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The benefits of the multiphase convergence strategy to design ferroelectric ceramics for piezoelectric energy harvesting applications over a broad temperature range.

Lead-free BaTi0.89Sn0.11O3 (BTSn) ceramic was elaborated via a solid-state reaction method and its dielectric, ferroelectric, energy storage, electromechanical as well as electrocaloric properties were investigated at 25 kV/cm. Pure perovskite structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The maximum of the dielectric constant was found to be 17390 at 41 °C. The enhanced total energy density, the recovered energy density, and the energy storage efficiency of 92.7 mJ/cm3, 84.4 mJ/cm3, and 91.04 %, respectively, were observed at 60 °C. In contrast, the highest energy storage efficiency of 95.87 % was obtained at 100 °C. At room temperature, the electromechanical strain and the large-signal piezoelectric coefficient reached a maximum of 0.07 % and 280 pm/V. The large electrocaloric effect of 0.71 K and the electrocaloric responsivity of 0.28 × 10-6 K mm/kV at 49 °C under 25 kV/cm were indirectly determined via Maxwell approach and the measured ferroelectric polarization P(T,E). The electrocaloric response was also modelled by exploiting the Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire (LGD) phenomenological theory. The modelling result of 0.61 K at 50 °C under 25 kV/cm supports the experimental findings. We conclude that BTSn lead-free ceramic is a promising candidate for potential applications in high-efficiency energy storage devices and solid-state refrigeration technology.