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In this study, we attempted to curate a list of tools whose primary intent is to enable and teach children to code. From this list, we developed a framework for the classification of coding tools and reviewed current research to determine how tools are used to teach coding in elementary education. The catalog grew to over 300 specific tools intended to teach coding to children. We subsequently searched Google Scholar for studies of computational thinking in elementary or primary education. This resulted in an analysis of 161 research studies in which there was an intervention intended to teach computational thinking to young children. Through this analysis, we identified patterns in which tools have been used to teach elementary coding, to which audiences, and in what ways.

Abstract The agricultural fungicide cymoxanil (CMX) is commonly used in the treatment of plant pathogens, such as Phytophthora infestans. Although the use of CMX is widespread throughout the agricultural industry and internationally, the exact mechanism of action behind this fungicide remains unclear. Therefore, we sought to elucidate the biocidal mechanism underlying CMX. This was accomplished by first performing a large-scale chemical-genomic screen comprising the 4000 haploid non-essential gene deletion array of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that gene families related to de novo purine biosynthesis and ribonucleoside synthesis were enriched in the presence of CMX. These results were confirmed through additional spot-test and colony counting assays. We next examined whether CMX affects RNA biosynthesis. Using qRT-PCR and expression assays, we found that CMX appears to target RNA biosynthesis possibly through the yeast dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzyme Dfr1. To determine whether DHFR is a target of CMX, we performed an in-silico molecular docking assay between CMX and yeast, human, and P. infestans DHFR. The results suggest that CMX directly interacts with the active site of all tested forms of DHFR using conserved residues. Using an in vitro DHFR activity assay we observed that CMX inhibits DHFR activity in a dose-dependent relationship.

Abstract Background Studying at university is a stressful time for many, which might result in the development of mental health problems. In the first wave of Covid-19, university students in Turkey reported suffering from an elevated level of stress compared to their peers in other countries. Mindfulness-based interventions could provide the means of successfully decreasing the stress level of university students. Moreover, offering interventions via the Internet could be a scalable option to prevent and treat mental health problems, while offering time/place flexibility, anonymity, and cost-effectiveness. Method In a randomized controlled trial of parallel design, the feasibility of a culturally adapted internet- and mobile-based intervention (IMI) (StudiCareM-TR) to promote mindfulness among Turkish-speaking university students was tested. Participants (N = 58) of a public university in Istanbul were randomized into an intervention (IG) vs. waitlist control group (WL). Measurements took place at baseline (t0) and 10 weeks post-randomization (t1). Intervention adherence, acceptance, and potential negative effects were feasibility outcomes. Levels of mindfulness, perceived stress, depression, anxiety, and wellbeing were analyzed in linear regression models to assess the potential efficacy of StudiCareM-TR. All analyses were conducted with the intention-to-treat sample, adjusting for baseline values. Results Based on participants’ feedback, StudiCareM-TR was perceived as acceptable, resulted in few negative effects (n = 7), and yielded improvements in mindfulness (β = 0.70) and presenteeism (β = − 0.61) compared to WL. Secondary outcomes of depression, anxiety, stress, and wellbeing did not show significant improvements. Assessment dropout was 31% (IG: 50%: WL: 89%), and intervention dropout was 45%. Conclusions StudiCareM-TR is feasible and acceptable to use among university students in Turkey and has the potential to improve their mindfulness levels. The intervention should be further developed with a focus on engagement-facilitating features in order to reduce intervention dropouts. Trial registration ID DRKS00024557.

Abstract The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a proven model organism for elucidating conserved eukaryotic biology, but to date its extracellular vesicle (EV) biology is understudied. Here, we show yeast transmit information through the extracellular medium that increases survival when confronted with heat stress and demonstrate the EV‐enriched samples mediate this thermotolerance transfer. These samples contain vesicle‐like particles that are exosome‐sized and disrupting exosome biogenesis by targeting endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) machinery inhibits thermotolerance transfer. We find that Bro1, the yeast ortholog of the human exosome biomarker ALIX, is present in EV samples, and use Bro1 tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) to track EV release and uptake by endocytosis. Proteomics analysis reveals that heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family proteins are enriched in EV samples that provide thermotolerance. We confirm the presence of the HSP70 ortholog stress‐seventy subunit A2 (Ssa2) in EV samples and find that mutant yeast cells lacking SSA2 produce EVs but they fail to transfer thermotolerance. We conclude that Ssa2 within exosomes shared between yeast cells contributes to thermotolerance. Through this work, we advance Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an emerging model organism for elucidating molecular details of eukaryotic EV biology and establish a role for exosomes in heat stress and proteostasis that seems to be evolutionarily conserved.

