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The discovery of the origin of iron in the Iron Springs mining district of southwestern Utah is a story of unconventional thinking based on detailed geologic mapping. This district, for many years the largest iron producer in the West, owes its resources to emplacement of three Miocene laccoliths of quartz monzonite porphyry. A visit to the geosite, in the outer part of one of them, The Three Peaks laccolith, reveals evidence of magma emplacement and mineralization of the overlying host rock. This outcrop formed by upward and outward bulging during intrusion of a rapidly congealing, crystal-rich magma. The pluton was emplaced remarkably close to the surface, about 1.2 miles (2 km) depth, and the ferromagnesian phenocrysts became unstable and broke down (deuteric alteration), releasing iron molecules into the hydrothermal solutions. As the magma solidified, subvertical extension joints formed. The radial joints in particular, oriented perpendicular to the intrusive contacts, allowed the iron-rich solutions to escape into the concordant upper contact of a pure limestone about 280 feet (85 m) thick. This limestone is the Co-op Creek Limestone Member of the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic). The joints tapped the solidifying crystal mush adjacent to the joints. The iron in the solutions replaced some or most of the Co-op Creek Limestone Member, creating huge ore bodies of hematite.

Pole Canyon is cut into the western backslope of the Sevier Plateau of southwestern Utah, a gently-tilted, block-faulted range that extends north from Bryce Canyon National Park through the eastern part of the Marysvale volcanic field. The canyon exposes a spectacular angular unconformity that separates brecciated, intensely deformed, and steeply dipping Eocene to Oligocene sedimentary and volcanic rocks below, from gently east-dipping Miocene volcanic rocks above. Although identified in 1968 by the senior author, it took renewed geologic mapping in 2015 by all three authors to discover that the rocks below the unconformity were deformed by gravity sliding. We named it the Sevier gravity slide, one of the largest terrestrial landslides on Earth. The ages of the volcanic rocks above and below the unconformity constrain the age of sliding at between 25.8 and 23.1 Ma; later dating elsewhere put the slide movement at between 25.2 and 25.1 Ma.

The Sevier Plateau is a gently east-tilted, block-faulted range in the High Plateaus transition zone of southwestern Utah. Part of this range underwent basin-range deformation, including at least 6000 feet (1800 m) of uplift, in a 3-million-year time span. The north-south range, whose southern end is just north of Bryce Canyon National Park, was uplifted and tilted by the Sevier fault zone along the western side. Kingston Canyon is a deep, east-west antecedent canyon that cut through the range and maintained itself during uplift. The deformation took place between 8 and 5 Ma, constrained by isotopic dating of pre-uplift rhyolite flows (8 Ma), now exposed on the crest of the range, and a post-canyon-cutting rhyolite dome (5 Ma), now in the bottom of Kingston Canyon. This episode of uplift and canyon cutting represents the most closely constrained example known in the Great Basin and adjacent transition zone of main-phase uplift by basin-range faults.

