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It remains unclear whether late second language learners (L2ers) can acquire sufficient knowledge about unique-to-L2 constructions through implicit learning to build anticipations during real-time processing. To tackle this question, we conducted a visual world paradigm experiment to investigate high-proficiency late first-language Dutch second-language Mandarin Chinese learners' online processing of syntactic cues to count vs. mass interpretations in Chinese which are unique-to-L2 and never explicitly taught. The results showed that late Dutch-Mandarin learners were sensitive to a mass-biased syntactic cue in real-time processing, and exhibited some native-like anticipatory behaviour. These findings indicate that late L2ers can acquire unique-to-L2 constructions through implicit learning, and can automatically use this knowledge to make predictions.

Introduction Preterm pre-eclampsia is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. The Pre-eclampsia Intervention 2 (PI 2) trial suggested that metformin sustained release (XR) may prolong gestation by a week in pregnant women undergoing expectant management (7.6 days, geometric mean ratio 1.39, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.95; p=0.057). These findings should be confirmed with a larger sample size, and we need to know if such a prolongation improves neonatal outcome. Here, we describe the protocol for such a follow-up trial.Methods The PI 3 trial is a phase III, intention-to-treat, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial to assess if metformin XR can prolong gestation and improve neonatal outcomes in women undergoing expectant management for preterm pre-eclampsia. We will recruit women who are between 26+0 and 31+6 weeks pregnant. Women will be randomised to receive either 3 g metformin XR or an identical placebo in divided daily doses. The primary outcome is prolongation of pregnancy. Secondary outcomes are neonatal birth weight and length of neonatal care admission (an indicator of neonatal health at birth). All other outcomes will be exploratory. We will record tolerability and adverse events. We plan a sample size of 500 participants to be powered for the primary and secondary outcomes.Ethics and dissemination PI 3 has ethical approval (Health Research Ethics Committee 2, Stellenbosch University, Protocol number M21/03/007, Project ID 21639, Federal Wide Assurance Number 00001372, Institutional Review Board Number IRB0005239), and is registered with the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (PACTR202104532026017) and the South African Medicine Control Council (20211211). Data will be presented at international conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration number PACTR202104532026017)

Religious education (RE) in Australia is challenged to support the religious and spiritual needs of Australia’s religiously plural student population. Within a national colloquium, practitioners and scholars (N = 57) gathered to discern ways forward in RE. Data were collected from small and whole group discussions reported across three days of integrated reflection on themes of Awaken, Celebrate, and Imagine. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) and Leximancer were used to analyse the respective data which confirmed domains of focus on Day 1 of Formation, Curriculum, Pedagogy, Partnerships, and Research. Day 2 (Celebrate) explored these domains and identified Themes and Theoretical Propositions that advanced each domain. Day 3 (Imagine) underlined foundations in faith for each domain and detailed generic propositions and themes. Propositions included advancing RE through Formation (being attentive to personal readiness, curriculum intention, and school identity), Pedagogy (engaging practices of inquiry, experiential learning, and encounter-based opportunities), Curriculum (characterised as inclusive, relevant, and life-giving), Partnerships (strengthening inclusion and engagement with family, parish, and community), and Research (integrating evidence-based practice).

Abstract Interventions of the host–pathogen dynamics provide strong tests of relationships, yet they are still rarely applied across multiple populations. After American bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) invaded a wildlife refuge where federally threatened Chiricahua leopard frogs (R. chiricahuensis) were reintroduced 12 years prior, managers launched a landscape‐scale eradication effort to help ensure continued recovery of the native species. We used a before‐after‐control‐impact design and environmental DNA sampling of 19 eradication sites and 18 control sites between fall 2016 and winter 2020–2021 to measure community‐level responses to bullfrog eradication, including for two pathogens. Dynamic occupancy models revealed successful eradication from 94% of treatment sites. Native amphibians did not respond to bullfrog eradication, but the pathogens amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) and ranaviruses were coextirpated with bullfrogs. Our spatially replicated experimental approach provides strong evidence that management of invasive species can simultaneously reduce predation and disease risk for imperiled species.

