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Background: Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) causes morbidity and disability worldwide. Pediatric patients are uniquely vulnerable due to developmental and psychosocial factors. Reduced healthcare access in rural/underserved communities impair management and outcome. A knowledge update relevant to current gaps in care is critically needed to develop targeted solutions. Methods: The National Library of Medicine PubMed database was queried using comprehensive search terms ((“mild traumatic brain injury” or “concussion”) and (“rural” or “low-income” or “underserved”) and (“pediatric” or “child/children”)) in the title, abstract, and Medical Subject Headings through December 2022. Fifteen articles on rural/underserved pediatric MTBI/concussion not covered in prior reviews were examined and organized into four topical categories: epidemiology, care practices, socioeconomic factors, and telehealth. Results: Incidences are higher for Individuals in rural regions, minorities, and those aged 0–4 years compared to their counterparts, and are increasing over time. Rural healthcare utilization rates generally exceed urban rates, and favor emergency departments (vs. primary care) for initial injury assessment. Management guidelines require customization to resource-constrained settings for implementation and adoption. Decreased community recognition of the seriousness of injury is a consensus challenge to care provision by clinicians. Low parental education and income were correlated with decreased MTBI knowledge and worse outcome. Telehealth protocols for triage/consultation and rehabilitation were feasible in improving care delivery to rural and remote settings. Conclusions: Pediatric MTBI/concussion patients in rural/underserved regions experience increased risks of injury, geographic and financial healthcare barriers, and poorer outcomes. Globally, under-reporting of injury has hindered epidemiological understanding. Ongoing MTBI education should be implemented for rural caregivers, schools, and low-income populations to improve community awareness. Telehealth can improve care delivery across acuity settings, and warrants judicious inclusion in triage and treatment protocols.

Hospital length of stay (HLOS) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important metric of injury severity, resource utilization, and access to post-acute care services. Risk factors for protracted HLOS after TBI require further characterization.Data regarding adult inpatients admitted to a single U.S. level 1 trauma center with a diagnosis of acute TBI between August 1, 2019, and April 1, 2022, were extracted from the electronic health record. Patients with extreme HLOS (XHLOS,99th percentile of institutional TBI HLOS) were compared with those without XHLOS. Socioeconomic status (SES), clinical/injury factors, and discharge disposition were analyzed.In 1638 patients, the median HLOS was 3 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 2-8 days). XHLOS threshold was70 days (N = 18; range: 72-146 days). XHLOS was associated with younger age (XHLOS/non-XHLOS: 50.4/59.6 years; P = 0.042) and greater proportions with severe TBI (55.6%/11.4%; P0.001), low SES (72.2%/31.4%; P0.001), and Medicaid insurance (77.8%/30.1%; P0.001). XHLOS patients were more likely to die in hospital (22.2%/8.1%) and discharge to post-acute facility (77.8%/16.3%; P0.001). No XHLOS patients were discharged to home. In XHLOS patients alive at discharge, medical stability was documented at median 39 days (IQR: 28-58 days) and were hospitalized for another 56 days (IQR: 26.5-78.5 days).XHLOS patients were more likely to have severe injuries, low SES, and Medicaid. XHLOS is associated with in-hospital mortality and need for post-acute placement. XHLOS patients often demonstrated medical stability long before placement, underscoring complex relationships between SES, health insurance, and outcome. These findings have important implications for quality improvement and resource utilization at acute care hospitals and await validation from larger trials.

Clinical trials provide the foundational evidence that guide many patient-facing decisions; however, the therapeutic effect and safety of an intervention is best evaluated when compared to a control group. We used ClinicalTrials.gov to describe the proportion of registered Phase III and IV cardiovascular clinical trials that contain a control group from 2009 through 2019. Of 1,677 registered Phase III and IV cardiovascular clinical trials, 81.2% contain a control group, and the annual prevalence remained unchanged between 2009 and 2019.

OBJECTIVE Cranioplasty is a technically simple procedure, although one with potentially high rates of complications. The ideal timing of cranioplasty should minimize the risk of complications, but research investigating cranioplasty timing and risk of complications has generated diverse findings. Previous studies have included mixed populations of patients undergoing cranioplasty following decompression for traumatic, vascular, and other cerebral insults, making results challenging to interpret. The objective of the current study was to examine rates of complications associated with cranioplasty, specifically for patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) receiving this procedure at the authors’ high-volume level 1 trauma center over a 25-year time period. METHODS A single-institution retrospective review was conducted of patients undergoing cranioplasty after decompression for trauma. Patients were identified and clinical and demographic variables obtained from 2 neurotrauma databases. Patients were categorized into 3 groups based on timing of cranioplasty: early (≤ 90 days after craniectomy), intermediate (91–180 days after craniectomy), and late (> 180 days after craniectomy). In addition, a subgroup analysis of complications in patients with TBI associated with ultra-early cranioplasty (< 42 days, or 6 weeks, after craniectomy) was performed. RESULTS Of 435 patients identified, 141 patients underwent early cranioplasty, 187 patients received intermediate cranioplasty, and 107 patients underwent late cranioplasty. A total of 54 patients underwent ultra-early cranioplasty. Among the total cohort, the mean rate of postoperative hydrocephalus was 2.8%, the rate of seizure was 4.6%, the rate of postoperative hematoma was 3.4%, and the rate of infection was 6.0%. The total complication rate for the entire population was 16.8%. There was no significant difference in complications between any of the 3 groups. No significant differences in postoperative complications were found comparing the ultra-early cranioplasty group with all other patients combined. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of patients with TBI, early cranioplasty, including ultra-early procedures, was not associated with higher rates of complications. Early cranioplasty may confer benefits such as shorter or fewer hospitalizations, decreased financial burden, and overall improved recovery, and should be considered based on patient-specific factors.

