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A dopamine-modified, bioinspired gellan gum hydrogel (STM-148B) with improved physicochemical and biological characteristics, suitable for minimally invasive cell delivery and retention in the context of cartilage repair, is herein presented. STM-148B's putative game-changing design characteristics include a highly biocompatible, animal-free and chemically defined composition, reproducibility of manufacture and ease of formulation. STM-148B undergoes rapid ionic crossinking by physiologically relevant mono and divalent cations to form stable 3D hydrogels that possess excellent tissue adhesiveness, such that additional fixation aids are rendered superfluous. STM-148B hydrogels maintain viability of mammalian cells and further promote up-regulation of the expression of healthy chondrogenic extracellular matrix markers upon stimulation. STM-148B is currently undergoing pre-clinical safety and efficacy assessment as a medical device for cell delivery and retention focussing on regeneration of hyaline-like cartilage and may represent a valuable addition to the armamentarium of tissue-engineering therapies for treatment of focal cartilage lesions.

The development of strategies to mimic the natural environment of tissues with engineered scaffolds remains one of the biggest challenges of tissue engineering. Hydrogels appear as suitable materials for this purpose due to their substantial water content, biocompatibility, and for being able to carry nanomaterials that introduce new functionalities to the hydrogel. The incorporation of magnetically responsive and, in particular, magnetoelectric materials into the hydrogel-based scaffolds are a promising approach for bone tissue engineering applications once it can promote not only tissue regeneration through magnetic to mechanic to electrical conversion/stimuli but also the external control of the scaffold by the application of magnetic fields. This work reports on a new CoFe2O4/ Methacrylated Gellan Gum (GGMA)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) hydrogel-based scaffold with 20kPa Young's modulus and cell viability superior to 80%. The 1µm thick PVDF/CoFe2O4 spheres added to GGMA gel (2wt.%) exhibit 20emu.g-1 magnetization saturation, 2.7kOe magnetic coercivity and -phase contents 78%, leading to a piezoelectric response |d33| of 22 pC N-1 and a magnetoelectric response of |d33| 6 pC N-1 at a DC magnetic field of 220mT, as verified for the CoFe2O4/PVDF spheres with 20wt.% filler content. Such characteristics allow novel tissue regeneration strategies approaches once CoFe2O4/GGMA/PVDF has a porous 3-D structure, biocompatibility, bioresorbability, and mechanical/electrical dynamic responses that can be triggered by an applied external magnetic field., This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) in the framework of the Strategic Funding UID/FIS/04650/2013 funded by national funds and by the ERDF through the COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI) and project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028237. Funds provided by FCT in the framework of EuroNanoMed 2016 call, Project LungCheckENMed/0049/2016 are also gratefully acknowledged. The authors also thank the FCT for the SFRH/BPD/90870/2012 (C.R.) and SFRH/BPD/96227/2013 (P.M.) grants. The authors acknowledge funding by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) through the project MAT2016-76039-C4-3R (AEI/FEDER, UE) and from the Basque Government Industry and Education Departments under the ELKARTEK, HAZITEK and PIBA (PIBA-2018-06) programs, respectively. The authors thank Stemmatters for providing the hydrogel., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Contract grant sponsor: Portuguese National Innovation Agency; contract grant number: QREN-13/SI/2011-23189