Background Blurred work–non-work boundaries can have negative effects on mental health, including sleep.Objectives In a randomised control trial, we aimed to assess the effectiveness of an online recovery training programme designed to improve symptoms of insomnia in a working population exposed to blurred boundaries.Methods 128 participants with severe insomnia symptoms (Insomnia Severity Index ≥15) and working under blurred work and non-work conditions (segmentation supplies

Question Depression is highly prevalent and associated with numerous adverse consequences for both individuals and society. Due to low uptake of direct treatment, interventions that target related, but less stigmatising problems, such as perceived stress, have emerged as a new research paradigm.This individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis examines if a web-based stress management intervention can be used as an ‘indirect’ treatment of depression.Study selection and analysis Bayesian one-stage models were used to estimate pooled effects on depressive symptom severity, minimally important improvement and reliable deterioration. The dose–response relationship was examined using multilevel additive models, and IPD network meta-analysis was employed to estimate the effect of guidance.Findings In total, N=1235 patients suffering from clinical-level depression from K=6 randomised trials were included. Moderate-to-large effects were found on depressive symptom severity at 7 weeks post-intervention (d=−0.65; 95% credibility interval (CrI): −0.84 to −0.48) as measured with the Center for Epidemiological Studies’ Depression Scale. Effects were sustained at 3-month follow-up (d=−0.74; 95% CrI: −1.01 to −0.48). Post-intervention symptom severity was linearly related to the number of completed sessions. The incremental impact of guidance was estimated at d=−0.25 (95% CrI: −1.30 to 0.82), with a 35% posterior probability that guided and unguided formats produce equivalent effects.Conclusions Our results indicate that web-based stress management can serve as an indirect treatment, yielding effects comparable with direct interventions for depression. Further research is needed to determine if such formats can indeed increase the utilisation of evidence-based treatment, and to corroborate the favourable effects for human guidance.Study registration Open material repository: osf.io/dbjc8, osf.io/3qtbe.Trial registration number German Clinical Trial Registration (DRKS): DRKS00004749, DRKS00005112, DRKS00005384, DRKS00005687, DRKS00005699, DRKS00005990.

