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Background Health needs and access to health care is a huge challenge in developing countries, especially in some isolated indigenous communities. Amantani is an island located at 3854 m above sea level in Lake Titicaca, Peru. There is no official date on key local health needs and determinants, which precludes the prioritization and efficient implementation of health interventions. The objective of this study is to validate a health need assessment tool and ascertain the main health needs of the indigenous high-altitude population living on Amantani. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study to describe the health needs of the indigenous population of Amantani using a questionnaire based on the “Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey”. The questionnaire underwent expert and field-work validation. We selected a random sample of the island residents using two-stage cluster sampling. We estimated the prevalence of key health needs and determinants, and evaluated their distribution by age, sex and education through prevalence ratio. All analyses accounted for the complex sampling design. Results We surveyed 337 individuals (223 adults and 144 children) in 151 houses. The most frequent health needs were: (i) lack of access to medical screening for a)non-communicable diseases (> 63.0%) and b)eye problems (76.5%); and (ii) poor knowledge about communicable diseases (> 54.3%), cancer (71.4%) and contraception (> 32.9%). Smoking and alcohol use was more frequent in males (PR = 4.70 IC95%:1.41–15.63 and PR = 1.69 95% CI:1.27–2.25, respectively). People with higher education had more knowledge about TB/HIV and cancer prevention (p 38% have never undergone eye or dental examination. Corporal punishment and physical bullying at school in the last month were relatively common (23 and 33%, respectively). Conclusion The main health needs in Amantani are related to poor healthcare access and lack of awareness of disease prevention. Our findings can be used to develop and implement efficient health interventions to improve the health and quality of life of indigenous populations living in the islands in Southern Peru/Northern Bolivia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12939-019-0993-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Introducción: En mayo del 2004, el Ministerio de Salud (MINSA) en colaboración con el Fondo Global de lucha contra el SIDA, la tuberculosis y la malaria implementó el programa nacional (PN) para brindar terapia antiretroviral en forma gratuita a todos los pacientes infectados con el VIH con indicación de tratamiento de acuerdo a la guía del PN. Objetivos: Describir las características pre-tratamiento antiretroviral, respuesta a la terapia antiretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA), toxicidad y tasa de mortalidad de la población de pacientes que iniciaron TARGA a través del PN en un hospital general. Material y Métodos: Revisamos las historias clínicas, fichas médicas, resultados de laboratorio y tarjetas de TARGA de todos los pacientes enrolados en el PN en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia (HNCH) y describimos las características pre-tratamiento antiretroviral, respuesta a la TARGA, toxicidad y tasa de mortalidad. Los pacientes seleccionados para este estudio fueron sujetos infectados con el VIH que: (i) tenían 18 años o más; (ii) iniciaron TARGA en el PN entre mayo 2004 y abril 2006; y (iii) no habían recibido terapia antiretroviral anteriormente (naïve). Se consideró como éxito virológico a la presencia de por lo menos un valor de carga viral indetectable (VIH-1 ARN < 400 copias/mL) entre los 3-6 meses posteriores al inicio de la TARGA. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio a 453 pacientes: 68% fueron varones, la edad promedio fue 35,7 ± 9,5 años y el peso fue 55,6 ± 10,8 Kg. El valor medio de CD4 pre-tratamiento fue 98 células/mm3 y el de carga viral fue 278 438 VIH-1 ARN copias/mL. Descontinuaron el tratamiento 84 pacientes (22 abandonaron, 59 fallecieron y 3 fueron transferidos a otra institución). Aquellos que continuaron fueron seguidos en promedio 337 días; el 38% (142/369) interrumpió temporalmente la TARGA, principalmente debido a toxicidad medicamentosa (82%). Se obtuvo éxito virológico en 85% de los pacientes. La mortalidad fue 13% y el 74% de las muertes ocurrió antes de los 3 meses de tratamiento. Conclusión: A pesar de una elevada frecuencia de interrupción del tratamiento, nuestros resultados muestran que la respuesta a las medicinas distribuidas por el PN es comparable a la reportada por programas de otros países. Es necesario realizar más estudios que evalúen la respuesta al tratamiento antiretroviral a largo plazo en el Perú. (Rev Med Hered 2007;18:184-191). In May 2004, the Peruvian Ministry of Health in collaboration with the Global Fund to fight AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, implemented a national program (NP) to provide highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) free of charge to all HIV-infected patients who fulfilled the NP’s guidelines. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy, safety and impact on mortality of HAART on HIV patients of a public hospital. Material and methods: We reviewed medical records, medical files, laboratory results and HAART charts of all patients enrolled within the NP at the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia and described pre-treatment characteristics, response to HAART, toxicity and mortality rates. Study subjects were confirmed HIV-infected individuals who: (i) were > 18 years of age; (ii) started HAART under the NP between May 2004 and April 2006, and (iii) were naïve for antiretroviral treatment. Successful virological response was defined as at least one undetectable viral load (HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/mL) determination 3 to 6 months after the initiation of HAART. Results: A total of 453 patients were included in the study: 68% were male; the mean age was 35.7 ±9.5 years and mean body weight was 55.6±10.8 Kg. Mean baseline CD4 cell count was 98 cells/mm3 and viral load was 278,438 copies/mL. Eighty-four patients discontinued HAART (22 abandoned treatment, 59 died and 3 were transferred to another institution). For those who continued HAART, the mean follow-up time was 337 days; 38% (142/369) temporarily interrupted HAART mainly due to drug toxicity (82%). Successful virological response was achieved in 85% of patients. Overall mortality was 13% and 74% of deaths occurred within the first 3 months of treatment. Conclusion: Despite of a high frequency of treatment interruption, our results show that the response to drugs provided by the NP is comparable to that reported by programs in other countries. Further studies should be performed to evaluate long-term outcome of HAART in Peru. (Rev Med Hered 2007;18:184-191).

Se reportan dos casos de enfermedad de Graves relacionados con sindrome de Reconstitución Inmune en dos pacientes infectados con VIH luego de iniciar la terapia antiretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA). Se revisaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes y se hizo una revisión bibliográfica. Dos pacientes con historia de infección por VIH desarrollaron pérdida de peso, taquicardia, tremor en la manos y diarrea, luego de 30 y 48 meses después de iniciado tratamiento TARGA con zidovudina, lamivudina y atazanavir. Al momento de desarrollar este problema su conteo de células CD4 estaba en rangos de normalidad y su carga viral estaba en niveles indetectables. En el examen Físico se detectó un aumento de volumen de la glándula tiroides. Los niveles de tirotropina estaban suprimidos y los niveles de tiroxina libre elevados; se detectó niveles positivos de anticuerpos anti-TPO. Ambos pacientes mejoraron con el tratamiento metimazol y atenolol. La enfermedad de Graves ha sido reportada como complicación inusual en pacientes VIH como reconstitución Inmune luego del inicio de TARGA. Estos dos pacientes muestran un cuadro compatible. We report two cases of Graves’ disease after immune reconstitution following highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We reviewed and abstracted the patients’ records and also conducted a review of the pertinent medical literature. Two patients with history of HIV infection developed weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and diarrhea after 30-48 months of treatment with HAART based on zidovudine, lamivudine, and atazanavir. Their CD4 T cells count was in normal range and viral load was undetectable. Physical examination showed diffuse thyroid enlargement. Thyrotropin was suppressed, free thyroxine was elevated, and anti-TPO antibodies were positive. Both showed clinical improvement with the use methimazole and atenolol. Graves’ disease may be a form of immune reconstitution syndrome following HAART. This form of autoimmune thyroid disease is related with the second phase of T-cell repopulation with naive autoreactive CD4 T cells clones. Physicians need to be vigilant in detecting thyrotoxicosis in patients who have immune reconstituted well on HAART, since early diagnosis and treatment alleviates symptoms and may reduce long-term morbidity of Graves’ disease.