by using purposive sampling. Variables observed was date of birth, calf birth weight, calf weaning weight, weaning age, date of birth made at first parity and second parity. Result of this research showed that the Corrected Weaning Weights (CWW) in Wawasan Village (114.03 ± 10.87 kg) was higher (P

Generation Z of this millennial period has a very active lifestyle. Generation Z is demographic cohort with date of birth between mid-1990s to late 2010. In recent times men and women are very active and they balance their work and recreation. They have focus in their occupation and same way they have passion towards biking, diving and sports. We present a case of software engineer who has sustained an injury while pursuing his passion of bike driving on a weekend holiday. He sustained a crush injury to fingers of dominant right-hand index and middle finger. We had a comprehensive preoperative and postoperative plan and executed the plan well so that he could go back to his occupation of software engineer where he has to use his fingers over keyboard and mouse so that he can earn his livelihood. Treating an injury has to include patient’s occupation, his passion,his needs and demands. Crux of any management must include patient demands rather than surgeon’s passion of doing a fancy procedure.

A detailed biography of a prominent Russian revolutionary, statesman of the USSR A. A. Solts (1873-1945) is laid down for the first time in the article. It is reported that before the revolution he was known for his publication work, the publication of a whole series of revolutionary issues. It is noted that it was during this period that his circle of communication was formed, which included such famous revolutionary figures as F. E. Dzerzhinsky, brothers M. I. and B. I. Goldman, I. V. Stalin and many others. The article clarifies his date of birth, in details and accurately covers the circumstances of his education at Vilna Gymnasium and at St. Petersburg University. The content of his pre-revolutionary activity, including his relationship during this period with I. V. Stalin, is revealed. The author draws attention to the fact that after the revolution, Solts continues to work in the central Bolshevik publications, and later becomes one of the leaders of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate. Based on archival data, his activities in this body of Soviet power, the role of the inspectorate in the formation of the USSR, as well as in the formation of punitive and repressive organs of Soviet power is described in the article. His attempts to uphold the principles of socialist legality are described. His confrontation with Y. Vyshinsky is shown.

Objective: The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of breed (V-Line and Baladi Black) on doe reproductive traits and their crossbreeding on litter traits and economic efficiency.Design: Randomized controlled experimental study.Procedures: A total of twenty adult females and six males from each breed with 2.75-3.00 kg of live body weight and 5-6 months of age were used. Experimental animals were divided into four groups (ten females and three males per each treatment). The first treatment was specified to V-Line males with V-Line females (V×V), the second treatment contained Baladi Black males with V-Line females (B×V), the third treatment had the V-Line males with Baladi Black females (V×B) and the fourth treatment contained the Baladi Black males with Baladi Black females (B×B). Within 12 hours after kindling, litters were checked and date of birth and number and weight of kits were recorded. The female was re-mated after 10 days from kindling. Young rabbits were weaned at five weeks of age and were transferred to the progeny cages with a group of five rabbits per cage. A total of 84 kids (twenty-one rabbits per genetic group) were fattened for about 9 weeks (from 5th to 14th weeks of age).Results: The results showed that breed had no significant effect on all reproductive traits, litter size and pre-weaning mortality rate at three stages of age (at birth, 21 day and 35 day). There were however, highly significant differences for litter weight and mean bunny weight at the same stages of age. Also, significant differences were detected for weight gain and average daily gain where the litter of V♂×V♀ genetic group outperformed other genetic groups. Significant differences among genetic groups were detected for economic measures; litter of V♂×V♀ genetic group recorded the highest values for total returns, net return and economic efficiency.Conclusion and clinical relevance: It could be concluded that purebred V Line (V♂×V♀) showed improvement in the litter traits and economic efficiency compared with the other genetic groups

Of the three founders of the Society for the History of Discoveries, John (Jack) Parker was the only one born in the United States. His date of birth: 15 May 1923; place of birth, Nekoma, North Dak...

Cancer patients receiving Medicaid have worse prognosis. Patients in 14 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registries were linked to national Medicaid enrollment files, 2006–2013, to determine enrollment status during the year before and after diagnosis. A deterministic algorithm based on Social Security number, Medicare Health Insurance Claim number, sex, and date of birth was utilized. Results were compared with an independent linkage of Kentucky-based SEER and Medicaid data. A total 559 484 cancer cases were linked to national Medicaid enrollment files, representing 15–17% of persons with cancer yearly. About 60% of these cases were a complete match on all variables. There was 99% agreement on enrollment status compared with the Kentucky linked data. SEER data were successfully linked to national Medicaid enrollment data. NCI will make the linked data available to researchers, allowing for more detailed assessments of the impact Medicaid enrollment has on cancer diagnosis and outcomes.