BackgroundGET.ON (HelloBetter) treatment interventions have been shown to be efficacious in multiple randomized controlled trials. ObjectiveThis study evaluated the effectiveness of 2 GET.ON interventions, GET.ON Mood Enhancer and GET.ON Stress, in a national digital mental health service implemented across Germany. MethodsFollowing an initial web-based questionnaire, participants were allocated to either intervention based on their baseline symptom severity and personal choice and received a semistandardized guided, feedback-on-demand guided, or self-guided version of the treatment. Uncontrolled routine care data from 851 participants were analyzed using a pretest-posttest design. Half of the participants (461/851, 54.2%) were allocated to the stress intervention (189/461, 41% semistandardized; 240/461, 52% feedback on demand; and 32/461, 6.9% self-guided), and almost all participants in the mood intervention (349/352, 99.2%) received semistandardized guidance. ResultsResults on depression-related symptom severity indicated a reduction in reported symptoms, with a large effect size of d=−0.92 (95% CI −1.21 to −0.63). Results on perceived stress and insomnia indicated a reduction in symptom severity, with large effect sizes of d=1.02 (95% CI −1.46 to −0.58) and d=−0.75 (95% CI −1.10 to −0.40), respectively. A small percentage of participants experienced deterioration in depression-related symptoms (11/289, 3.8%), perceived stress (6/296, 2%), and insomnia (5/252, 2%). After completing treatment, 51.9% (150/289) of participants showed a clinically reliable change in depression-related symptoms, whereas 20.4% (59/289) achieved a close to symptom-free status. Similar improvements were observed in perceived stress and insomnia severity. Guidance moderated the effectiveness of and adherence to the interventions in reducing depressive symptom severity. Effect sizes on depression-related symptom severity were d=−1.20 (95% CI −1.45 to −0.93) for the semistandardized group, d=−0.36 (95% CI −0.68 to −0.04) for the feedback-on-demand group, and d=−0.83 (95% CI −1.03 to −0.63) for the self-guided group. Furthermore, 47.6% (405/851) of the participants completed all modules of the intervention. Participant satisfaction was high across all patient groups and both interventions; 89.3% (242/271) of participants would recommend it to a friend in need of similar help. Limitations include the assignment to treatments and guidance formats based on symptom severity. Furthermore, part of the differences in symptom change between groups must be assumed to be due to this baseline difference in the measures. ConclusionsFuture digital health implementation and routine care research should focus on monitoring symptom deterioration and other negative effects, as well as possible predictors of deterioration and the investigation of individual patient trajectories. In conclusion, this study supports the effectiveness of tailored digital mental health services in routine care for depression- and stress-related symptoms in Germany. The results highlight the importance of guidance in delivering internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy interventions and provide further evidence for its potential delivered as web-only solutions for increasing access to and use of psychological treatments.

Abstract Background Implementing evidence-based healthcare practices (EBPs) is a complex endeavour and often lags behind research-informed decision processes. Understanding and systematically improving implementation using implementation theory can help bridge the gap between research findings and practice. This study aims to translate, pilot, and validate a German version of the English NoMAD questionnaire (G-NoMAD), an instrument derived from the Normalisation Process Theory, to explore the implementation of EBPs. Methods Survey data has been collected in four German research projects and subsequently combined into a validation data set. Two versions of the G-NoMAD existed, independently translated from the original English version by two research groups. A measurement invariance analysis was conducted, comparing latent scale structures between groups of respondents to both versions. After determining the baseline model, the questionnaire was tested for different degrees of invariance (configural, metric, scalar, and uniqueness) across samples. A confirmatory factor analysis for three models (a four-factor, a unidimensional, and a hierarchical model) was used to examine the theoretical structure of the G-NoMAD. Finally, psychometric results were discussed in a consensus meeting, and the final instructions, items, and scale format were consented to. Results A total of 539 health care professionals completed the questionnaire. The results of the measurement invariance analysis showed configural, partial metric, and partial scalar invariance indicating that the questionnaire versions are comparable. Internal consistency ranged from acceptable to good (0.79 ≤ α ≤ 0.85) per subscale. Both the four factor and the hierarchical model achieved a better fit than the unidimensional model, with indices from acceptable (SRMR = 0.08) to good (CFI = 0.97; TLI = 0.96). However, the RMSEA values were only close to acceptable (four-factor model: χ2164 = 1029.84, RMSEA = 0.10; hierarchical model: χ2166 = 1073.43, RMSEA = 0.10). Conclusions The G-NoMAD provides a reliable and promising tool to measure the degree of normalisation among individuals involved in implementation activities. Since the fit was similar in the four-factor and the hierarchical model, priority should be given to the practical relevance of the hierarchical model, including a total score and four subscale scores. The findings of this study support the further usage of the G-NoMAD in German implementation settings. Trial registration Both the AdAM project (No. NCT03430336, 06/02/2018) and the EU-project ImpleMentAll (No. NCT03652883, 29/08/2018) were registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. The ImplementIT study was registered at the German Clinical Trial Registration (No. DRKS00017078, 18/04/2019). The G-NoMAD validation study was registered at the Open Science Framework (No7u9ab, 17/04/2023).