This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the performance of hormone treatment protocols, determine the factors associated with pregnancy success after hormone treatment, and compare the cost-efficiencies of two types of hormone treatment among cyclic and noncyclic anestrous dairy cows. The clinical records of 279 anestrous cows that received hormone treatment for artificial insemination (AI) from 64 herds in the western region of Thailand were obtained from Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital from January to August 2017. The performance of the hormone treatment protocols, fixed-time AI (TAI) and estrus detection before AI (EAI), showed that the pregnancy risk for the TAI protocol was higher than that for the EAI protocol, but pregnancy per AI did not differ significantly between the two protocols in cyclic and noncyclic cows. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that cows receiving the TAI protocol were more likely to be pregnant compared to those treated with the EAI protocol. Cows with a 3.00 body condition score (BCS) < 3.75 after treatment and loose-housed cows were more likely to become pregnant. Treatment during winter showed higher pregnancy success than that in the summer and rainy seasons. The cost-efficiency analysis showed that the TAI protocol was the most cost-efficient option for noncyclic cows, whereas the EAI protocol was the most cost-efficient option for cyclic cows.

The contamination of water with lead from damaged perovskite solar cells is a key concern. Here, a spherical hydroxyapatite nanoparticle scaffold absorbs lead from a damaged device, keeping lead concentration in water below safe drinking limits.

In situ, spatially-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction was utilized to investigate the electric field-induced heterogenous phase transformation of nonergodic relaxor 0.93Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3-0.07BaTiO3 ceramics. A Cu electrode was coated on one surface of a rectangular sample by aerosol deposition (AD), while a Pt layer was deposited on the opposite surface by sputter deposition. It is anticipated that a different stress state and/or domain morphology should occur on the AD deposited Cu electrode side due to the particle impact-consolidation deposition process. Under an electric field, different sample regions, i.e., AD, Middle, and Sputter sides, showed systematic changes in the relaxor to ferroelectric phase transition behavior. In particular, most grains transformed at a sub-coercive field of 0.8 kV/mm, while the majority of the grains only appeared to undergo transitions at a higher field (2.4 kV/mm). Also, the tetragonal phase became the dominant structure at higher field levels. Importantly, both and grains undergo phase switching at lower fields in the region close to the AD-processed layer. The study indicates that the AD process-induced stress can facilitate the electric field-induced relaxor to ferroelectric phase transition, i.e., the AD Cu side showed more significant lattice strain and domain texture than the sputter Pt side.

Introduction Clinical (service) integration in primary care settings describes how comprehensive care is coordinated by family physicians (FPs) over time across healthcare contexts to meet patient care needs. To improve care integration and healthcare service planning, a systematic approach to understanding its numerous influencing factors is paramount. The objective of this study is to generate a comprehensive map of FP-perceived factors influencing clinical integration across diseases and patient demographics.Methods and analysis We developed the protocol with the guidance of the Joanna Briggs Institute systematic review methodology framework. An information specialist built search strategies for MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL databases using keywords and MeSH terms iteratively collected from a multidisciplinary team. Two reviewers will work independently throughout the study process, from article selection to data analysis. The identified records will be screened by title and abstract and reviewed in the full text against the criteria: FP in primary care (population), clinical integration (concept) and qualitative and mixed reviews published in 2011–2021 (context). We will first describe the characteristics of the review studies. Then, we will extract qualitative, FP-perceived factors and group them by content similarities, such as patient factors. Lastly, we will describe the types of extracted factors using a custom framework.Ethics and dissemination Ethics approval is not required for a systematic review. The identified factors will help generate an item bank for a survey that will be developed in the Phase II study to ascertain high-impact factors for intervention(s), as well as evidence gaps to guide future research. We will share the study findings with various knowledge users to promote awareness of clinical integration issues through multiple channels: publications and conferences for researchers and care providers, an executive summary for clinical leaders and policy-makers, and social media for the public.

Abstract The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) behavior of a multiresonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecule has been investigated for the first time by means of ECL‐voltage curves, newly designed ECL‐time observatory, and ECL spectroscopy. The compound, Mes3DiKTa, shows complex ECL behavior, including a delayed onset time of 5 ms for ECL generation in both the annihilation pathway and the coreactant route, which we attribute to organic long‐persistent ECL (OLECL). Triplet‐triplet annihilation, thermally activated delayed fluorescence and uncompensated solution resistance cannot be ruled out as contributing mechanisms to the ECL. A very long ECL emission decay was attributed to OLECL as well. The absolute ECL efficiencies of Mes3DiKTa were enhanced and reached 0.0013% in annihilation route and 1.1% for the coreactant system, which are superior to those of most other organic ECL materials. It is plausible that ECL materials with comparable behavior as Mes3DiKTa are desirable in applications such as ECL sensing, imaging, and light‐emitting devices.