Effective public-health measures and vaccination campaigns against SARS-CoV-2 require granular knowledge of population-level immune responses. We developed a Tripartite Automated Blood Immunoassay (TRABI) to assess the IgG response against the ectodomain and the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein as well as the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2. We used TRABI for continuous seromonitoring of hospital patients and healthy blood donors (n=72’222) in the canton of Zurich from December 2019 to December 2020 (pre-vaccine period). Seroprevalence peaked in May 2020 and rose again in November 2020 in both cohorts. Validations of results included antibody diffusional sizing and Western Blotting. Using an extended Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed model, we found that antibodies waned with a half-life of 75 days, whereas the cumulative incidence rose from 2.3% in June 2020 to 12.2% in mid-December 2020 in the population of the canton of Zurich. A follow-up health survey indicated that about 10% of patients infected with wildtype SARS-CoV-2 sustained some symptoms at least twelve months post COVID-19 and up to the timepoint of survey participation. Crucially, we found no evidence for a difference in long-term complications between those whose infection was symptomatic and those with asymptomatic acute infection. The cohort of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2- infected subjects represents a resource for the study of chronic and possibly unexpected sequelae.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for further research evaluating the validity of conducting a battery of neuropsychological assessments virtually compared with face-to-face administration. Previous research has suggested that some neuropsychological assessments yield valid results when administered virtually, however, much of the previous research focused on older adults. To determine the validity of virtually administered neuropsychological tests, 28 healthy participants were assessed using a within-subjects, counter-balanced design. Participants completed a neuropsychological assessment battery covering tests of general intellectual functioning, memory and attention, executive functioning, language and information processing speed, as well as effort. There was no significant difference between face-to-face administration of the neuropsychological battery compared with virtual administration for the majority of the tests used. However, there were significant differences in the Colour Naming Task, with participants making fewer errors on the colour naming task and inhibition/switching task when administered virtually compared with face-to-face administration. There was also a significant age cohort effect in the inhibition/switching task. There was also a trending significant difference in mode of administration for the Verbal Fluency Task. Virtually administered neuropsychological assessments largely provide a valid alternative to face-to-face assessments; however, consideration must be given to test selection as well as the population of participants that are being assessed. Other important considerations must focus on preserving the security and integrity of test materials, as well as administration in a medico-legal setting. Future research should focus on validating assessments with specific patient populations and developing a neuropsychological assessment battery using information technology.

The U. S. fertility transition in the nineteenth century is unusual. Not only did it start from a very high fertility level and very early in the nation’s development, but it also took place long before the nation’s mortality transition, industrialization, and urbanization. This paper assembles new county-level, household-level, and individual-level data, including new complete-count IPUMS microdata databases of the 1830–1880 censuses, to evaluate different theories for the nineteenth-century American fertility transition. We construct cross-sectional models of net fertility for currently-married white couples in census years 1830–1880 and test the results with a subset of couples linked between the 1850–1860, 1860–1870, and 1870–1880 censuses. We find evidence of marital fertility control consistent with hypotheses as early as 1830. The results indicate support for several different but complementary theories of the early U.S. fertility decline, including the land availability, conventional structuralist, ideational, child demand/quality-quantity tradeoff, and life-cycle savings theories.

Background: This study validates the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery Screening Tool (NAB-S) against a battery of established neuropsychological tests, used as a convergent validity test battery (CVTB). Method: Forty-four participants with traumatic brain injury (TBI) were recruited from an outpatient clinic at a UK trauma centre and residential rehabilitation centre. The NAB-S and CVTB were administered to the sample. Results: Strong positive correlations were observed between NAB-S indices and NAB-S TBI index in comparison with indices for distinct cognitive domains from the CVTB, and the convergent validity test battery mean (CVTBM). There was a high collinearity between NAB-S subtest indices, and poor internal consistency for some indices. Semi-partial correlations revealed the unique variance between NAB-S and CVTB indices, which were highly significant for the NAB-S attention and memory indices. An area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) revealed that the NAB-S and NAB-S TBI indices are highly predictive of impairment measured by the CVTB. Conclusions: The NAB-S has good predictive validity of overall impairment as measured by the CVTB and is an adequate screen of cognitive impairment following TBI. Some indices had poor internal consistency and high collinearity, suggesting that further assessment with more sophisticated tests would be warranted.

This paper describes a method to reconstruct complete birth histories for women in the 1900 and 1910 U. S. census IPUMS samples. The method is an extension of an earlier method developed by Luther and Cho (1988). The basic method relies on the number of children ever born, number of children surviving, number of children coresident in the household and age-specific fertility rates for the population to probabilistically assign an “age” to deceased and unmatched children. Modifications include the addition of an iterative Poisson regression model to fine-tune age-specific fertility inputs. The potential of complete birth histories for the study of the U.S. fertility transition is illustrated with a few examples.