Background Reasons for racial disparities in the use and outcomes of endovascular treatment (ET) are not known. We examined patterns in care segregation for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in the United States, and outcomes of segregation of care after ET. Methods and Results We used deidentified Medicare data sets to identify AIS admissions between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2019, using validated International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD‐10) codes. For AIS, we calculated (1) the proportion of White patients at the hospital, (2) the proportional difference in the proportion of White patients between hospital patients and the county, and (3) provider care segregation by the dissimilarity index for ET cases. Using unadjusted and adjusted multilevel logistic models, we examined associations between measures of segregation and outcomes of discharge home, inpatient mortality, and 30‐day mortality. The mean proportional difference in the proportion of White patients comparing hospitalized patients with AIS to the county race distribution was 0.015 (SD, 0.219) at the hospital level. For ET, the mean proportional difference in the proportion of White patients comparing patients receiving ET to the county race distribution was much higher, at 0.146 (SD, 0.374). The dissimilarity index for ET providers was high, with a mean of 0.48 (SD, 0.29) across all hospitals. Black patients with AIS (compared with White patients) had reduced odds of discharge home, inpatient mortality, and 30‐day mortality. Conclusions In this national study with contemporary data in the endovascular era of AIS treatment, we found substantial evidence for segregation of care in the United States, not for only AIS in general but also especially for ET.

BackgroundOver two-thirds of nursing home (NH) residents are eligible for palliative care (PC), yet few receive it, particularly outside of hospice. Little is known about the technical feasibility and acceptability of using telehealth for PC consultations in NHs.ObjectiveTo determine the technical feasibility and acceptability of PC telehealth for NH residents seen by a PC team in the hospital in the previous 30 days.DesignMixed methods study including data collection from field observations, focus groups about the telehealth experience with content analysis, and a web-based survey about technical feasibility and acceptability.Sample and approachEighteen participants (six PC-eligible NH residents, one PC physician, five family members, six NH nurses) were recruited in 2016 to participate in one of six PC video visits followed by a video-based focus group and web-based survey.ResultsAll participants were comfortable with the PC video visit format, believed it could improve communication and care coordination, and reported they could see themselves using telehealth in the near future. For technical feasibility, audio quality was rated mostly good/very good (71%) and visual quality was rated fair (50%).ConclusionsPC video visits are technically feasible and acceptable to NH residents, families, and staff, representing an innovative and relatively low-cost opportunity to improve access to needed NH-based PC services. Assessing stakeholder perspectives on the use of this technology can help inform the selection of the proper telehealth platform to meet the clinical and infrastructure needs, as well as protocol modifications required before testing in a larger trial.

El objetivo principal de la presente investigación es comprender y pronosticar con mayor precisión la dinámica de la internacionalización en el sector turístico, partiendo de los efectos de dos grandes factores que influyen en los flujos de IED (Inversión Extranjera Directa), como son la distancia cultural y la distancia psíquica, así como de la aplicación de una de las teorías más utilizadas en este campo: el modelo de Uppsala. Bajo este marco teórico, se explica cómo las empresas turísticas optan por invertir en determinadas geografías antes que en otras. Si bien existen numerosos estudios en el ámbito de la internacionalización sobre la distancia cultural, la distancia psíquica y el modelo de Uppsala, la novedad de este trabajo radica en su enfoque integrador que amalgama estos tres elementos conceptuales en su análisis del sector turístico, lo que aporta un mayor conocimiento de los patrones de comportamiento de este sector de gran relevancia mundial. Concretamente, se han realizado análisis estadísticos sobre los datos de los flujos de ied turística de los últimos 25 años en España. Los resultados sugieren que la industria turística sigue el modelo de internacionalización de Uppsala. Por ello, se desplaza gradualmente de los países con baja distancia psíquica a los de mayor distancia a medida que se adquiere experiencia. Así, mediante la identificación de los niveles de distancia psíquica de los países turísticos emergentes, los estrategas deberían ser capaces de predecir hacia dónde se dirigirá la IED en los próximos años.