Introduction Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the ACGME recommended all interviews for the 2021 residency application cycle be held virtually. Because this is major shift from neurosurgical interviews in past years, this study aims to evaluate both applicant and interviewer satisfaction of conducting interviews virtually. Methods For faculty, an 11-question online survey was sent to 116 United States neurosurgery training programs. A 14-question online survey was sent to 255 neurosurgery applicants. The resulting data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Results From applicants, 118 responses were received. From faculty, 171 individual responses were received. Thirty-five percent (34.7%) of applicants agreed that they were satisfied with the virtual interview process as a whole. Although 44.5% of faculty disagreed with the statement “I would like to replace in-person interviews with virtual interviews in the future”, 57.3% of faculty agreed that they were likely to implement virtual interviews in the future. Conclusions Some things might be better assessed through in-person interviews, but there are clear benefits to virtual interviews. Future iterations of the interview process, incorporating virtual interviews, might help determine how and in which situations virtual interviews can be utilized in future residency application cycles.

Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) has been used extensively as a tool in human neuroscience research and clinically in neurosurgery. Implanted electrocorticography electrodes can deliver electrical stimulation to the cortical surface, eliciting or inhibiting neural activity as an experimental manipulation, or to probe neural tissue function during epilepsy and tumor resection surgeries. Current applications of DCS pave the way for new clinical translation to restore sensation to those who have lost it through spinal-cord injury or stroke. DCS of specific sensory cortical regions in the human brain elicits sensory percepts in specific regions of the body and recent research has shown that DCS can elicit meaningful somatosensory percepts, which may be used for neuroprosthetic feedback and integrated into tasks. In the future, further research using more finely spaced electrodes, tailored patterns of stimulation, and longer term studies will shed light on the intricacies of sensory processing in humans as well as bring these neuroprosthetic applications closer to widespread clinical reality.

OBJECTIVE Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is an effective, lifesaving option for reducing intracranial pressure (ICP) in traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, and other pathologies with elevated ICP. Most DCs are performed via a standard trauma flap shaped like a reverse question mark (RQM), which requires sacrificing the occipital and posterior auricular arteries and can be complicated by wound dehiscence and infections. The Ludwig Kempe hemispherectomy incision (Kempe) entails a T-shaped incision, one limb from the midline behind the hairline to the inion and the other limb from the root of the zygoma to the coronal suture. The authors’ objective in this study was to define their implementation of the Kempe incision for DC and craniotomy, report clinical outcomes, and quantify the volume of bone removed compared with the RQM incision. METHODS A retrospective review of a single-surgeon experience with DC in TBI and stroke was performed. Patient demographics, imaging, and outcomes were collected for all DCs from 2015 to 2020, and the incisions were categorized as either Kempe or RQM. Preoperative and postoperative CT scans were obtained and processed using a combination of automatic segmentation (in Python and SimpleITK) with manual cleanup and further subselection in ITK-SNAP. The volume of bone removed was quantified, and the primary outcome was percentage of hemicranium removed. Postoperative surgical wound infections, estimated blood loss (EBL), and length of surgery were compared between the two groups as secondary outcomes. Cranioplasty data were collected. RESULTS One hundred thirty-six patients were included in the analysis; there were 57 patients in the craniotomy group (44 patients with RQM incisions and 13 with Kempe incisions) and 79 in the craniectomy group (41 patients with RQM incisions and 38 Kempe incisions). The mean follow-up for the entire cohort was 251 ± 368 days. There was a difference in the amount of decompression between approaches in multivariate modeling (39% ± 11% of the hemicranium was removed via the Kempe incision vs 34% ± 10% via the RQM incision, p = 0.047), although this did not achieve significance in multivariate modeling. Wound infection rates, EBL, and length of surgery were comparable between the two incision types. No wound infections in either cohort were due to wound dehiscence. Cranioplasty outcomes were comparable between the two incision types. CONCLUSIONS The Kempe incision for craniectomy or craniotomy is a safe, feasible, and effective alternative to the RQM. The authors advocate the Kempe incision in cases in which contralateral operative pathology or subsequent craniofacial/skull base repair is anticipated.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a clinically effective tool for treating medically refractory Parkinson’s disease (PD), but its neural mechanisms remain debated. Previous work has demonstrated that STN DBS results in evoked potentials (EPs) in the primary motor cortex (M1), suggesting that modulation of cortical physiology may be involved in its therapeutic effects. Due to technical challenges presented by high-amplitude DBS artifacts, these EPs are often measured in response to low-frequency stimulation, which is generally ineffective at PD symptom management. This study aims to characterize STN-to-cortex EPs seen during clinically relevant high-frequency STN DBS for PD. Intraoperatively, we applied STN DBS to 6 PD patients while recording electrocorticography (ECoG) from an electrode strip over the ipsilateral central sulcus. Using recently published techniques, we removed large stimulation artifacts to enable quantification of STN-to-cortex EPs. Two cortical EPs were observed – one synchronized with DBS onset and persisting during ongoing stimulation, and one immediately following DBS offset, here termed the “start” and the “end” EPs respectively. The start EP is, to our knowledge, the first long-latency cortical EP reported during ongoing high-frequency DBS. The start and end EPs differ in magnitude (p < 0.05) and latency (p < 0.001), and the end, but not the start, EP magnitude has a significant relationship (p < 0.001, adjusted for random effects of subject) to ongoing high gamma (80–150 Hz) power during the EP. These contrasts may suggest mechanistic or circuit differences in EP production during the two time periods. This represents a potential framework for relating DBS clinical efficacy to the effects of a variety of stimulation parameters on EPs.

Background Converging literatures suggest that deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease affects multiple circuit mechanisms. One proposed mechanism is the normalization of primary motor cortex (M1) pathophysiology via effects on the hyperdirect pathway. Objectives We hypothesized that DBS would reduce the current intensity necessary to modulate motor-evoked potentials from focally applied direct cortical stimulation (DCS). Methods Intraoperative subthalamic DBS, DCS, and preoperative diffusion tensor imaging data were acquired in 8 patients with Parkinson's disease. Results In 7 of 8 patients, DBS significantly reduced the M1 DCS current intensity required to elicit motor-evoked potentials. This neuromodulation was specific to select DBS bipolar configurations. In addition, the volume of activated tissue models of these configurations were significantly associated with overlap of the hyperdirect pathway. Conclusions DBS reduces the current necessary to elicit a motor-evoked potential using DCS. This supports a circuit mechanism of DBS effectiveness, potentially involving the hyperdirect pathway that speculatively may underlie reductions in hypokinetic abnormalities in Parkinson's disease. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Purpose To develop, implement, and evaluate the effect of a faculty engagement and professional growth program targeted at junior faculty members. Educational activity A faculty engagement and growth program based on adult learning theory was piloted in a clinical sciences department. Effect of the model was evaluated using a pre/post-survey evaluating faculty output and work engagement using the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES). Findings Average number of publications/projects with cross-campus collaboration increased (0.58 versus 1.25, P = 0.03, 95%CI 0.059–1.264). Involvement in national/state organizations, number of accepted poster presentations, and grants submitted and/or funded all increased (p>0.05). Total UWES score increased (4.13 vs. 4.495 p = 0.21) with the greatest subscale increase in vigor (3.833 vs 4.347, P = 0.1). Summary A faculty engagement and growth program targeting junior faculty members using adult learning theory as a framework may provide a novel and economic way for schools to support the development of these critical team members.

