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Let V(T) denote the number of sign changes in $$\psi (x) - x$$ for $$x\in [1, T]$$ . We show that $$\liminf _{T\rightarrow \infty } V(T)/\log T\ge \gamma _{1}/\pi + 1.867\cdot 10^{-30}$$ , where $$\gamma _{1} = 14.13\ldots $$ denotes the ordinate of the lowest-lying non-trivial zero of the Riemann zeta-function. This improves on a long-standing result by Kaczorowski.