Tingginya diskriminasi pada masyarakat beretnis Tionghoa di kota-kota besar Pulau Jawa dapat memunculkan persepsi terdiskriminasi etnis. Persepsi terdiskriminasi etnis dapat berdampak negatif bagi kondisi psikologis individu, termasuk kemunculan shame. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peran persepsi terdiskriminasi etnis sebagai faktor risiko shame pada masyarakat beretnis Tionghoa di kota-kota besar Pulau Jawa. Sebuah studi survei daring yang diikuti oleh 257 partisipan (terdiri dari 87 laki-laki dan 170 perempuan berusia 18–78) dilakukan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa persepsi terdiskriminasi etnis adalah prediktor signifikan dari shame. Temuan penelitian ini menekankan risiko psikologis pada masyarakat beretnis Tionghoa yang mengalami diskriminasi, dan menggarisbawahi pentingnya peningkatan kesadaran publik mengenai dampak diskriminasi pada populasi tersebut.

Maintaining translation fidelity is a critical step within the process of gene expression. It requires the involvement of numerous regulatory elements to ensure the synthesis of functional proteins. The efficient termination of protein synthesis can play a crucial role in preserving this fidelity. Here, we report on investigating a protein of unknown function, YNR069C (also known as BSC5), for its activity in the process of translation. We observed a significant increase in the bypass of premature stop codons upon the deletion of YNR069C. Interestingly, the genomic arrangement of this ORF suggests a compatible mode of expression reliant on translational readthrough, incorporating the neighboring open reading frame. We also showed that the deletion of YNR069C results in an increase in the rate of translation. Based on our results, we propose that YNR069C may play a role in translation fidelity, impacting the overall quantity and quality of translation. Our genetic interaction analysis supports our hypothesis, associating the role of YNR069C to the regulation of protein synthesis.

Pedestrian crossing behavior can be studied by estimating critical gap, which is determined by analyzing accepted and rejected gaps by pedestrians. This can provide insight into safety levels at pedestrian facilities. The aim of this study is to determine critical gaps using various methods such as the Logit method, Raff's method, and Wu’s Method. These methods are then compared to identify the most appropriate one. Three locations in Malaysia were selected for data collection based on their land use, number of lanes, and carriageway width. Video cameras were used to capture mixed traffic flow and pedestrian crossing movements simultaneously at the selected sections. The results indicate that the critical gap values obtained from the three methods are highly comparable. Specifically, the Logit Method yielded a critical gap value of 8.4s, while Raff's Method and Wu's Method produced critical gap values of 7.7s and 7.12s, respectively. The study concludes that the Logit method is the most suitable for estimating critical gaps as it takes into account both pedestrian behavior and vehicular characteristics concurrently. The findings of this study have the potential to contribute to the review of design parameters for pedestrian crossing facilities, leading to the improvement of existing facilities and the enhancement of pedestrian safety.

A zebra crossing is a form of pedestrian crossing provision point on roads that have significant volumes of traffic. It is one of the safety measures employed to reduce avoidable pedestrian-motorist conflicts and accidents on such roads. In the past several studies have been conducted on the behaviours of road users (pedestrians and motorists) especially on non-signal intersections. Although, various recommendations and solutions have been proffered to the many road-crossing challenges. But there has been little to no change in pedestrians’ perceptions and preferences of zebra crossing. Contemporary researches have tried to rectify this by applying several models to rate the use of pedestrian zebra crossing. This study uses a Regression Model Techniques to analyse factors influencing utilization rate of pedestrian zebra crossing. In this study, 450 samples were collected from 12 locations, covering school, public building, residential and business areas to examine the utilization rate of the zebra crossing by pedestrians. To examine the significance level on the crossing utilization rates by pedestrian at 95% confidence interval, a pedestrian utilization rate (PUR) was acting as the dependent variable and the remaining variables served as the independent variables. The Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) model was also used to determine the utilization rate needed to develop the zebra crossing utilization model. From the findings, the calibrated R2 value was discovered to be at 0.937 and the descriptive statistics of MLR test, t and p-values, were also found within an acceptable range. The result also showed that, out of all the variables which were used, only three have a significant effect on the utilization rates of pedestrian zebra crossing while the remaining variables have an insignificant effect. The study concluded that among the different variables, Guardrail, number of lanes and Width of zebra crossing were the most influential variables. It is believed that the conclusions drawn from this research are expected to be useful to improve the state of pedestrian facilities in Malaysia.