To describe the design and implementation of the Current Topics in Professional Pharmacy online elective course and evaluate the degree to which the course improved student pharmacists' awareness of and interest in current topics affecting the profession of pharmacy.A one-credit hour online summer elective included weekly modules of current topics affecting the profession of pharmacy, along with a longitudinal final project in which students created their own current topic module. Each module consisted of assigned reference materials and online discussion forum posts to answer discussion questions and share professional opinions. Student achievement of curricular outcomes and course-specific objectives was measured utilizing pre- and post-course surveys, assessment of weekly module forum posts, and a final course knowledge and comprehension quiz.Student self-rated awareness and desire to stay updated on current topics in pharmacy increased significantly from pre-survey to post-survey (39.7% to 98.3% agree or strongly agree, p0.001; 25.9-87.9%, p0.001, respectively). Student confidence in their ability to formulate and effectively express their professional opinion also significantly improved (67.2% to 93.1%, p0.001). Seven of the 12 course competencies assessed by the survey significantly improved from pre- to post-course. The majority of students agreed or strongly agreed that the course adequately addressed all 12 pre-selected Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) Appendix B content areas.Performance assessment and survey results demonstrated achievement of curricular outcomes and course objectives. Students completing the course showed an increased interest and awareness related to current topics affecting the profession of pharmacy.

Silver doped bioactive glass (Ag-BG) and Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) have shown promising properties for dental tissue regeneration. This study presents the fabrication and characterization of composite collagen/fibrin microbeads that aimed to incorporate and successfully deliver both Ag-BG and DPSC. Cell viability, cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo, and antibacterial properties of the systems against Escherichia coli ( E. coli ), Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans ) and Enterococcus faecalis ( E. faecalis ) were evaluated. Cell viability and proliferation of DPSCs within the delivery system were found unaltered in both combinations (Beads/DPSCs and Beads/DPSCs/Ag-BG). Our results show that Ag-BG and DPSCs were successfully incorporated and proliferated within the collagen/fibrin microbeads. DPSCs continued to proliferate up to 6-weeks in cell culture but cell differentiation into odontoblast-like cells was observed only in vivo. The beads containing Ag-BG strongly inhibit bacterial growth in the experimental groups (beads alone, Beads/Ag-BG and Beads/DPSCs/Ag-BG). Our data suggests that collagen/fibrin microbead paste could have clinical applicability in the regenerative dentistry field.

Objective. Electrical stimulation of the human brain is commonly used for eliciting and inhibiting neural activity for clinical diagnostics, modifying abnormal neural circuit function for therapeutics, and interrogating cortical connectivity. However, recording electrical signals with concurrent stimulation results in dominant electrical artifacts that mask the neural signals of interest. Here we develop a method to reproducibly and robustly recover neural activity during concurrent stimulation. We concentrate on signal recovery across an array of electrodes without channel-wise fine-tuning of the algorithm. Our goal includes signal recovery with trains of stimulation pulses, since repeated, high-frequency pulses are often required to induce desired effects in both therapeutic and research domains. We have made all of our code and data publicly available. Approach. We developed an algorithm that automatically detects templates of artifacts across many channels of recording, creating a dictionary of learned templates using unsupervised clustering. The artifact template that best matches each individual artifact pulse is subtracted to recover the underlying activity. To assess the success of our method, we focus on whether it extracts physiologically interpretable signals from real recordings. Main results. We demonstrate our signal recovery approach on invasive electrophysiologic recordings from human subjects during stimulation. We show the recovery of meaningful neural signatures in both electrocorticographic (ECoG) arrays and deep brain stimulation (DBS) recordings. In addition, we compared cortical responses induced by the stimulation of primary somatosensory (S1) by natural peripheral touch, as well as motor cortex activity with and without concurrent S1 stimulation. Significance. Our work will enable future advances in neural engineering with simultaneous stimulation and recording.

Transport coops are infrequently washed and have been demonstrated to cross-contaminate broiler carcasses. We hypothesized that peracetic acid or a chlorinated cleaner, commonly used within poultry processing plants, can also be used to disinfect transport coops when applied via a compressed air foam system (CAFS). A mixture of fresh layer manure and concentrated Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) was evenly applied to the floors of four pre-cleaned transport coops and allowed to dry for thirty minutes. Treatments consisted of a (1) water rinse only, (2) product application with a water rinse, (3) product application followed by power washing and (4) power washing followed by application of product. Each foaming treatment was applied with a compressed air foam system and allowed 10 min of contact time. Samples were aseptically collected from the transport coops prior to and following treatment using a sterile 2 &times, 2-inch stainless steel template and a gauze swab pre-enriched with buffered peptone water. The chlorinated cleaner significantly (p &lt, 0.05) reduced aerobic bacteria and ST by 3.18 to 4.84 logs across application methods. The peroxyacetic acid (PAA) disinfectant significantly (p &lt, 0.05) reduced aerobic bacteria and ST by 3.99 to 5.17 logs across application methods. These data indicate that a compressed air foam system may be used in combination with a commercially available cleaner or disinfectant to reduce aerobic bacteria and ST on the surfaces of commercial poultry transport coops.