Children require a large amount of time, effort, and resources to raise. Physical help, financial contributions, medical care, and other types of assistance from kin and social network members allow couples to space births closer together while maintaining or increasing child survival. We examine the impact of kin availability on couples' reproductive success in the early twentieth-century United States with a panel data set of over 3.1 million couples linked between the 1900 and 1910 U.S. censuses. Our results indicate that kin proximity outside the household was positively associated with fertility, child survival, and net reproduction, and suggest that declining kin availability was an important contributing factor to the fertility transition in the United States. We also find important differences between maternal and paternal kin inside the household—including higher fertility among women residing with their mother-in-law than among those residing with their mother—that support hypotheses related to the contrasting motivations and concerns of parents and parents-in-law.

This paper describes a method to reconstruct birth histories for women in the 1900 and 1910 U. S. census IPUMS samples. The method is an extension of an earlier method developed by Luther and Cho (...

Effective and safe vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are highly desirable to prevent casualties and societal cost caused by Covid-19 pandemic. The receptor binding domain (RBD) of the surface-exposed spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 represents a suitable target for the induction of neutralizing antibodies upon vaccination. Small protein antigens typically induce weak immune response while particles measuring tens of nanometers are efficiently presented to B cell follicles and subsequently to follicular germinal center B cells in draining lymph nodes, where B cell proliferation and affinity maturation occurs. Here we prepared and analyzed the response to several DNA vaccines based on genetic fusions of RBD to four different scaffolding domains, namely to the foldon peptide, ferritin, lumazine synthase and β-annulus peptide, presenting from 6 to 60 copies of the RBD on each particle. Scaffolding strongly augmented the immune response with production of neutralizing antibodies and T cell response including cytotoxic lymphocytes in mice upon immunization with DNA plasmids. The most potent response was observed for the 24-residue β-annulus peptide scaffold that forms large soluble assemblies, that has the advantage of low immunogenicity in comparison to larger scaffolds. Our results support the advancement of this vaccine platform towards clinical trials.

In this study, the combination of dimensional analysis (DA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to predict the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (k(L)a) values under different operating conditions for orbitally shaken bioreactors (OSRs) with different filling volumes. It was found that Reynolds number and the interaction between Froude number and geometric number have the largest impact on k(L)a with impact indexes of 7.41 and 7.50, respectively. Moreover, the volume number has the largest negative impact on k(L)a, with an impact index of − 5.34. Thus, an effective way to increase the oxygen supply is by increasing the shaking speed and shaking diameter or decreasing the vessel diameter. However, cell cultivation with a higher filling volume will have an increased risk of oxygen scarcity. Therefore, with the help of the k(L)a prediction model, a suitable operating condition can be determined effectively and easily.

The US fertility transition in the nineteenth century is unusual. Not only did it start from a very high fertility level and very early in the nation’s development, but it also took place long before the nation’s mortality transition, industrialization, and urbanization. This paper assembles new county-level, household-level, and individual-level data, including new complete-count IPUMS microdata databases of the 1830–1880 censuses, to evaluate different theories for the nineteenth-century American fertility transition. We construct cross-sectional models of net fertility for currently-married white couples in census years 1830–1880 and test the results with a subset of couples linked between the 1850–1860, 1860–1870, and 1870–1880 censuses. We find evidence of marital fertility control consistent with hypotheses as early as 1830. The results indicate support for several different but complementary theories of the early US fertility decline, including the land availability, conventional structuralist, ideational, child demand/quality-quantity tradeoff, and life cycle savings theories.

This research note describes the growth of the slave population in the United States and develops several new measures of its size and growth, including an estimate of the total number of slaves who ever lived in the United States. Estimates of the number of births and slave imports are provided in ten-year increments between 1619 and 1860 and in one-year increments between 1861 and 1865. The results highlight the importance of natural increase to the rapid growth of the U.S. slave population and indicate that approximately 10 million slaves lived in the United States, where they contributed 410 billion hours of labor. A concluding discussion highlights a few descriptive statistics historians might find useful, including the cumulative number of slaves who lived in the United States by decade and the proportion of slaves who were living at various moments in U.S. history, including shortly after the ratification of the Constitution in 1788 and at the start of the American Civil War in 1861.