Introduction: Vegetarian diet is increasingly used in both adults and children. Study aim: The aim of the study was to determine the differences in the body build and reaction time of vegetarian and non-vegetarian children on the background of socio-economic factors. Material and methods: The material consisted of 218 children, including 47 vegetarians (25 boys and 22 girls) and 171 non-vegetarians (93 boys and 78 girls) from 3 to 15 years. The research consisted of a survey and measurements. The survey included questions such as date of birth, child's birth parameters (length, weight, Apgar scores), child's diet (vegetarian/non-vegetarian), mother's diet during pregnancy (vegetarian/non-vegetarian), breastfeeding (yes/no), number of months of breastfeeding, mother's diet during lactation (vegetarian/non-vegetarian), maternal and parental education level (elementary / trade/ college / university), living conditions and the number of siblings. The height and body mass, skin-fat folds on the abdomen, shoulder and arm (sum of 3 skinfolds) were measured, BMI was calculated and the reaction time was assessed using the Quickstick ruler. The General Linear Model, Wald's test, U-Mann-Whitney test and Principal Components Analysis were applied. Results: The results showed that vegetarian children who came from families with a higher socio-economic status than non-vegetarian were significantly longer breastfed. The somatic build of vegetarian children, including height, BMI and the sum of three skinfolds significantly differed from non-vegetarian children. The vegetarian children were shorter, with lower BMI and lower sum of the three skinfolds, as well as their reaction time was longer. Conclusions: Vegetarian diet affects the height, BMI and body fatness, as well as the reaction time in children at the age of 3-15.

En el Puerto de Veracruz se realizaron un total de 40 mediciones a niños escolares (18 niños y 22 niñas) con el principal objetivo de analizar el pico y movimiento de maduración de cada infante evaluado. Se realizaron las mediciones a los niños y niñas de ambos géneros las cuales estuvieron integradas por: peso, talla, estatura sentado, pliegues cutáneos y fecha de nacimiento. Posterior a ello se volcaron los datos a una planilla de Microsoft Excel 2016® al igual que un análisis descriptivo y gráfico en el software IBM SPSS Statistics 22®. La muestra se encuentra en un rango medio de 10,27 años en la cual la edad mínima es de 9,49 y la máxima de 11,44 años. La media de desplazamiento en ambos géneros fue de -5,17 años, con un pico de crecimiento promedio de 15,44 años. Los niños con una edad mayor están próximos a alcanzar su pico de maduración. Sin embargo, en los que están en un rango de edad de 10 a 11,10 años, su movimiento de maduración es de 8,70 años por lo cual es mayor que el resto y su pico de maduración está más alejado, en los 19,30 años. Las niñas presentan una prevalencia a madurar a una edad de 14,31 años, en el género masculino a los 17,03 años.

Campylobacter is the most common notifiable cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans in Ireland. However, epidemiological information is limited. We aimed to describe Campylobacter epidemiology in Ireland and trends over time, to inform future surveillance and research. We reviewed data completeness and described notified cases of campylobacteriosis (2004-2016) by age, sex, geographical area, season and trends over time. We used negative binomial regression to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) and adjusted IRR (aIRR) by age group, sex, geographical area and season. We undertook interrupted time-series analysis by age group and geographical area incorporating terms for trend and period (2004-2010 and 2011-2016). There were 27,034 cases of campylobacteriosis notified between 2004 and 2016. Data were >99% complete for notification date, geographical area, sex and date of birth. Crude annual incidence ranged from 36.2 to 54.4 per 100,000 population. The incidence was higher in, males (aIRR 1.15, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.12-1.19), those aged

Beliefs about the incidence of voter fraud inform how people view the trade-off between electoral integrity and voter accessibility. To better inform such beliefs about the rate of double voting, we develop and apply a method to estimate how many people voted twice in the 2012 presidential election. We estimate that about one in 4,000 voters cast two ballots, although an audit suggests that the true rate may be lower due to small errors in electronic vote records. We corroborate our estimates and extend our analysis using data from a subset of states that share social security numbers, making it easier to quantify who may have voted twice. For this subset of states, we find that one suggested strategy to reduce double voting—removing the registration with an earlier registration date when two share the same name and birthdate—could impede approximately 300 legitimate votes for each double vote prevented.