OBJECTIVEElectrocorticography is an indispensable tool in identifying the epileptogenic zone in the presurgical evaluation of many epilepsy patients. Traditional electrocorticographic features (spikes, ictal onset changes, and recently high-frequency oscillations [HFOs]) rely on the presence of transient features that occur within or near epileptogenic cortex. Here the authors report on a novel corticography feature of epileptogenic cortex—covariation of high-gamma and beta frequency band power profiles. Band-limited power was measured from each recording site based on native physiological signal differences without relying on clinical ictal or interictal epileptogenic features. In this preliminary analysis, frequency windowed power correlation appears to be a specific marker of the epileptogenic zone. The authors’ overall aim was to validate this observation with the location of the eventual resection and outcome.METHODSThe authors conducted a retrospective analysis of 13 adult patients who had undergone electrocorticography for surgical planning at their center. They quantified the correlation of high-gamma (70–200 Hz) and beta (12–18 Hz) band frequency power per electrode site during a cognitive task. They used a sliding window method to correlate the power of smoothed, Hilbert-transformed high-gamma and beta bands. They then compared positive and negative correlations between power in the high-gamma and beta bands in the setting of a hand versus a tongue motor task as well as within the resting state. Significant positive correlations were compared to surgically resected areas and outcomes based on reviewed records.RESULTSPositive high-gamma and beta correlations appeared to predict the area of eventual resection and, preliminarily, surgical outcome independent of spike detection. In general, patients with the best outcomes had well-localized positive correlations (high-gamma and beta activities) to areas of eventual resection, while those with poorer outcomes displayed more diffuse patterns.CONCLUSIONSData in this study suggest that positive high-gamma and beta correlations independent of any behavioral metric may have clinical applicability in surgical decision-making. Further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical potential of this methodology. Additional work is also needed to relate these results to other methods, such as HFO detection or connectivity with other cortical areas.

Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) could help restore sensation and provide task-relevant feedback in a neuroprosthesis. However, the psychophysics of S1 DCS is poorly studied, including any comparison to cutaneous haptic stimulation. We compare the response times to DCS of human hand somatosensory cortex through electrocorticographic grids with response times to haptic stimuli delivered to the hand in four subjects. We found that subjects respond significantly slower to S1 DCS than to natural, haptic stimuli for a range of DCS train durations. Median response times for haptic stimulation varied from 198 ms to 313 ms, while median responses to reliably perceived DCS ranged from 254 ms for one subject, all the way to 528 ms for another. We discern no significant impact of learning or habituation through the analysis of blocked trials, and find no significant impact of cortical stimulation train duration on response times. Our results provide a realistic set of expectations for latencies with somatosensory DCS feedback for future neuroprosthetic applications and motivate the study of neural mechanisms underlying human perception of somatosensation via DCS.

Poultry transportation coops are rarely washed and have been demonstrated to be a point of cross-contamination of broiler carcasses. Foaming disinfectants and cleaners, commonly used within processing plants, may be used to clean and disinfect poultry transportation coops. In this study, homogenized fecal material was evenly applied to the floors of precleaned broiler transportation coops and allowed to dry. Treatments consisted of a water rinse, a foam additive alone, foaming cleaner, and a disinfectant plus a foam additive. All foaming treatments were applied using a compressed air foam system (2,271 L/min; 600 gal/min), similar to what firefighters would use. A high-pressure water rinse (HPWR) was added prior to or following the treatments to determine whether rinsing prior to product application or rinsing after product application would improve efficacy. Based on our data, a compressed air foam system may be used in combination with a commercially available disinfectant or foam cleaner to reduce aerobic bacteria on the surfaces of commercial broiler transportation coops. Furthermore, the addition of a HPWR did not further reduce the level of aerobic bacteria on broiler transportation coop floors.

Simple Summary Reportable diseases, such as avian influenza, spread rapidly among poultry, resulting in the death of a large number of birds. Once such a disease has been diagnosed at a farm, infected and susceptible birds are rapidly killed to prevent the spread of the disease. The methods to eliminate infected caged laying hens are limited. An experiment was conducted to study the effectiveness of foam made from compressed air, water, and soap to kill laying hens in cages. The study found that stress levels of the hens killed using compressed air foam in cages to be similar to the hens killed by carbon dioxide or the negative control. Hens exposed to carbon dioxide died earlier as compared to the foam methods. The authors conclude that application of compressed air foam in cages is an alternative to methods such as gas inhalation and ventilation shutdown to rapidly and humanely kill laying hens during epidemics. Abstract During the 2014–2015 US highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak, 50.4 million commercial layers and turkeys were affected, resulting in economic losses of $3.3 billion. Rapid depopulation of infected poultry is vital to contain and eradicate reportable diseases like HPAI. The hypothesis of the experiment was that a compressed air foam (CAF) system may be used as an alternative to carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation for depopulating caged layer hens. The objective of this study was to evaluate corticosterone (CORT) and time to cessation of movement (COM) of hens subjected to CAF, CO2 inhalation, and negative control (NEG) treatments. In Experiment 1, two independent trials were conducted using young and spent hens. Experiment 1 consisted of five treatments: NEG, CO2 added to a chamber, a CO2 pre-charged chamber, CAF in cages, and CAF in a chamber. In Experiment 2, only spent hens were randomly assigned to three treatments: CAF in cages, CO2 added to a chamber, and aspirated foam. Serum CORT levels of young hens were not significantly different among the CAF in cages, CAF in a chamber, NEG control, and CO2 inhalation treatments. However, spent hens subjected to the CAF in a chamber had significantly higher CORT levels than birds in the rest of the treatments. Times to COM of spent hens subjected to CAF in cages and aspirated foam were significantly greater than of birds exposed to the CO2 in a chamber treatment. These data suggest that applying CAF in cages is a viable alternative for layer hen depopulation during a reportable disease outbreak.