Methods: Most quantitative research on fertility decline in the United States ignores the potential impact of cultural and familial factors. We rely on new complete-count data from the 1880 US census to construct couple-level measures of nativity/ethnicity, religiosity, and kin availability. We include these measures with a comprehensive set of demographic, economic, and contextual variables in Poisson regression models of net marital fertility to assess their relative importance. We construct models with and without area-fixed effects to control for unobserved heterogeneity. Contribution: All else being equal, we find a strong impact of nativity on recent net marital fertility. Fertility differentials among second-generation couples relative to the native-born white population of native parentage were in most cases less than half of the differential observed among first-generation immigrants, suggesting greater assimilation to native-born American childbearing norms. Our measures of parental religiosity and familial propinquity indicate a more modest impact on marital fertility. Couples who chose biblical names for their children had approximately 3Š more children than couples relying on secular names, while the presence of a potential mother-in-law in a nearby household was associated with 2Š more children. Overall, our results demonstrate the need for more inclusive models of fertility behavior that include cultural and familial covariates.

Although intermarriage is a common indicator of immigrant integration into host societies, most research has focused on how individual characteristics determine intermarriage. This study uses the 1910 ipums census sample to analyze how contextual factors affected intermarriage among European immigrants in the United States. Newly available, complete-count census microdata permit the construction of contextual measures at a much lower level of aggregation—the county—in this analysis than in previous studies. Our results confirm most findings in previous research relating to individual-level variables but also find important associations between contextual factors and marital outcomes. The relative size and sex ratio of an origin group, ethnic diversity, the share of the native-born white population, and the proportion of life that immigrants spent in the United State are all associated with exogamy. These patterns are highly similar across genders and immigrant generations.

Between 1835 and 1935, total fertility in the United States fell from 7.0 to 2.1. New IPUMS complete-count microdata databases of the 1850, 1880, 1910, and 1930 U. S. censuses allow us to study the fertility decline in more detail than previously possible. We construct comprehensive models of couples' fertility incorporating a wide variety of economic, social, cultural and familial factors, including measures of parental religiosity and kin availability outside of the household. The results indicate that while shifts in the occupational structure and increasing urbanization of the population provide the most consistent and substantive contribution to fertility decline over the period, cultural and religious attitudes - as proxied by parents' nativities and child naming practices - played a major role in couples' childbearing decisions.

BackgroundCognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a psychosocial treatment that aims to re‐mediate distressing emotional experiences or dysfunctional behaviour by changing the way in which a person interprets and evaluates the experience or cognates on its consequence and meaning. This approach helps to link the person's feelings and patterns of thinking which underpin distress. CBT is now recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) as an add‐on treatment for people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. This review is also part of a family of Cochrane CBT reviews for people with schizophrenia.ObjectivesTo assess the effects of cognitive behavioural therapy added to standard care compared with standard care alone for people with schizophrenia.Search methodsWe searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Trials Register (up to March 6, 2017). This register is compiled by systematic searches of major resources (including AMED, BIOSIS CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and registries of clinical trials) and their monthly updates, handsearches, grey literature, and conference proceedings, with no language, date, document type, or publication status limitations for inclusion of records into the register.Selection criteriaWe selected all randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) involving people diagnosed with schizophrenia or related disorders, which compared adding CBT to standard care with standard care given alone. Outcomes of interest included relapse, rehospitalisation, mental state, adverse events, social functioning, quality of life, and satisfaction with treatment.We included studies fulfilling the predefined inclusion criteria and reporting useable data.Data collection and analysisWe complied with the Cochrane recommended standard of conduct for data screening and collection. Where possible, we calculated relative risk (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) for binary data and mean difference (MD) and its 95% confidence interval for continuous data. We assessed risk of bias for included studies and created a 'Summary of findings' table using GRADE.Main resultsThis review now includes 60 trials with 5,992 participants, all comparing CBT added to standard care with standard care alone. Results for the main outcomes of interest (all long term) showed no clear difference between CBT and standard care for relapse (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.00; participants = 1538; studies = 13, low‐quality evidence). Two trials reported global state improvement. More participants in the CBT groups showed clinically important improvement in global state (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.84; participants = 82; studies = 2 , very low‐quality evidence). Five trials reported mental state improvement. No differences in mental state improvement were observed (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.02; participants = 501; studies = 5, very low‐quality evidence). In terms of safety, adding CBT to standard care may reduce the risk of having an adverse event (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.72; participants = 146; studies = 2, very low‐quality evidence) but appears to have no effect on long‐term social functioning (MD 0.56, 95% CI ‐2.64 to 3.76; participants = 295; studies = 2, very low‐quality evidence, nor on long‐term quality of life (MD ‐3.60, 95% CI ‐11.32 to 4.12; participants = 71; study = 1, very low‐quality evidence). It also has no effect on long‐term satisfaction with treatment (measured as 'leaving the study early') (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.12; participants = 1945; studies = 19, moderate‐quality evidence).Authors' conclusionsRelative to standard care alone, adding CBT to standard care appears to have no effect on long‐term risk of relapse. A very small proportion of the available evidence indicated CBT plus standard care may improve long term global state and may reduce the risk of adverse events. Whether adding CBT to standard care leads to clinically important improvement in patients' long‐term mental state, quality of life, and social function remains unclear. Satisfaction with care (measured as number of people leaving the study early) was no higher for participants receiving CBT compared to participants receiving standard care. It should be noted that although much research has been carried out in this area, the quality of evidence available is poor ‐ mostly low or very low quality and we still cannot make firm conclusions until more high quality data are available.

This study relies on IPUMS samples of the 1850, 1860, 1870, and 1880 censuses, aggregate census data, and the timing of state laws criminalizing abortion to construct regional estimates of marital fertility in the United States and estimate correlates of marital fertility. The results show a significant lag between the onset of marital fertility decline in the nation’s northeastern census divisions and its onset in western and southern census divisions. Empirical models indicate the presence of cultural, economic, and legal impediments to the diffusion of marital fertility control and illustrate the need for more inclusive models of fertility decline.

Most previous work on the historical fertility transition has been macro-oriented, using aggregate data to examine economic correlates of demographic behaviour at regional or national levels, while much less has been done using micro data, and specifically looking at behavioural differentials among social groups. In this paper we study at the impact of socioeconomic status on net fertility during the fertility transition in five Northern American and European Countries (Canada, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and the USA). We use micro-level census data in 1900, containing information on number of children by age, occupation of the mother and father, place of residence and household context. The results show highly similar patterns across countries, with the elite and upper middle classes having considerably lower net fertility early in the transition. These patterns remain also after controlling for a range of individual and community-level fertility determinants and geographical unobserved heterogeneity.

PurposePredicting the imminence of high risk behaviours in in‐patients with schizophrenia is an ongoing concern. The purpose of this paper is to explore the utility, validity and reliability of an adapted early warning signs methodology for dynamic risk assessment.Design/methodology/approachNursing staff were interviewed to identify operationally defined early warning signs of high risk behaviours. Frequency of occurrence of the early warning signs and the high risk behaviour were rated over a one week period to establish the predictive validity of the methodology.FindingsSupport was found for the reliability of staff ratings of the relevance of identified early warning signs and their occurrence within a specified time period. ROC analysis indicates some modest predictive validity in predicting aggressive risk behaviours but effect sizes were small, and there were high rates of false positive predictions.Research limitations/implicationsThe small sample size limits generalisability. A longitudinal prospective study to better establish the added predictive power of the method over the use of largely actuarial methods is needed.Originality/valueA dynamic risk assessment methodology to assess changes in risk for inpatients would benefit both staff and inpatients. No such methodology has been assessed to date.