Seed orchards are the key link between tree breeding and production forest for conifer trees. In Sweden, Scots pine and Norway spruce seed orchards currently supply ca. 85% of seedlings used in annual reforestation. The functionality of these seed orchards is thus crucial for supporting long-term production gain and sustainable diversity. We conducted a large-scale genetic investigation of pine and spruce orchards across Sweden using genotyping-by-sequencing. We genotyped 3,300 seedlings/trees from six orchards and 10 natural stands to gain an overview of mating structure and genetic diversity in orchard crops. We found clear differences in observed heterozygosity (HO) and background pollen contamination (BPC) rates between species, with pine orchard crops showing higher HO and BPC than spruce. BPC in pine crops varied from 87% at young orchard age to 12% at mature age, wherease this rate ranged between 27%−4% in spruce crops. Substantial variance in parental contribution was observed in all orchards with 30%−50% parents contibuting to 80% of the progeny. Selfing was low (2%−6%) in all seed crops. Compared to natural stands, orchard crops had slightly lower HO but no strong signal of inbreeding. Our results provide valuable references for orchard management.

Abstract Introduction Cannabidiol (CBD) is now a legal substance in Europe and is available in ‘high street shops’, usually as CBD oil. However, in the United Kingdom (UK), there is no clear consensus among healthcare professionals and organisations over how to manage CBD use in their patients. This is an important issue as CBD is a constituent of ‘medicinal and recreational cannabis’ and is gaining support in the scientific literature and lay media for use in physical and mental health problems. Given the aforementioned, this study is an exploration of healthcare professionals’ beliefs and attitudes with regard to CBD. Methods In July 2018, we sent requests by email to approximately 2000 clinical staff (including 319 physicians) at a mental health trust in South West London to answer 8 questions in a single survey using Surveyplanet.com , about their beliefs regarding CBD. There was no specific method of choosing the staff, and the aim was to get the email request sent to as many staff as possible on each service line. We did an analysis to see how the attitudes and beliefs of different staff member groups compared. We also gave them space to offer free text responses to illustrate their ideas and concerns. We used chi-squared tests for comparison across groups and used odds ratio for pairwise group comparisons. Results One hundred ninety surveys were received in response, and of these, 180 were included in the final sample. The physician response rate was 17.2% (55/319); the response rate for non-physicians could not be estimated as their total number was not known at outset. 32.2% of the responders had the right to prescribe (58/180) and 52.8% had an experience of working in addiction services (95/180). We found that staff members who can prescribe were 1.99 times as likely to believe CBD has potential therapeutic properties compared to those who do not (OR = 1.99, CI = 1.03, 3.82; p = 0.038) and 2.94 times less likely to think it had dangerous side effects (OR = 0.34, CI = 0.15, 0.75; p = 0.006). Prescribing healthcare professionals were 2.3 times as likely to believe that CBD reduces the likelihood of psychosis (OR = 2.30, CI = 1.10, 4.78; p = 0.024). However, prescribing healthcare professionals with the ability to prescribe were 2.12 times as likely to believe that CBD should be prescription only (OR = 2.12, CI = 1.12, 4.01; p = 0.02). Individuals experienced in addiction services were 2.22 times as likely to be associated with a belief that CBD has therapeutic properties (OR = 2.22, CI = 1.22, 4.04; p = 0.009). Staff in general reported a lack of knowledge about CBD in their free text responses. Conclusions With almost 95% of prescribers being physicians, they appear to demonstrate awareness of potential therapeutic benefit, reduced likelihood of psychosis and seeming lack of dangerous side effects with CBD. However, their higher stringency about the need for prescription implies an attitude of caution. There was also a suggestion that biases about cannabis were influencing responses to questions as well. The external validity of this study could be diminished by sampling bias and limitation to a single mental health trust. Nonetheless, some of the results drew a reasonable comparison with similar studies.