Identification of intended movement type and movement phase of hand grasp shaping are critical features for the control of volitional neuroprosthetics. We demonstrate that neural dynamics during visually-guided imagined grasp shaping can encode intended movement. We apply Procrustes analysis and LASSO regression to achieve 72% accuracy (chance = 25%) in distinguishing between visually-guided imagined grasp trajectories. Further, we can predict the stage of grasp shaping in the form of elapsed time from start of trial (R2=0.4). Our approach contributes to more accurate single-trial decoding of higher-level movement goals and the phase of grasping movements in individuals not trained with brain-computer interfaces. We also find that the overall time-varying trajectory structure of imagined movements tend to be consistent within individuals, and that transient trajectory deviations within trials return to the task-dependent trajectory mean. These overall findings may contribute to the further understanding of the cortical dynamics of human motor imagery., Comment: 4 pages, 6 figures, accepted to IEEE NER 2017 (8th International IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering)

The objective of the article was to develop an in-class practical activity that will maximally engage professional pharmacy students of different learning styles. Psychological-type theory was used to inform practical activity development. The practical itself was assessed in a post-survey and compared to a pre-activity survey that identified motivating factors and desired characteristics of a practical activity that were stratified by Myers–Briggs Type Inventory ® Sensing or Intuition preference. The practical also underwent faculty peer review by the volunteer faculty graders. Students' clinical knowledge was assessed with scenario-specific rubrics. Surveys reported that this activity was more engaging and a more effective assessment of learning and knowledge than practical activities students had previously encountered. Both students and faculty peers reported enjoyment in this unique approach.

The process of new blood vessel formation is critical in tissue development, remodeling and regeneration. Modular tissue engineering approaches have been developed to enable the bottom-up assembly of more complex tissues, including vascular networks. In this study, collagen-fibrin composite microbeads (100-300 μm in diameter) were fabricated using a water-in-oil emulsion technique. Human endothelial cells and human fibroblasts were embedded directly in the microbead matrix at the time of fabrication. Microbead populations were characterized and cultured for 14 days either as free-floating populations or embedded in a surrounding fibrin gel. The collagen-fibrin matrix efficiently entrapped cells and supported their viability and spreading. By 7 days in culture, endothelial cell networks were evident within microbeads, and these structures became more prominent by day 14. Fibroblasts co-localized with endothelial cells, suggesting a pericyte-like function, and laminin deposition indicated maturation of the vessel networks over time. Microbeads embedded in a fibrin gel immediately after fabrication showed the emergence of cells and the coalescence of vessel structures in the surrounding matrix by day 7. By day 14, inosculation of neighboring cords and prominent vessel structures were observed. Microbeads pre-cultured for 7 days prior to embedding in fibrin gave rise to vessel networks that emanated radially from the microbead by day 7, and developed into connected networks by day 14. Lumen formation in endothelial cell networks was confirmed using confocal sectioning. These data show that collagen-fibrin composite microbeads support vascular network formation. Microbeads embedded directly after fabrication emulated the process of vasculogenesis, while the branching and joining of vessels from pre-cultured microbeads resembled angiogenesis. This modular microtissue system has utility in studying the processes involved in new vessel formation, and may be developed into a therapy for the treatment of ischemic conditions.

Objective To measure differences in student performance on multiple-choice items based on multiple-choice item-writing guideline adherence and non-adherence. Methods All test items and item statistics for four examinations given in a single course were retrospectively analyzed for adherence to multiple-choice item-writing guidelines. Mean item difficulty and point biserial correlations were analyzed and compared between two scales: guideline-adherent and guideline-non-adherent items. Results Overall, 48.1% ( n = 90) of items were classified as adherent and 51.8% ( n = 97) as non-adherent. Of the 31 guidelines, 17 were breached. The majority of guideline deviations involved writing the choices. Mean difficulties between the two scales were 83.7% and 76.3% ( p = 0.01) for adherent and non-adherent, respectively. Mean point biserial correlation were 0.242 (adherent) and 0.255 (non-adherent) ( p = 0.6). Conclusions Breaching multiple-choice writing guidelines may negatively affect student performance with no beneficial effects on item discrimination. Further research into this area is warranted.

We present here a novel, lightweight, web-based application for visualizing patterns of connectivity between 3D stacked data matrices with large numbers of pairwise relations. Visualizing a connectivity matrix, looking for trends and patterns of interest, and subsequently dynamically manipulating these values is a challenge for scientists from diverse fields, including neuroscience and genomics. Neuroscience data sets with high-dimensional connectivity data include those acquired via EEG, electrocorticography, magnetoencephalography, and fMRI. We demonstrate the analysis of connectivity data acquired via human electrocorticography recordings as a domain-specific implementation of our application. Neural connectivity data often exists in a high-dimensional space, with multivariate attributes for each edge between different brain regions, which motivates a lightweight, open-source, easy to use visualization tool to allow for the rapid exploration of these connectivity matrices to highlight connections of interest. Here we present a client-side, mobile-compatible visualization tool written entirely in HTML/CSS/JS that allows for in-browser manipulation of user-defined files for the exploration of brain connectivity. Visualizations can highlight different aspects of the data simultaneously across differing dimensions, allowing for rapid exploration and analysis of the data. Input files are in JSON format, and custom Python scripts have been written to allow for the parsing of MATLAB or Python data files into JSON-loadable format. We envision applications for this interactive tool in fields ranging from neuroscience to genomics to any other field seeking to visualize pairwise connectivity.

We report on two novel methods of creating complex multiphase tissue constructs from discrete extracellular matrix microenvironments using centrifugation and vacuum molding. In general, the broad field of tissue engineering encompasses a variety of methodologies for creating biological tissues for the replacement or repair of injured or diseased tissues. Modular tissue engineering attempts to create tissues by generating larger structures from repeating subunits, or “modules”.[1] These repeating subunits can be designed to have unique microarchitectural features, and allow for the bottom-up creation of macro-scale tissues. One advantage presented by the modular tissue engineering method is the ability to create complex tissues with precisely designed morphologies and spatially controlled patterning. However, a current limitation of this technology is providing cells with appropriate functional extracellular matrices, which are critical for the development and differentiation of cells into desired tissue types. This paper presents facile techniques by which modular microenvironments comprised of collagen-chitosan microbeads 200–300 μm in diameter can be assembled into larger-scale constructs with defined spatial arrangement. Two methods are presented: vacuum molding and centrifugation. The ability to control the environment surrounding cells in this manner allows for patterning of cellular microenvironments for the study of cell interactions, and this method may be extended to generation of complex tissues.