Despite growing reliance on census data for historical research in the United States, there has been little systematic evaluation of census quality. This article relies on back-projection methods, new estimates of nineteenth-century mortality, and the 1850–1940 Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) samples to estimate age- and sex-specific net census underenumeration of the native-born white population in the United States in the 1850–1930 censuses. National and section of birth estimates are constructed. In general, the results suggest slightly higher net undercounts for native-born white males relative to native-born white females, slightly higher net undercounts in the South, and a modest trend toward greater census coverage over time. A few censuses stand out as anomalous. The 1870 census suffered a higher net rate of omission than any other census. The net undercount was especially high in the South, probably reflecting the unsettled conditions in the aftermath of the American Civil War. The net undercount was not nearly as great as nineteenth-century observers speculated and subsequent historians have long believed, however. The 1880 census appears to have achieved the most complete coverage of the native-born white population before 1940.

Objective This study examines the validity of the NAB Screening Module (screening module of the neuropsychological assessment battery, S-NAB) in an acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) inpatient population and provides psychometric evaluation of an original index sensitive to TBI impairment. Method The utility of the S-NAB as a TBI screen was examined using a between groups design. One-hundred and four patients with mild complicated to severe TBI were recruited from a consecutive cohort of patients admitted as inpatients to a UK Major Trauma Centre. Ninety-eight control participants were selected from the S-NAB normative sample. All TBI patients completed the S-NAB during their inpatient stay. Results Control participants scored significantly higher than TBI participants on the Total Screening index (t = 3.626, p

As part of the drive to reduce the cost/cm2, reducing the utility consumption (and therefore running cost) of the vacuum pumps and abatement systems supporting the new process tools will be critical. Significant savings can be realized by using green modes whereby this supporting equipment is put into low energy states, and this has been the focus of one of the working groups in the European EEM450PR project. Models were constructed to simulate the impact of green modes, at various levels of wafer inactivity, initially for 300mm, and then extended for a hypothetical 450mm fab. It was also noted that additional savings would be possible in the facility, e.g. reduced process cooling water when the pump and abatement thermal load is reduced. The model was then validated by looking at data from a HVM 300mm fab, simulating the effect of green modes (without actually implementing them), and also live green mode implementation on pumps and abatement at an R+D lab in Europe. A live demonstration was also conducted in the G450C Albany fab on some installed 450mm toolsets, as part of the complementary and collaborative engagement between the regions on the 450mm topic, in order to validate the assumptions for future 450mm fabs. The paper discusses the results of this work and implications for HVM 450mm fabs, including the requirement for standardized signaling.

More than 3 million men fought in the U.S. Civil War (1861–65), with participation rates in some cohorts exceeding 80 percent. Participation carried a significant risk of injury and death. An estim...

The purpose of this study was to explore the predictive validity of the revised Problem Identification Checklist (PIC‐R) in predicting inpatient and community violence using a retrospective design. The Historical Scale (H‐Scale) of the HCR‐20 was employed to control for static risk factors. The predictive accuracy between predictors and outcome measures was evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis. The PIC‐R significantly predicted inpatient violence (AUC range 0.77‐0.92) over a 12‐month follow‐up period but did not predict community violence. Conversely, the H‐Scale significantly predicted community violence (AUC 0.82) but did not predict inpatient violence over a 12‐month follow‐up period. The findings offer preliminary validation for the predictive accuracy of the PIC‐R for violence in a UK inpatient population. Additionally, the findings suggest that short‐term risk of violence within a psychiatric inpatient population may be more related to dynamic and clinical risk variables rather than to static ones.