Integrins are cell adhesion receptors predominantly important during normal and tumor angiogenesis. A sequence present on several extracellular matrix proteins composed of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) has attracted attention due to its role in cell adhesion mediated by integrins. The development of ligands that can bind to integrins involved in tumor angiogenesis and brake disease progression has resulted in new investigational drug entities reaching the clinical trial phase in humans. The use of integrin-specific ligands can be useful for the vascularization of regenerative medicine constructs, which remains a major limitation for translation into clinical practice. In order to enhance vascularization, immobilization of integrin-specific RGD peptidomimetics within constructs is a recommended approach, due to their high specificity and selectivity towards certain desired integrins. This review endeavours to address the potential of peptidomimetic-coated biomaterials as vascular network promoters for regenerative medicine purposes. Clinical studies involving molecules tracking active integrins in cancer angiogenesis and reasons for their failure are also addressed., Prémios Santa Casa Neurociências - Prize Melo e Castro for Spinal Cord Injury Research; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology [Doctoral fellowship (PD/BDE/127835/2016) to L. A. Rocha; IF Development Grant to A. J. Salgado; national funds through grant TUBITAK/0007/2014]. This article has been developed under the scope of the projects NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000013, supported by the Northern Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the Portugal 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER); This work has been funded by FEDER funds, through the Competitiveness Factors Operational Programme (COMPETE), and by National funds, through the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), under the scope of the project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007038, info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Biomaterials have long been explored in regenerative medicine strategies for the repair or replacement of damaged organs and tissues, due to their biocompatibility, versatile physicochemical properties and tuneable mechanical cues capable of matching those of native tissues. However, poor adhesion under wet conditions (such as those found in tissues) has thus far limited their wider application. Indeed, despite its favourable physicochemical properties, facile gelation and biocompatibility, gellan gum (GG)-based hydrogels lack the tissue adhesiveness required for effective clinical use. Aiming at assessing whether substitution of GG by dopamine (DA) could be a suitable approach to overcome this problem, database searches were conducted on PubMed® and Embase® up to 2 March 2021, for studies using biomaterials covalently modified with a catechol-containing substituent conferring improved adhesion properties. In this regard, a total of 47 reports (out of 700 manuscripts, ~6.7%) were found to comply with the search/selection criteria, the majority of which (34/47, ~72%) were describing the modification of natural polymers, such as chitosan (11/47, ~23%) and hyaluronic acid (6/47, ~13%); conjugation of dopamine (as catechol “donor”) via carbodiimide coupling chemistry was also predominant. Importantly, modification with DA did not impact the biocompatibility and mechanical properties of the biomaterials and resulting hydrogels. Overall, there is ample evidence in the literature that the bioinspired substitution of polymers of natural and synthetic origin by DA or other catechol moieties greatly improves adhesion to biological tissues (and other inorganic surfaces).

To systematically analyse post-operative outcomes following enhanced microfracture procedures in focal cartilage injuries of the knee. Database searches were conducted in PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases up to 30 November 2018, for clinical studies in humans that assessed surgical outcomes of enhanced microfracture procedures in focal cartilage injuries of the knee. The clinical, functional and imaging outcomes were assessed and summarized. The MINORS scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies included. Ten studies were included comprising a total of 331 patients (mean age of 37.0 ± 5.5 years, body mass 25.2 ± 1.7 kg m2, 56% male and 42% left knee), 278 femoral condyle chondral defects (147 medial, 35 lateral and 78 undefined) and 43 chondral defects distributed by the tibial plateau, patella and femoral trochlea. The chondral defects were mostly Outerbridge grade III or IV and the mean defect size was 3.2 ± 0.6 cm2. Studies consistently demonstrated significant improvement in the patient-reported outcome measures from baseline to final follow-up. Overall, imaging outcomes showed inconsistent results. Treatment-related adverse events were poorly reported. Enhanced microfracture techniques significantly result in improved patient-reported outcome measures over the MCID, but provide inconsistent imaging results. Current clinical evidence does not allow for unequivocal recommendation of enhanced microfracture to treat symptomatic focal grade III/IV knee cartilage lesions. IV.

Sterilization of implantable medical devices is of most importance to avoid surgery related complications such as infection and rejection. Advances in biotechnology fields, such as tissue engineering, have led to the development of more sophisticated and complex biomedical devices that are often composed of natural biomaterials. This complexity poses a challenge to current sterilization techniques which frequently damage materials upon sterilization. The need for an effective alternative has driven research on supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) technology. This technology is characterized by using low temperatures and for being inert and non-toxic. The herein presented paper reviews the most relevant studies over the last 15 years which cover the use of scCO2 for sterilization and in which effective terminal sterilization is reported. The major topics discussed here are: microorganisms effectively sterilized by scCO2, inactivation mechanisms, operating parameters, materials sterilized by scCO2 and major requirements for validation of such technique according to medical devices' standards.

Novel 5-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-3-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-ones were prepared and in vivo SAR are discussed. Ionisable substituents on the N-phenyl ring provided compounds with significantly improved aqueous solubility. In addition, these analogues retained equivalent or improved potency against FAAH enzyme compared to the parent phenols 2–3. FAAH inhibition by the 2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl and 3-(piperazin-1-yl)propyl derivatives 24 and 30 was confined to the periphery in mice (30 mg/kg), whereas hepatic FAAH activity was inhibited by over 90%.