Previous research conducted in our laboratory found a significant prevalence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Salmonella and MDR Escherichia coli (MDR EC) in dairy calves and suggests that the MDR EC population may be an important reservoir for resistance elements that could potentially transfer to Salmonella. Therefore, the objective of the current research was to determine if resistance transfers from MDR EC to susceptible strains of inoculated Salmonella. The experiment utilized Holstein calves (approximately 3 weeks old) naturally colonized with MDR EC and fecal culture negative for Salmonella. Fecal samples were collected for culture of Salmonella and MDR EC throughout the experiment following experimental inoculation with the susceptible Salmonella strains. Results initially suggested that resistance did transfer from the MDR E. coli to the inoculated strains of Salmonella, with these stains demonstrating resistance to multiple antibiotics following in vivo exposure to MDR EC. However, serogrouping and serotyping results from a portion of the Salmonella isolates recovered from the calves post-challenge, identified two new strains of Salmonella; therefore transfer of resistance was not demonstrated under these experimental conditions.

SUMMARY Two consecutive experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary composition, with respect to protein concentration and amino acid profile in the starter diet, on performance parameters after coccidiosis vaccination in 2 genetic lines of replacement broiler breeders (Line A and Line B) through 6 wk of age. Dietary formulation was based on either primary breeder-specific recommendations or formulations of a broiler integrator participating in the study. All replacement breeders were weighed weekly to determine average BW and pen uniformity. On d 28, males of each genetic line were added to female pens to evaluate the effect of commingling on male performance. During experiment 1, differences in BW were not observed in males or females of Line A; however, flock uniformity was improved (P ≤ 0.05) in Line A males fed the integrator diet. Increased BW and improved uniformity of Line B females was observed with the breeder-recommended diet. Commingling negatively affected (P ≤ 0.05) male BW in both genetic lines. In experiment 2, diet affected average BW in Line A males, Line B males, and Line B females; however, no effect on final flock uniformity was observed. Line A males fed the breeder-recommended diet had increased (P ≤ 0.05) BW at termination of the experiment. Line B males and females fed the breeder-recommended diet had increased (P ≤ 0.05) BW throughout the experiment. Similar to experiment 1, negative effects (P ≤ 0.05) on male BW resulting from commingling were observed. These data indicate that commingling negatively affects male BW and that flock performance can be influenced by dietary composition depending on genetic line and sex in replacement broiler breeders vaccinated with a live oocyst coccidiosis vaccine.

A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of starter diet protein levels on the performance of broilers vaccinated with a commercially available live oocyst coccidiosis vaccine before subsequent challenge with a mixed-species Eimeria challenge. Data indicated that an increasing protein concentration in the starter diet improved broiler performance during coccidiosis vaccination. Prechallenge performance data indicated that vaccination could decrease BW and increase feed conversion ratio. The time period most important for the observed effects appeared to be between 13 and 17 d of age. This reduction in performance parameters of vaccinated broilers compared with nonvaccinated broilers was eliminated by the conclusion of the experiments (27 d) in the diet groups with higher protein. Vaccination was effective at generating protective immunity against Eimeria challenge, as evidenced by increased (P < 0.05) BW gain, improved feed conversion, reduced postchallenge mortality, and reduced lesion development in vaccinated broilers compared with nonvaccinated broilers. These observations support numerous other reports that confirm live oocyst vaccination can be used effectively as a preventive against avian coccidiosis in commercially reared broilers. More important, these findings suggest that reduced protein concentration of starter diets can lead to significant losses in broiler performance when using a vaccination program to prevent coccidiosis.

Most current research on Campylobacter has focused on preharvest or processing plant cross- contamination. Little is known about the effect of stor- age environment on the survival of Campylobacter on raw poultry. We evaluated the effects of modified stor- age atmosphere and freezing on the survival of natu- rally occurring Campylobacter on raw poultry. Broiler carcasses (n = 560) were collected as they exited the chiller in 2 commercial processing plants and were sam- pled for the detection of Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, psychrophiles, and total aerobes at 0 and 14 d of refrigerated (2°C) storage. Gases evaluated were air, 100% O2, 100% CO2, and a standard poultry modi- fied atmosphere packaging mixture (5% O2 + 10% CO2 + 85% N). Freezing was included as a control group. All carcasses were sampled by the whole-carcass rinse method. The rinse fluid was recovered and pooled from 5 individual rinses, and serial dilutions were made for examination of Campylobacter (42°C, 48 h), E. coli (37°C, 24 h), psychrophiles (plate count agar, 4°C, 7 d), and total aerobic bacterial populations (plate count agar, 37°C, 24 h). Campylobacter counts for all treat- ments were reduced during the 14-d storage period but the 100% O2 treatment caused a significantly (P < 0.05) greater reduction than the other gas treat- ments. For the psychrophiles, storage in air resulted in the greatest growth after 14 d, with reduced psy- chrophilic growth allowed by either O or the modified atmosphere packaging mixture (not different from each other). Of the treatments evaluated, CO2 allowed the least growth of psychrophiles. Proliferation of E. coli and aerobes was the greatest when packaged in air af- ter 14 d, whereas CO2 packaging resulted in the least growth. These data suggest that storage under O2 may reduce Campylobacter recovery and slow psychrophile and aerobe recovery following storage.

Salmonella enterica isolates from turkeys in two commercial processing plants (1 and 2) were characterized for susceptibility to antibiotics, disinfectants, and the organoarsenical growth promoter, 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylarsonic acid (3-NHPAA, roxarsone), and it's metabolites, NaAsO(2) (As(III)) and Na(2)HAsO(4) • 7H(2)O (As(V)). The 130 Salmonella serovars tested demonstrated a low incidence of resistance to the antibiotics gentamicin (GEN), kanamycin (KAN), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), streptomycin (STR), and tetracycline (TET). Isolates resistant to antibiotics were most often multidrug resistant. Serovars Hadar and Typhimurium were resistant to KAN, STR, and TET and GEN, SMX, and STR, respectively. All isolated Salmonella serovars were resistant to the disinfectant chlorhexidine with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs; 1-8 μg/mL), and they were susceptible to triclosan and benzalkonium chloride. The didecyldimethylammonium chloride component was the most active ammonium chloride tested. No cross-resistance was observed between antibiotics and disinfectants. The MICs for 3-NHPAA (4096 μg/mL) were consistent between processing Plant 1 and Plant 2, but MICs for the 3-NHPAA metabolites (As(III) and As(V)) were higher in Plant 1 than in Plant 2. In Plant 1, 76% of the isolates had MICs256 μg/mL for As(III) and 92% of the isolates had MICs1024 μg/mL for As(V). In Plant 2, all of the isolates had MICs ≤256 μg/mL for As(III) and 90% of the isolates had MICs ≤1024 μg/mL for As(V). Only 4 Salmonella serovars were isolated from Plant 1, but 10 serovars were isolated from Plant 2. S. enterica serovar Derby from Plant 1 was highly resistant to As(III) and As(V) with MICs1024 and8192 μg/mL, respectively, suggesting previous exposure to high arsenic metabolite concentrations. These levels may have been high enough to kill other Salmonella serovars, thus possibly explaining the lack of serovar diversity observed in Plant 1. The application of a growth promoter may affect the serovar diversity in treated birds.