Objectives: Previous research indicates that beliefs about voice power and omnipotence are associated with distress, depression, and compliance. The present study investigates whether acting on voices to mitigate perceived threat, in a broader sense than compliance, is driven by delusional beliefs, as the Chadwick, Birchwood, and Trower cognitive-behavioural model of voices would suggest. The role of safety behaviours in maintaining beliefs about voice omnipotence and distress is also examined. Design: A cross-sectional investigation of 30 individuals with current experience of auditory verbal hallucinations was conducted. Method: Participants were assessed on self-report measures of voice topography, voice-related threat and distress, safety behaviour use, beliefs about voices, and depression and anxiety. Results: Three sources of threat were identified: physical harm, shame, and loss of control. Twenty-six individuals had recently used safety behaviours, believing them to be effective in threat reduction. The degree of safety behaviour use and voice-related distress were associated with voice omnipotence beliefs; mood or voice characteristics did not account for this relationship. The association of safety behaviours with increased distress was mediated by beliefs about voice omnipotence. Conclusions: Acting on voices can be conceptualized as a form of safety seeking, associated with maintaining beliefs about voice omnipotence and distress.

Despite the importance of marriage for the economic and demographic history of the nineteenth-century United States, there are few published estimates of the timing and incidence of marriage and no published studies of its correlates before 1890, when the Census Office first tabulated marital status by age, sex, and nativity. In this article I rely on the 1860 Integrated Public Use Microdata Series census sample to construct national and regional estimates of white nuptiality by nativity and sex and to test theories of marriage timing. I supplement this analysis with two new public use samples of Civil War soldiers. The Gould sample, collected by the U.S. Sanitary Commission between 1863 and 1865, allows me to test whether height and body mass influenced white men's propensity to marry. Additionally, a sample of Union Army recruits linked to the 1860 census, created as part of the Early Indicators of Later Work Levels, Disease, and Death project, allows me to combine suspected economic, demographic, and anthropometric correlates of marriage into a multivariate model of never-married white men's entrance into first marriage. The results indicate that nuptiality was moderately higher in 1860 than it was in 1890. In contrast to previous studies that emphasize the primary importance of land availability and farm prices, I find that single women's opportunity to participate in the paid labor force was the most important determinant of marriage timing. I also find modest support for the hypothesis that height affected men's propensity to marry, consistent with the theory that body size was a sign to potential marriage partners of future earnings capacity and health.

The authors describe a public use microdata sample of the 1860 slave population of the United States recently created at the Minnesota Population Center. They discuss the key substantive issues that quantitative historians are likely to address with the data set, such as the demography of slavery, patterns in slave-holding, and miscegenation. They outline the sample design, data-entry procedures, variable availability, and documentation of the final data set.

Objective We aim to study the effect of persistent post-concussive symptoms on cognitive performance of elite athletes, based on the hypothesis that persistent symptoms could impair athletes’ cognitive performances and functional outcomes. Design Prospective observational and longitudinal case control study. Setting University research centre, single centre. Participants 7 athletes with persistent symptoms (>2 weeks, assessed at median 31 days post-concussion), 10 athletes with brief symptoms ( Intervention Independent variables: post-concussive symptom scores and duration of symptoms. Outcome measures Multi-dimensional scores from Sport Concussion Assessment Tool III, Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing, WAIS symbol search and digit span backward tests. Main results Patients with persistent symptoms scored less in the symbol search test than those with brief symptoms and the healthy volunteers (grouping effect p=0.006; post hoc tests p=0.039 and 0.004, respectively). In all 17 patients, symptom scores correlated with reaction time (ρ=−0.61, p=0.009), and visual motor speed correlated with symbol search scores (ρ=0.59, p=0.013). 6 patients who completed follow-up assessments when symptom-free showed improvement in their symbol search scores (p=0.042) and visual memory (p=0.028). Conclusions Concussed athletes with persistent symptoms performed poorly in visual perception/analysis and information processing. Persistent post-concussive symptoms could affect athletes’ visual memory, perception/analysis, reaction time and information processing speed, thus precipitating them to further injuries should they return to play prematurely. Competing interests None.