Publicado em "Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. Conference Abstract: 10th World Biomaterials Congress", NORTE-07-0202-FEDER-023189 / ARTICULATE - Desenvolvimento de novos produtos e terapias regenerativas para o tratamento de patologias articulares / ADI

The Barnett formula is the official basis upon which increments to public funds are allocated to the devolved regions of the UK for those parts of the budget that are administered locally. There is considerable controversy surrounding the implications of its strict application for the relevant regions. The existing literature focuses primarily on the equity of the spatial changes to government per capita expenditure that would accompany such a change. In contrast, in this paper we attempt to quantify the system-wide economic consequences—the real, relative resource squeeze that accompanies the financial relative squeeze—on one devolved region, Scotland. The analysis uses a multisectoral regional computable general equilibrium modelling approach. We highlight the importance of population endogeneity, particularly since the population proportions used in the formula are now regularly updated.

This paper uses a multi-period economic-environmental Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modelling framework to analyse local sustainability policy issues. Our focus is the small, open, labour-constrained regional economy of Jersey. The case of Jersey is of particular interest for two main reasons. The first is the unusually low degree of geographical labour market integration for such a small regional economy. This motivates our treatment of labour as a region-specific factor of production. The second is the availability of high quality, Jersey-specific economic-enviromental data. We employ CGE model simulations to track the impact of changes in population on a number of energy-consumption and pollution indicators in a recursive dynamic framework under alternative hypotheses regarding economic conditions over the time period under consideration. In the case of Jersey, we find that household consumption is the key factor governing the environmental impact of economic disturbances. Therefore the analysis includes an examination of the sensitivity of the simulation results to different assumptions affecting the wage elasticities of labour demand and supply, and the speed of adjustment to equilibrium on the responsiveness of household income to shifts in labour supply.

trans‐Resveratrol‐3‐O‐β‐D‐glucupyranoside (trans‐piceid, 2) and trans‐resveratrol‐4′‐O‐β‐D‐glucupyranoside (trans‐resveratroloside 3) are the naturally occurring O‐glucoside conjugates of the polyphenolic stilbenoid trans‐resveratrol 1. Recently, attention has been drawn towards the interesting biological properties of the glucoside conjugates 2 and 3 as well as those of the aglycone 1. The fact that only limited quantities can be obtained by extraction from natural sources has prompted the development of novel syntheses of 2 and 3, based on a convergent Heck‐coupling strategy, which now conveniently allows for the preparation of multi‐milligram to gram quantities of each.

This article describes the ex post cluster evaluation framework being developed by Scottish Enterprise. It focuses primarily on the macro level evaluation and, in particular, on the use of multi-sectoral modelling techniques to identify the effects of cluster policy on key indicators such as gross domestic product (GDP), unemployment and competitiveness. The Scottish Input-Output (I-O) table is a key element in this approach. The strengths and weaknesses of I-O data, both as a basis for this analysis and as a means of identifying important intra-cluster linkages are explored. Further, the article describes methods for visual representation of the linkages identified using such a method.

trans-Resveratrol ((E)-3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene, 1) is a phytoalexin produced naturally in plants and grape skins as a stress metabolite protecting against fungal attack. Widespread interest in this apparently structurally simple molecule and synthetic stilbene analogues has arisen in recent years due to the discovery of its antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic activities, among others. Although O-conjugation with glucuronic acid in vivo is known to represent a significant metabolic pathway for polyphenolic compounds in general and 1 in particular, preclinical studies have been hampered by the lack of chemically pure, completely characterized reference standards of both regioisomeric 3-O-beta-d- and 4'-O-beta-d-glucuronide conjugates of 1 for adequate identification and quantification of these significant metabolites. The present work describes a concise, convergent synthesis of both 3-O-beta-d- and 4'-O-beta-d-glucuronide conjugates of 1 using a strategy based on a novel Heck coupling of iodoaryl-O-beta-d-glucuronate esters with appropriately substituted styrenes, such that highly pure multimilligram to gram quantities of both the 3-O-beta-d- and 4'-O-beta-d-glucuronide conjugates of 1 can now be conveniently synthesized.