Salmonella isolates were collected from 2 commercial turkey processing plants (A and B) located in different US geographical locations. Isolates recovered at different stages of processing were subjected to 2 genotype techniques [PAGE and denatured gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)] to determine their usefulness for Salmonella serotyping. Primers used for PCR amplification were to a highly conserved spacer region located between the 16S and 23S rDNA genes. Sampling sites at plant A were 1) postscald, 2) pre-inside-outside bird wash, 3) post-IOBW, and 4) postchill with 30, 44, 36, and 12 Salmonella isolates recovered, respectively. Plant B had an additional site and these locations were 1) prescald, 2) postscald, 3) pre-inside-outside bird wash, 4) post-IOBW, and 5) postchill with 16, 54, 24, 35, and 24 Salmonella isolates recovered, respectively. In plant A, 4 different Salmonella serotypes were identified: Derby, Hadar, Montevideo, and Senftenberg. In plant B, 10 serotypes were identified: Agona, Anatum, Brandenburg, Derby, Hadar, Meleagridis, Montevideo, Reading, Senftenberg, and Typhimurium. Salmonella Derby was predominant in plant A (83%), whereas Salmonella Typhimurium was the most common serotype recovered in plant B (39%). Genotype analyses of the Salmonella serotypes were expressed in dendrograms with comparisons interpreted as percentage similarity coefficients. Both PAGE and DGGE were able to distinguish serotype band patterns. However, DGGE was more discriminating than PAGE. Isolates of the same serotypes were grouped together on the dendrogram of band patterns generated by DGGE. In contrast, PAGE failed to group all like serotypes together on the corresponding dendrogram. The results of the study suggest that genotyping techniques can be very useful in discriminating Salmonella serotypes collected from the processing plant environment of commercial poultry production. These molecular techniques may offer more cost-effective means to identify Salmonella serotypes from large numbers of isolates and with more immediate results than those currently achieved with conventional typing techniques.

The current study was conducted to determine the usefulness of 2 molecular techniques, automated repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR (REP- PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), to identify Salmonella serotypes of poultry origin. Salmonella continues to be a foodborne pathogen of principal concern in the United States. The interspersed conserved repetitive sequence of the bacterial genome and the 16-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region were amplified for REP-PCR and DGGE, respectively. Fifty-four Salmonella isolates from 2 turkey processing plants (A and B) were used for this comparison. Serotypes consisted of Brandenburg, Derby, Hadar, and Typhimurium, with n = 6, 21, 12, and 15, respectively. The REP-PCR was fully automated, whereas DGGE was run on an acrylamide gel and the image was captured digitally. Both dendrograms were created using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average. There were more variations in percentage similarity in DGGE when compared with REP-PCR. The banding patterns were more distinct and uniform in the REP-PCR group than with DGGE. The results from the REP-PCR were generated within 1 h, whereas the DGGE required approximately 1 d to run. These data suggest that DGGE and REP-PCR are useful tools for identifying Salmonella serotypes isolated from poultry production or processing environments. In addition, REP-PCR is more rapid, may have a higher discriminatory power, but may be less cost-effective than DGGE. However, more research may be needed to validate this argument. Both DGGE and REP-PCR displayed high sensitivity in discriminating among Salmonella serotypes and either method could be considered as an alternative to more expensive and time-consuming conventional antibody-based serotyping methodologies.

SUMMARY Two separate performance trials were conducted to determine the effects of postpelleting feed or drinking water application of a Lactobacillus-based probiotic, alone or in combination with a phytogenic product, on growth parameters of broilers fed medicated or nonmedicated diets. Trial 1 consisted of 1,000 straight-run broilers that were randomized, placed in floor rearing pens, and fed medicated diets. At the conclusion of the experiment, BW of broilers receiving the probiotic were not different (P > 0.05) when compared with control broilers. In trial 2, stocking densities were increased to simulate local industry rearing practices, resulting in a total placement of 1,880 chicks in the same rearing facility. Broilers in trial 2 were fed nonmedicated diets. Broilers administered the probiotic by intermittent drinking water application had increased (P < 0.05) BW and improved FCR (P < 0.05) through d 40 compared with control birds. Similarly, broilers receiving the phytogenic product had reduced (P < 0.05) FCR at d 40 compared with control broilers. We conclude that probiotic administration, alone or in combination with a phytogenic product, has the potential to influence broiler performance during commercial grow-out.

SUMMARY Live oocyst vaccination as a method for coccidiosis control in broiler production is currently receiving heightened interest from producers and integrators, who have historically relied heavily on anticoccidial use to control infection. Reasons for this elevated level of interest include increased emergence of drug-resistant field strains of Eimeria, bans in the European Union on the use of continuously fed antimicrobials, and consumer pressure within the United States to remove antimicrobial feed additives from poultry diets. This pen study was designed to compare the live oocyst coccidiosis vaccine Coccivac-B with the ionophore salinomycin (BioCox) for controlling field-strain Eimeria in broilers reared on 2 different dietary rations varying mostly in protein concentration. Broilers were reared to 50 d on a 4-phase feeding program. Both experimental diets evaluated in this study were formulated to simulate the diets of a local commercial integrator by season. The dietary protein profile for diet A was 21.5% (starter), 20% (grower), 16.5% (finisher), and 15.75% (withdrawal), whereas diet B had a profile of 22% (starter), 19.6% (grower), 17.8% (finisher), and 17.5% (withdrawal). On d 14 of grow out, fieldstrain Eimeria oocysts collected from commercial broiler farms in Texas were spray-applied to the litter in all pens. Significant differences in final BW were not observed with regard to diet or anticoccidial control method. Broilers fed diet B had improved (P 0.05) for all groups. These results suggest that feeding an appropriately formulated diet while vaccinating broilers as an alternative to the use of an ionophore can result in at least equivalent performance in the presence of a field-strain Eimeria challenge during grow out.