Ten years ago Maris Vinovskis published an influential essay that signaled a profound shift in Civil War scholarship.This dissertation was completed in September 1999 in the Department of History at the University of Minnesota under the direction of Russell R. Menard and Steven Ruggles. Financial support was provided by a fellowship from the University of Minnesota Graduate School. Although thousands of books and articles had been written about the military experiences of Civil War participants, Vinovskis contended that relatively little was known about their actual lives. Vinovskis called explicit attention to the demographic cost of the war and its continuing influence on the life course of the Civil War generation. An estimated 618,222 military deaths occurred during the war—roughly equal to the number of deaths suffered in all other American wars through the Korean War combined. The human cost of the Civil War becomes even more spectacular when one considers the rate of death. Nearly one in eight white men of military age died during the war, exceeding the rate of death in World War II by a factor of six, and the rate of death in the Vietnam War by a factor of 65.Vinovskis, “Have Social Historians.â€

summary The response of seedlings of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) to ozone was evaluated in Great Smoky Mountains National Park using open-top chambers during the growing seasons of 1989 and 1992. Two separate sets of seedlings were each exposed to various concentrations of ozone (charcoal-filtered; 0.5 × (not used in 1989), 1.0 ×, 1.5 ×, and 2.0 × modified ambient) in two different seasons. Seasonal indices of exposure (SUM00, SUM06 and AOT40) for the 1.0 × treatments were 39.2, 1.9, and 1.62 ppm h respectively, in 1989, and 63.1, 0.9, and 0.78 ppm h, respectively, in 1992. No significant chamber effects were noted, except for reduced height growth in open plots compared with 1.0 × chambers in 1992. In both years, the 2.0 × treatment reduced total, leaf, root, and shoot-I-root biomass, although some of these changes were only marginally significant in 1992. Stem biomass was significantly reduced in 1989, but not 1992. Leaf area, count and weight were all highly correlated, and showed significant reductions in both years. The leaf area ratio (leaf area/total weight) was reduced in 1989, but not in 1992. Height was not affected by ozone, but diameter was reduced only in 1989. Chamber-to-chamber variation for biomass and leaf variates was greater in 1992, and as a result, significance levels were lower. Weibull functions were fitted to chamber means, and showed significant near-linear declines for most components when log-transformed data were plotted against the SUM06 and AOT40 indices. Individual Weibull models for the 1989 and 1992 data sets, and combined models over both years, were developed. Combined models were adequate for describing ozone responses for all biomass components, as determined by the likelihood ratio test. The data show-that the two years of exposure produced similar, but not identical effects, despite large differences in initial size of the seedlings and in seasonal ozone dynamics. Leaf and root biomass were most sensitive to ozone (as determined by the slope of decrease with increasing SUM06), whereas stem biomass was least sensitive. Black cherry seedlings are shown to be among the most sensitive to elevated ozone of the 21 tree species examined to date in Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

In this study, we extend the measurement of engagement begun in community assertive outreach to an in-patient rehabilitation population.We report the development of the Residential Rehabilitation Engagement Scale (RRES), which measures engagement in the context of the broader multidisciplinary team and the overall rehabilitation process.Twenty-six patients were assessed using the RRES to determine inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability. A larger sample (N = 92) was utilised to explore the internal consistency of the scale and to perform cluster analysis to examine item structure.The RRES demonstrated good inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability and internal consistency. Cluster analysis revealed three independent potential subcategories of engagement.The RRES is a reliable measure of engagement, consisting of three potential dimensions: active participation and openness, agreement with treatment and basic relationships and medication compliance. The relevance of the findings to in-patient rehabilitation settings and clinical implications is discussed.