BIA 3-202, 1-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-2-phenylethanone 3, is a novel, reversible, and tight-binding peripheral inhibitor of the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), which is currently under clinical evaluation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease as an adjunct to current L-Dopa/peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor therapy. Chemically pure, well-characterized reference standards of conjugates of 3 were required for investigation of the routes of metabolism in several animal species (including humans) and for pharmacokinetic studies. The lack of suitable literature precedents for efficient, regioselective synthesis of nitrocatechol conjugate metabolites prompted us to develop efficient and highly selective chemical preparations of O-glucuronide and O-sulfate conjugates of 3 such that multigram quantities of excellent purity can now be conveniently synthesized. It is anticipated that these procedures could be applied to the synthesis of conjugates of other COMT inhibitors, also based on the 3-nitrocatechol pharmacophore.

Several nitro-catechol compounds, useful as inhibitors of COMT were obtained in excellent yield and purity via an improved procedure for demethylation of the corresponding methyl ethers using aluminium chloride and pyridine in ethyl acetate.

Several functionalised benzophenone derivatives have been conveniently obtained in moderate to good yield via the rapid, microwave-promoted Friedel–Crafts acylation of activated arenes with benzoic acids in polyphosphoric acid medium.

A series of novel derivatives of oxcarbazepine (5), 10,11-dihydro-10-oxo-5H-dibenz/b,f/azepine-5-carboxamide was synthesised and evaluated for their anticonvulsant activity and sodium channel blocking properties. The oxime 8 was found to be the most active compound from this series, displaying greater potency than its geometric isomer 9 and exhibiting also the highest protective index value. Importantly, the metabolic profile of 8 differs from the already established dibenz/b,f/azepine-5-carboxamide drugs such as 1 and 5 which undergo rapid and complete conversion in vivo to several biologically active metabolites. In contrast 8 is metabolised to only a very minor extent leading to the conclusion that the observed anti-convulsant effect is solely attributable to 8. It is concluded that 8 may be as effective as 1 and 5 at controlling seizures and that the low toxicity and consequently high protective index should provide the compound with an improved side-effect profile.

Novel routes to 2-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid derivatives have been developed involving synthesis of the pyridine ring. These pyridyl compounds serve as key intermediates in the manufacture of the recently discovered COMT inhibitor, 3-(5-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine 1-oxide.

7,8-Dichloro-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydrobenzo[ f ]quinolin-3-one 10 (R = H) is obtained by reaction of 5,6-dichloro-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-2(1H)-one pyrrolidine enamine 9 with acrylamide and is N-alkylated to 7,8-dichloro-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-4-propylbenzo[ f ]quinolin-3-one 10 (R = Prn). 6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-2-methoxy-5H-benzo[7]annulen-6-one 5 (R = H) is converted to N,N-dipropyl(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methoxy-5H -benzo[7]annulen-6-yl)amine 8 and via the pyrrolidine enamine is reacted with acrylamide to give 2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-9-methoxy-1H-benzo[3,4]cyclohepta[1,2- b]pyridin-3-one 11 (R = H) and 2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-8-methoxy-1H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2- b]pyridin-2-one 12 (R = H). Each of these is N-alkylated to give 11 (R = Prn) and 12 (R = Prn) which are reduced individually to 2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,11b-octahydro-9-methoxy-4-propyl-1H-benzo[3,4] cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine 14 (X = Y = H) and 2,3,4,4a,5,6,11,11a-octahydro-8-methoxy-1-propyl-1H-benzo[5,6] cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine 15 (X = Y = H) respectively. The hydroxyimino derivative 19 (R = H) of 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-1,2-dimethoxy-5H-benzo[7]annulen-5-one 18 is methylated to give 19 (R = Me) which with ethyl lithiopropiolate yields ethyl 3-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5-hydroxy-1,2-dimethoxy-6-methoxyimino-5H -benzo[7]annulen-5-yl)propiolate 20 which is catalytically reduced to 21. 6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-1,2-dimethoxy-6-propionamido-5H-benzo[7] annulen-5-one 22 prepared from 19 (R = H) is reacted with sodium borohydride to give both cis- and trans-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5-hydroxy-1,2-dimethoxy-6- propionamido-5H-benzo[7]annulen-5-ol 24 and 23 which are separately reduced by BH3–THF to cis- and trans-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5-hydroxy-1,2-dimethoxy-6- propylamino-5H-benzo[7]annulen-5-ol 26 and 25. The latter is reacted with chloroacetyl chloride and thence in two steps gives trans-2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,11b-octahydro-8,9-dimethoxy-4- propylbenzo[6,7]cyclohept[1,2-b][1,4]oxazine 29.

