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Because cellular uptake of anticancer PtII and PtIV drugs occurs by different mechanisms, the latter ones can exhibit substantial activity towards cells, which have either intrinsic or acquired resistance towards PtII drugs. However, this positive effect is diminished due to reductive activation of PtIV drugs in extracellular space that can be one of the reasons why they have not yet been approved for clinical use despite over 60 clinical trials conducted worldwide. Herein, we suggest a solution to this problem by achieving highly specific intracellular versus extracellular prodrug reduction. In particular, we prepared a hybrid PtIV prodrug containing two pro-reductants. This hybrid was uptaken by cells, the pro-reductants were activated in the cancer-specific microenvironment (high H2O2), and reduced PtIV by two one-electron transfers. The drug formed in this way induced cell death both in cisplatin-sensitive and resistant cell lines, but remained nontoxic to normal cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wereport on an improved method of synthesis of N-benzylaminoferrocene-basedprodrugs and demonstrate its applicabilityby preparing nine new aminoferrocenes. Their effect on the viabilityof selected cancer cells having different p53 status was studied.The obtained data are in agreement with the hypothesis that the toxicityof aminoferrocenes is not dependent upon p53 status. Subsequentlythe toxicity of a selected prodrug (4) was investigatedex vivo using rat precision cut liver slices and in vivo on hybrid male miceBDF1. In both experiments no toxicity was observed: ex vivo, up to10 μM; in vivo, up to 6 mg/kg. Finally, prodrug 4was shown to extend the survival of BDF1 mice carrying L1210 leukemiafrom 13.7 ± 0.6 days to 17.5 ± 0.7 days when injected daily6 times at a dose of 26 μg/kg starting from the second day afterinjection of L1210 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Prodrugs that increase the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) specifically in cancer cells while not affecting normal cells can potentially act as radiosensitizers for side effect free radiotherapy (RT). However, previously known ROS-amplifying prodrugs were found to not beuseful for this purpose. Since functional mitochondria are necessary for RT-resistance, we assumed that the problem could be solved by using dual prodrugs as radiosensitizers, both targeting mitochondria and simultaneously inducing ROS. In this paper, we explored this possibility. In particular, we developed an N-alkylaminoferrocene-based prodrug (2c) effective at low μMolar concentrations. Upon conversion to its active form 2c_BA in aqueous solution, it is efficiently taken up by cancer cells. This leads to the decrease of their mitochondrial membrane potential and the amplification of both, intracellular mitochondrial and total ROS generation. We found that 2c_BA acts as an efficient radiosensitizer in human head and neck squamous carcinoma cells in vitro. Radiotherapy (RT) efficacy can be improved by using radiosensitizers, i.e., drugs enhancing the effect of ionizing radiation (IR). One of the side effects of RT includes damage of normal tissue in close proximity to the treated tumor. This problem can be solved by applying cancer specific radiosensitizers. N-Alkylaminoferrocene-based (NAAF) prodrugs produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer cells, but not in normal cells. Therefore, they can potentially act as cancer specific radiosensitizers. However, early NAAF prodrugs did not exhibit this property. Since functional mitochondria are important for RT resistance, we assumed that NAAF prodrugs affecting mitochondria in parallel with increasing intracellular ROS can potentially exhibit synergy with RT. We applied sequential Cu+-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloadditions (CuAAC) to obtain a series of NAAF derivatives with the goal of improving anticancer efficacies over already existing compounds. One of the obtained prodrugs (2c) exhibited high anticancer activity with IC50 values in the range of 5–7.1 µM in human ovarian carcinoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, pancreatic carcinoma and T-cell leukemia cells retained moderate water solubility and showed cancer specificity. 2c strongly affects mitochondria of cancer cells, leading to the amplification of mitochondrial and total ROS production and thus causing cell death via necrosis and apoptosis. We observed that 2c acts as a radiosensitizer in human head and neck squamous carcinoma cells. This is the first demonstration of a synergy between the radiotherapy and NAAF-based ROS amplifiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because cellular uptake of anticancer Pt II and Pt IV drugs occurs by different mechanisms, the latter ones can exhibit substantial activity towards cells, which have either intrinsic or acquired resistance towards Pt II drugs. However, this positive effect is diminished due to reductive activation of Pt IV drugs in extracellular space that can be one of the reasons why they have not yet been approved for clinical use despite over 60 clinical trials conducted worldwide. Herein, we suggest a solution to this problem by achieving highly specific intracellular versus extracellular prodrug reduction. In particular, we prepared a hybrid Pt IV prodrug containing two pro-reductants. This hybrid was uptaken by cells, the pro-reductants were activated in the cancer-specific microenvironment (high H 2 O 2 ), and reduced Pt IV by two one-electron transfers. The drug formed in this way induced cell death both in cisplatin-sensitive and resistant cell lines, but remained nontoxic to normal cells., (© 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)