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SUMMARY: Post‐embryonic primary root growth is effectively an interplay of several hormone signalling pathways. Here, we show that the ABA‐responsive transcription factor ABI3 controls primary root growth through the regulation of JA signalling molecule JAZ1 along with ABA‐responsive factor ABI1. In the absence of ABI3, the primary root elongation zone is shortened with significantly reduced cell length. Expression analyses and ChIP‐based assays indicate that ABI3 negatively regulates JAZ1 expression by occupying its upstream regulatory sequence and enriching repressive histone modification mark H3K27 trimethylation, thereby occluding RNAPII occupancy. Previous studies have shown that JAZ1 interacts with ABI1, the protein phosphatase 2C, that works during ABA signalling. Our results indicate that in the absence of ABI3, when JAZ1 expression levels are high, the ABI1 protein shows increased stability, compared to when JAZ1 is absent, or ABI3 is overexpressed. Consequently, in the abi3‐6 mutant, due to the higher stability of ABI1, reduced phosphorylation of plasma membrane H+‐ATPase (AHA2) occurs. HPTS staining further indicated that abi3‐6 root cell apoplasts show reduced protonation, compared to wild‐type and ABI3 overexpressing seedlings. Such impeded proton extrusion negatively affects cell length in the primary root elongation zone. ABI3 therefore controls cell elongation in the primary root by affecting the ABI1‐dependent protonation of root cell apoplasts. In summary, ABI3 controls the expression of JAZ1 and in turn modulates the function of ABI1 to regulate cell length in the elongation zone during primary root growth. Significance Statement: Primary root growth is intricately controlled by developmental and environmental cues. Presently we show that, ABI3, an ABA‐responsive transcription factor, governs primary root growth by negatively regulating JAZ1 expression through occupancy of its upstream regulatory sequences. Furthermore, ABI3 controls ABI1 protein stability and function thereby affecting phosphorylation of plasma membrane H+‐ATPase (AHA2). Dephosphorylation of AHA2 impairs protonation of the root cell apoplast effectively reducing cell length in the primary root elongation zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employs a bibliometric analysis of emerging trends in money laundering for terrorism financing (ML/TF) to provide direction for future research. The authors used VOSviewer and analyzed 2577 published documents retrieved from the SCOPUS database using the PRISMA methodology. The findings reveal a growing research interest in understanding the complex interplay between money laundering and terrorism financing. This research emphasizes the significance of ML/TF for economic stability, as understanding terrorism financing mechanisms allows authorities to trace and block funds going to terrorist groups, which is crucial for national security. Critical insights for policymakers underscore the need for robust legislative frameworks, effective Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs), and international collaboration to combat these global threats. This analysis offers a foundation for future research, mapping the evolving knowledge landscape in ML/TF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants combat dehydration stress through different strategies including root architectural changes. Here we show that when exposed to varying levels of dehydration stress, primary root growth in Arabidopsis is modulated by regulating root meristem activity. Abscisic acid (ABA) in concert with auxin signalling adjust primary root growth according to stress levels. ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3 (ABI3), an ABA-responsive transcription factor, stands at the intersection of ABA and auxin signalling and fine-tunes primary root growth in response to dehydration stress. Under low ABA or dehydration stress, induction of ABI3 expression promotes auxin signalling by decreasing expression of SHY2 , a negative regulator of auxin response. This further enhances the expression of auxin transporter gene PIN1 and cell cycle gene CYCB1;1 , resulting in an increase in primary root meristem size and root length. Higher levels of dehydration stress or ABA repress ABI3 expression and promote ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 5 (ABI5) expression. This elevates SHY2 expression, thereby impairing primary root meristem activity and retarding root growth. Notably, ABI5 can promote SHY2 expression only in the absence of ABI3. Such ABA concentration-dependent expression of ABI3 therefore functions as a regulatory sensor of dehydration stress levels and orchestrates primary root growth by coordinating its downstream regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Root growth dynamics is an outcome of complex hormonal crosstalk. The primary root meristem size, for example, is determined by antagonizing actions of cytokinin and auxin. Here we show that RAV1, a member of the AP2/ERF family of transcription factors, mediates cytokinin signaling in roots to regulate meristem size. The rav1 mutants have prominently longer primary roots, with a meristem that is significantly enlarged and contains higher cell numbers, compared with wild‐type. The mutant phenotype could be restored on exogenous cytokinin application or by inhibiting auxin transport. At the transcript level, primary cytokinin‐responsive genes like ARR1, ARR12 were significantly downregulated in the mutant root, indicating impaired cytokinin signaling. In concurrence, cytokinin induced regulation of SHY2, an Aux/IAA gene, and auxin efflux carrier PIN1 was hindered in rav1, leading to altered auxin transport and distribution. This effectively altered root meristem size in the mutant. Notably, CRF1, another member of the AP2/ERF family implicated in cytokinin signaling, is transcriptionally repressed by RAV1 to promote cytokinin response in roots. Further associating RAV1 with cytokinin signaling, our results demonstrate that cytokinin upregulates RAV1 expression through ARR1, during post‐embryonic root development. Regulation of RAV1 expression is a part of secondary cytokinin response that eventually represses CRF1 to augment cytokinin signaling. To conclude, RAV1 functions in a branch pathway downstream to ARR1 that regulates CRF1 expression to enhance cytokinin action during primary root development in Arabidopsis. Significance Statement: Interplay of auxin and cytokinin is known to regulate primary root meristem size in Arabidopsis, and here we show that RAV1 augments cytokinin signaling to control primary root meristem size. Cytokinin regulates RAV1 expression through ARR1, and RAV1 downregulates CRF1 expression to promote cytokinin actions and antagonize auxin response to determine proper root meristem size during post‐embryonic root development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holarrhena antidysentericaseeds were extracted with methanol, dried, and fractioned in to ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous fractions. A compound isolated from n-butanol fraction using diaion column chromatography followed by high-performance liquid chromatography purification, was characterized as 5-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid). The extract and fractions were evaluated for their potential to inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase and increase glucose uptake in L6-myotubes. Methanolic extract and n-butanol fraction inhibited the α-glucosidase (IC50751±15 and 472 ± 8 μg.mL−1) and α-amylase (IC50711 ± 12 and 392 ± 10 μg.mL−1) enzyme. n-Butanol fraction showed maximum increase in glucose uptake at 50 μg.mL−1by 39.71 ± 3.65%. n-butanol fraction contained 5-caffeoylquinic acid as a major constituent (12.882 ± 1.466 % w/w). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This minireview focuses on recent advancements in organic molecular-to-supramolecular self-assembled room-temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials and their prospective biomedical applications. RTP materials, having their unique capacity to emit long-lasting phosphorescence at ambient temperature, have piqued researchers' interest in various biological applications, including biosensing, bioimaging, drug delivery, and photodynamic therapy (PDT). These materials have several benefits, including high sensitivity, remarkable photostability, and low cytotoxicity. RTP materials' self-assembly into supramolecular structures improves their performance and broadens their uses. Researchers have built organic RTP systems with long-lasting phosphorescence by leveraging weak noncovalent interactions in aquatic conditions. These materials have demonstrated incredible promise as biosensors that enable sensitive analyte detection and as photosensitizers in PDT that target and sensitize specific cell types. The review also outlines future directions and challenges in developing and utilizing pure organic RTP materials for biological imaging purposes, providing valuable guidelines for their future design and application.