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6- and -7-methoxy-4-oxo-1-(p-tolylsulfonyl)quinolines 3 (R = tosyl, X = 6- and 7-OMe) and 1-ethoxycarbonylmethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7-methoxy-4-oxoquinoline 3 (R = CH2CO2Et, X = 7-OMe) have been ring-expanded in two steps to 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7- and -8-methoxy-4-oxo-1-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-1H-1-benzazepines 2 (R = tosyl, X = 7- and -8-OMe) and 1-ethoxycarbonylmethyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-1H-1-benzazepine 2 (R = CH2CO2Et, X = 8-OMe). Reduction of the oximes gives 4-amino-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-methoxy-1-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-1H-1-benzazepine 1 (R = tosyl, X = 7-OMe), 4-amino-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-8-methoxy-1H-1-benzazepine 1 (R = H, X = 8-OMe) and 4-amino-1-ethoxycarbonylmethyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-8-methoxy-1H-1-benzazepine 1 (R = CH2CO2Et, X = 8-OMe). From these, several N-substituted and N,N-disubstituted compounds have been obtained and 3-amino-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-1H-1-benzazepine 12 (X = NH2, Y = H) has been made by similar means. Two routes are described to 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-8-methoxy-5-oxo-1-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-1H-1-benzazepine 13 (R1 = tosyl, R2 = H) which is converted to 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-8-methoxy-4-methoxyimino-5-oxo-1-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-1H-1-benzazepine 17 (R = Me) and thence to 5-[2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethynyl]-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-5-hydroxy-8-methoxy-4-methoxyimino-1-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-1H-1-benzazepine 18 (R = CCCO2Et) and 5-[2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-5-hydroxy-8-methoxy-4-methoxyimino-1-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-1H-benzazepine 18 [R = (CH2)2CO2Et]. Reduction of oximino ketone 17 (R = H) in two steps gives both cis- and trans-4-acetamido-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-5-hydroxy-8-methoxy-1-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-1H-1-benzazepines 22 and 21 which are separately deacetylated and cyclised with ethyl chloroacetate to cis- and trans-2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,11b-octahydro-9-methoxy-3-oxo-7-(p-tolylsulfonyl)[1,4]oxazino[3,2-d][1]benzazepine 26 and 25. By similar methodology cis- and trans-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-5-hydroxy-8-methoxy-4-propionamido-1-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-1H-1-benzazepines 28 and 27 have been obtained, separated and the latter reduced to trans-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-5-hydroxy-8-methoxy-4-(n-propylamino)-1-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-1H-1-benzazepine 29. In three steps the latter is converted to trans-2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,11b-octahydro-9-methoxy-4-(n-propyl)-7-(p-tolylsulfonyl)[1,4]oxazino[3,2-d][1]benzazepine 33.

UK regional policy has been advocated as a means of reducing regional disparities and stimulating national growth. However, there is limited understanding of the interregional and national effects of such a policy. This paper uses an interregional computable general equilibrium model to identify the national impact of a policy-induced regional demand shock under alternative labour market closures. Our simulation results suggest that regional policy operating solely on the demand side has significant national impacts. Furthermore, the effects on the nontarget region are particularly sensitive to the treatment of the regional labour market. Keywords: regional CGE modelling, migration, regional development policy

A series of novel derivatives of oxcarbazepine (5), 10,11-dihydro-10-oxo-5H-dibenz/b,f/azepine-5-carboxamide was synthesised and evaluated for their anticonvulsant activity and sodium channel blocking properties. The oxime 8 was found to be the most active compound from this series, displaying greater potency than its geometric isomer 9 and exhibiting also the highest protective index value. Importantly, the metabolic profile of 8 differs from the already established dibenz/b,f/azepine-5-carboxamide drugs such as 1 and 5 which undergo rapid and complete conversion in vivo to several biologically active metabolites. In contrast 8 is metabolised to only a very minor extent leading to the conclusion that the observed anti-convulsant effect is solely attributable to 8. It is concluded that 8 may be as effective as 1 and 5 at controlling seizures and that the low toxicity and consequently high protective index should provide the compound with an improved side-effect profile.