Tree planting has long played a major role in the New Zealand Government’s approach to climate mitigation and is increasingly understood as important for climate adaptation. However, large-scale tree planting in Aotearoa New Zealand has been dominated by exotic species. Although there is growing public and expert support for using native species for forest revegetation in farm landscapes, there are two key barriers. First, the lack of ecological and economic data on native species performance in different environmental conditions. Second, policy and market-related mechanisms associated with carbon sequestration, such as the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme, favor the continuing use of exotic tree species, especially Pinus radiata, over native species. Consequently, there are strong incentives for exotic forests and insufficient financial support for natives, even when native forest re-establishment is often the preference of landowners, Indigenous peoples, and local communities. The AUT Living Laboratories Program is a long-term, transdisciplinary, experimental restoration research program aimed at addressing scientific, social, and economic knowledge gaps for native revegetation as a Nature-based Solution (NbS) on farmland soils. Here, we present the project design and establishment information from the three experimental restoration sites, which vary in native species composition, planting configuration, and environmental and socio-cultural context. Each site involves partnerships with Indigenous communities, specifically Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei, Ngāti Manuhiri, and Ngāti Pāoa, to value and embed mātauranga Māori as Indigenous knowledge. Monitoring carbon sequestration along with changes in ecological functions and outcomes, including native biodiversity, will be critical to ensure that large-scale tree-planting aligns with the government’s strategies for climate change, native biodiversity, and economic prosperity.

Abstract Model bias is one of the main obstacles to improved accuracy and reliability in numerical weather prediction conducted with state‐of‐the‐art atmospheric models. To deal with model bias, a modification of the standard four‐dimensional variational (4D‐Var) algorithm, called weak‐constraint 4D‐Var, has been developed where a forcing term is introduced into the model to correct for the bias that accumulates along the model trajectory. This approach reduced the temperature bias in the stratosphere by up to 50% and is implemented in the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts operational forecasting system. Despite different origins and applications, data assimilation (DA) and Deep Learning are both able to learn about the Earth system from observations. In this paper, a deep learning approach for model bias correction is developed using temperature retrievals from radio occultation (RO) measurements. Neural networks (NNs) require a large number of samples to properly capture the relationship between the temperature first‐guess trajectory and the model bias. As running the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) DA system for extended periods of time with a fixed model version and at realistic resolutions is computationally very expensive, we have chosen to train, the initial NNs are trained using the ERA5 reanalysis before using transfer learning on 1 year of the current IFS model. Preliminary results show that convolutional NNs are adequate to estimate model bias from RO temperature retrievals. The different strengths and weaknesses of both deep learning and weak constraint 4D‐Var are discussed, highlighting the potential for each method to learn model biases effectively and adaptively.

Conservation translocations are increasingly used to help recover imperiled species. However, success of establishing populations remains low, especially for amphibians. Identifying factors associated with translocation success can help increase efficiency and efficacy of recovery efforts. Since the 1990s, several captive and semi-captive facilities have produced Chiricahua Leopard Frogs (Rana chiricahuensis) to establish or augment wild populations in Arizona and New Mexico, USA. During this same time, personnel associated with several programs surveyed translocation and non-translocation sites for presence of amphibians. We used 25 years (1995–2019) of survey and translocation data for the federally threatened Chiricahua Leopard Frog to identify factors linked with population persistence. Our dataset included approximately 40,642 egg masses or animals translocated in 314 events to 115 distinct sites and > 5800 visual encounter surveys from 641 sites; 120 of these sites were also surveyed with environmental DNA methods in 2018. We used a hierarchical dynamic occupancy model that accounted for imperfect detection to identify patch- and landscape-level attributes associated with site occupancy, and then used predictions from that model to evaluate factors associated with population persistence at translocation sites. Across all sites, extinction probability for Chiricahua Leopard Frogs was higher in lotic (stream) than lentic (pond) habitats and when Western Tiger Salamanders (Ambystoma mavortium) were present. Restoration of sites specifically for frog conservation reduced extinction probability. Colonization of unoccupied sites increased moderately with increasing numbers of translocation sites within 2 km, indicating a benefit of translocation efforts beyond sites where frogs were stocked. At translocation sites, persistence was greater in lentic than lotic habitats and was negatively correlated with the proportion of years tiger salamanders were present. Increasing numbers of translocation events, especially of late-stage larvae, increased persistence. There was little difference in population persistence based on whether stock was from captive, semi-captive, or wild sources, but translocations during the dry season (JanuaryJuly) succeeded more than those after the typical arrival of summer rains (AugustDecember). Based on the number of years translocation sites were predicted to be occupied, 2 or more translocations produced, on average, a > 4-yr increase in predicted occupancy compared to sites without translocations. While translocations have increased the number of populations across the landscape, continued management of water availability and threats such as invasive predators and disease remain critical to recovery of the Chiricahua Leopard Frog.