Novel nitrocatechol-substituted heterocycles were designed and evaluated for their ability to inhibit catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). Replacement of the pyrazole core of the initial hit 4 with a 1,2,4-oxadiazole ring resulted in a series of compounds endowed with longer duration of COMT inhibition. Incorporation of a pyridine N-oxide residue at position 3 of the 1,2,4-oxadiazole ring led to analogue 37f, which was found to possess activity comparable to entacapone and lower toxicity in comparison to tolcapone. Lead structure 37f was systematically modified in order to improve selectivity and duration of COMT inhibition as well as to minimize toxicity. Oxadiazole 37d (2,5-dichloro-3-(5-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-4,6-dimethylpyridine 1-oxide (BIA 9-1067)) was identified as a long-acting, purely peripheral inhibitor, which is currently under clinical evaluation as an adjunct to l-Dopa therapy of Parkinson's disease.

In this work, we present a comparative case study of “ ortho- ” and “ meta -nitrated” catecholic inhibitors of catechol- O -methyltransferase (COMT), with regard to their interaction with the catalytic site of the enzyme and the in vitro regioselective formation of their mono- O -methyl ether metabolites. In particular, the effects of altering the attachment position of the inhibitors9 side-chain substituent, within the classic nitrocatechol pharmacophore, were investigated. For this purpose, we compared two simple regioisomeric nitrocatechol-type inhibitors of COMT, BIA 3-228 and BIA 8-176, which contain the benzoyl substituent attached at the meta and ortho positions, respectively, relative to the nitro group. The two compounds were slowly O -methylated by COMT in vitro, but the particular substitution pattern of each compound was shown to have a profound impact on the regioselectivity of their O -methylation. To provide a plausible interpretation of these results, a comprehensive analysis of the protein-inhibitor interactions and of the relative chemical susceptibility to O -methylation of the catechol hydroxyl groups was performed by means of docking simulations and ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The major structural and chemical factors that determine the enzyme regioselectivity of O -methylation were identified, and the X-ray structure of the complex of COMT with S -adenosyl-l-methionine and BIA 8-176 is herein disclosed. This is the first reported structure of the soluble form of COMT complexed with a nitrocatecholic inhibitor having a bulky substituent group in adjacent position ( ortho ) to the nitro group. Structural and dynamic aspects of this complex are analyzed and discussed, in the context of the present study.

A novel series of dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) inhibitors was designed and synthesized incorporating modifications to the core structure of nepicastat 3, with the principal aim of discovering potent DBH inhibitors exerting minimal effects on dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) levels in the central nervous system. This study resulted in the identification of a potent, peripherally selective DBH inhibitor, (R)-5-(2-aminoethyl)-1-(6,8-difluorochroman-3-yl)-1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thione hydrochloride 54 (BIA 5-453). In experiments in mice and rats at T(max) (9 h after administration), 54 reduced NA levels in a dose-dependent manner in both the left atrium and the left ventricle, with the maximal inhibitory effect attained at a dose of 100 mg/kg. In contrast to that found in the heart, 54 failed to affect NA tissue levels in the brain. Compound 54 is thus presented as a candidate for clinical evaluation for the treatment of chronic heart failure and hypertension.

Novel regioisomeric "ortho-nitrated" catechols related to the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors BIA 3-202 3 and BIA 3-335 4 were synthesized and biologically evaluated. Changing the position of the nitro group from the "classical" meta- to the ortho-position relative to the side-chain substituent of the nitrocatechol pharmacophore exerted profound effects on selectivity and duration of COMT inhibition. Alkylaryl compounds 7a-d possessed shorter duration of action than their regioisomers, but 7b displayed reversed selectivity over 3 at 3 and 6 h, exhibiting preferential central inhibition. In the amino-substituted series, ortho-nitrated regioisomer 14k was less peripherally selective than 4 and short-acting, whereas decahydroquinoline 14g displayed an unprecedented combination of long-acting and selective peripheral inhibition. 7b could provide a useful tool to probe the pharmacological utility of short-acting, centrally selective COMT inhibitors in the treatment of depression in Parkinsonian patients, and 14g represents a promising candidate for clinical evaluation as an adjunct to L-Dopa therapy.

A novel series of potent, peripherally selective, and long-acting inhibitors of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) has been synthesized. The introduction and nature of heteroatom-containing substituents to the side-chain of the nitrocatechol pharmacophore was found to have a profound effect on both peripheral selectivity and duration of COMT inhibition in the mouse. This approach led to the discovery of 1-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-3-[4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-piperazinyl]-1-propanone hydrochloride 35 (BIA 3-335), which was found to possess a superior inhibitory profile in vivo over both the nonselective inhibitor tolcapone 1 and the peripherally selective but short-acting entacapone 2. In this model, 35 retained 75% inhibition of peripheral COMT at 6 h after oral administration, yet significantly, only a minor reduction of central (cerebral) COMT activity was observed. Molecular modeling techniques were applied to review the analysis of the ternary enzyme-inhibitor complex previously determined by X-ray crystallography and to provide a deeper understanding of the structure-activity relationships within this novel series. Furthermore, a computational approach was applied in an effort to elucidate the particular structural factors relevant to the poor blood-brain permeability of 35. In conclusion, the improved biological properties herein reported reveal 35 as a candidate for clinical studies as an adjunct to L-DOPA therapy for Parkinson's disease.

trans‐Resveratrol‐3‐O‐β‐D‐glucupyranoside (trans‐piceid, 2) and trans‐resveratrol‐4′‐O‐β‐D‐glucupyranoside (trans‐resveratroloside 3) are the naturally occurring O‐glucoside conjugates of the polyphenolic stilbenoid trans‐resveratrol 1. Recently, attention has been drawn towards the interesting biological properties of the glucoside conjugates 2 and 3 as well as those of the aglycone 1. The fact that only limited quantities can be obtained by extraction from natural sources has prompted the development of novel syntheses of 2 and 3, based on a convergent Heck‐coupling strategy, which now conveniently allows for the preparation of multi‐milligram to gram quantities of each.

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT, EC 2.1.1.6) plays a central role in the metabolic inactivation of neurotransmitters and neuroactive xenobiotics possessing a catechol motif. 1-(3,4-Dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-2-phenyl-ethanone (BIA 3-202) is a novel nitrocatechol-type inhibitor of COMT, the potential clinical benefit of which is currently being evaluated in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In the present work we characterize the molecular interactions of BIA 3-202 within the active site of COMT and discuss their implication on the regioselectivity of metabolic O-methylation. Unrestrained flexible-docking simulations suggest that the solution structure of this complex is better described as an ensemble of alternative binding modes, in contrast to the well defined bound configuration revealed by the X-ray structures of related nitrocatechol inhibitors, co-crystallized with COMT. The docking results wherein presented are well supported by experimental evidence, where the pattern of in vitro enzymatic O-methylation and O-demethylation reactions are analyzed. We propose a plausible explanation for the paradoxical in vivo regioselectivity of O-methylation of BIA 3-202, as well as of its related COMT inhibitor tolcapone. Both compounds undergo in vivo O-methylation by COMT at either meta or para catechol hydroxyl groups. However, results herein presented suggest that, in a subsequent step, the p-O-methyl derivatives are selectively demethylated by a microsomal enzyme system. The overall balance is the accumulation of the m-O-methylated metabolites over the para-regioisomers. The implications for the general recognition of nitrocatechol-type inhibitors by COMT and the regioselectivity of their metabolic O-methylation are discussed.

Catechol- O -methyltransferase (COMT; E.C. 2.1.1.6) is a ubiquitous enzyme in nature that plays an important role in the metabolism of catechol neurotransmitters and xenobiotics. In particular, inactivation of drugs such asl-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) via O -methylation is of relevant pharmacological importance, because l-DOPA is currently the most effective drug used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. This justified the interest in developing COMT inhibitors as potential adjuncts to l-DOPA therapy. The kinetics of inhibition by BIA 3-335 (1-[3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl]-3-( N -3′-trifluormethylphenyl)-piperazine-1-propanone dihydrochloride) were characterized using recombinant rat soluble COMT. BIA 3-335 was found to act as a potent, reversible, tight-binding inhibitor of COMT with a K i of 6.0 ± 1.6 nM and displaying a competitive inhibition toward the substrate binding site and uncompetitive inhibition toward the S -adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) binding site. The 2.0-A resolution crystal structure of COMT in complex with its cosubstrate SAM and a novel inhibitor BIA 3-335 shows the atomic interactions between the important residues at the active site and the inhibitor. This is the first report of a three-dimensional structure determination of COMT complexed with a potent, reversible, and tight-binding inhibitor that is expected to have therapeutic applications.

A homologous series of novel nitro-catechol structures (7a-7e) were synthesized and tested as inhibitors of the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). Increasing chain length was found to have significant impact on both brain penetration and duration of COMT inhibition in the rat. Of this series, compound 7b (1-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-2-phenyl-ethanone) was found to exhibit the most potent and selective inhibition of peripheral COMT, with an inhibition profile more similar to entacapone 2 than tolcapone 1 (an equipotent peripheral and central inhibitor) but with much improved duration of action (7b, 70% inhibition and 2, 25% inhibition at 9 h after administration). The effects of structural modifications to 7b on COMT inhibitory profile were investigated, and it is concluded that the carbonyl group and preferably unsubstituted aromatic ring are essential features to maintain prolonged peripheral COMT inhibition. The introduction of the alpha-methylene group, the major structural difference between 7b and 1, would appear responsible for the observed enhancement in selectivity of peripheral COMT inhibition of 7b, which has more limited access to the brain than 1.

A series of esters of the major metabolite of oxcarbazepine (2), 10, 11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide, were synthesized and evaluated for their anticonvulsant and brain sodium channel-blocking properties. The compounds were assayed intraperitoneally and per os in rats against seizures induced by maximal electroshock (MES). Neurologic deficit was evaluated by the rotarod test. The enantiomeric acetates (R)-11 and (S)-12 were the most active of the series against MES-induced seizures with oral ED(50) values at t(max) of 10.9 +/- 2.3 and 4.7 +/- 0.9 mg/kg, respectively. After intraperitoneal administration, carbamazepine (1) behaved more potently than 2 and all other new dibenz[b, f]azepine-5-carboxamide derivatives in the MES test; compounds 2 and 12 were equally potent. In the rotarod test, low doses of 1 produced considerable motor impairment, which did not occur with 2, enantiomeric alcohols (S)-6, (R)-7, and racemic alcohol 8, or racemic acetate 10 or (R)-11. The potencies of the racemic and enantiomerically pure alcohols 8, (S)-6, and (R)-7 derived from 2 in the MES and rotarod test were found to be similar between them, and consequently they exhibit similar protective index values. All three forms of the alcohol and their corresponding acetates (pairs 8 & 10, 6 & 12, and 7 & 11) were found to differ in the MES or rotarod tests; the ED(50) value for (S)-6 against MES-induced seizures was nearly 3-fold that for (S)-12. The protective index also differed markedly between all stereoisomers of the alcohol and their corresponding acetates, most pronouncedly for compound (S)-12 which attained the highest value (12.5) among all compounds tested. Blockade of voltage-sensitive sodium channels was studied by investigating [(3)H]batrachotoxinin A 20-alpha-benzoate ([(3)H]BTX) binding. Acetates (R)-11 and (S)-12 were more potent than the standards 1 and 2 at inhibiting the binding of [(3)H]BTX to sodium channels and the influx of (22)Na(+) into rat brain synaptosomes. It is concluded that acetates (R)-11 and (S)-12 are not simple metabolic precursors of alcohols (R)-7 and (S)-6 in rodents but that they possess anticonvulsant and sodium channel-blocking properties in their own right.

Novel 5-aryloxy substituted 3-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-ones were prepared and identified as potent inhibitors of FAAH. In vitro SAR are discussed. Structural variations of the selected lead compound were explored in order to optimise in vivo efficacy and selectivity.