SUMMARY Three replicate trials were conducted to evaluate the ability of fructooligosaccharide (FOS), in combination with a defined competitive exclusion (dCE) culture, to reduce cecal colonization of Salmonella Typhimurium in 1-d-old naive broiler chicks. Fructooligosaccharide is an oligosaccharide that cannot be directly utilized by avian or mammalian species, but that can be fermented and utilized for growth by many bacterial species. For each trial, 4 groups were established, with each group receiving a different treatment (FOS only, FOS + dCE, dCE only, and nontreatment controls). Forty-eight hours after the administration of each group-specific treatment, ceca were harvested from 5 chicks in each group to evaluate the establishment of the competitive exclusion culture through cecal propionate levels. The remaining chicks were challenged with 10 4 cfu of Salmonella Typhimurium by oral gavage. Body weight gain and feed intake were monitored throughout the trials. Seven days after Salmonella challenge, the ceca and crops were aseptically collected from all chicks. Both direct plating for enumeration and enrichment were performed to assess the level of Salmonella colonization in these chicks. Chicks in the dCE-only and dCE + FOS groups had consistently higher cecal propionate levels than the chicks in the FOS-only and nontreatment control groups. Body weight gain and feed conversion were not consistently different among the 4 treatment groups. However, enriched and direct-plated levels of Salmonella were consistently lower in both the crops and ceca of chicks in the dCE-only and dCE + FOS groups when compared with the FOS-only and nontreatment control groups. No significant differences were consistently observed between the dCE-only and dCE + FOS groups in any measured category.

Feeding the seaweed Ascophylum nodosum (ANOD) has been previously shown to mediate the body temperature of lambs during transport in hot weather while also negatively impacting antibody production. The aim of this study was to determine if fucoidan, salt (NaCl plus potassium gluconate) or betaine, were the causative agents for the effects seen in previous studies. Each compound was fed at a rate to approximate the intake when consuming 30 g of ANOD per day. Two additional groups were fed either 30 g of ANOD per day or capsules filled with grain (i.e., controls). Fifty-five lambs (19 ewes and 34 wethers) averaging 25 ± 7 kg were used. Each lamb swallowed three gelatin capsules twice daily filled with the appropriate amount of treatment compound for 14 days. Prior to supplementation, all lambs had similar plasma cortisol and aldosterone concentrations. ANOD-supplemented lambs had suppressed (P

A single-chain antibody library against Eimeria tenella sporozoites was constructed by phage display. Antibody-displaying phage was selected in five panning rounds against cryopreserved E. tenella sporozoites. A 1000-fold increase in phage output and a 3000-fold enrichment were obtained after three rounds of panning, as the binding clones became the dominant population in the library. Ten clones were randomly selected from the last selection round, and their nucleotide sequences were aligned and compared to chicken germ-line sequences. Analysis of the light chain variable regions revealed possible donor pseudogenes which act as donors in gene conversion events, and contribute to the diversification of the V(L) immune repertoire. Possible somatic hypermutation events, a consequence of affinity maturation, were also identified. Soluble antibody was produced in a non-suppressor E. coli strain, purified by nickel affinity chromatography, and characterized by immunoblotting. In an immunofluorescence assay, this recombinant antibody showed specific binding to E. tenella sporozoites.

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of individual or simultaneous application of 2 products, a competitive exclusion culture (CEC) or Megan Vac 1 (MV), for bioefficacy in reducing Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) cecal colonization in broiler chicks following experimental challenge. In experiment 1, CEC and MV were applied to day-of-hatch broiler chicks, and chicks were experimentally challenged with ST approximately 48 h later. In control chicks, ST was recovered at a level of 3.84 log10 cfu/g following direct plating of cecal contents, and 12 of 19 (63.15%) cultured individual ceca were positive following selective enrichment. In chicks receiving CEC by spray application on day of hatch, a numerical reduction in ST recovered from cecal contents (2.63 log10 cfu/g) and a significant reduction (P

To improve examination item quality by educating and involving course instructors in evidence-based item review and encouraging use of this process in future courses.A peer-review process was implemented in a 2-course sequence (intervention) that involved training and review sessions before each examination and was compared to the previous year's courses (control). Instructors completed a presurvey and postsurvey on training, experience, self-confidence, and self-rated success in multiple-choice item writing. Statistics were calculated for all items in the control and intervention sequences and compared using independent t tests. Items also were classified into levels based on difficulty and discrimination, and distribution into these levels was compared between sequences with independent t tests.No significant difference was found between control and intervention sequence items with regard to mean difficulty (86.3% and 84.4%) or discrimination (0.23- and 0.25), respectively, although item classification distribution did appear to change between the control and intervention sequences' subjective feelings of confidence, and success in item writing increased between presurvey and postsurvey. Confidence in ability to peer-review test items and to implement a formal item evaluation process also increased.Item statistics did not change significantly, but reviewed and edited items distributed more favorably into item statistic-based categories. This method of review positively affected instructors' perceptions of their item-writing confidence and success and improved self-rated opinions of their ability to edit items and train others to do so.

In three experiments the effects of prophylactic or therapeutic dietary inclusion of capsaicin, the pungent component of peppers, were evaluated as a nonantibiotic alternative for reduction of Salmonella in broiler chickens through culture and morphologic assessment of cecal tissue. Expt. 1 evaluated the effects of 0 or 10 ppm purified capsaicin (CAP) in the starter phase (days 1-16) on chicks challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) on day of age. Therapeutic inclusion of 10 ppm purified CAP increased (P < 0.05) liver/spleen (L/S) and ceca positive results for SE. In Expt. 2, capsaicin oleoresin (CO) was included in the finisher diet (days 30-37) at 0, 5, or 20 ppm with SE challenge on day 31. Inclusion of 5 ppm CO increased ceca positive results for SE, and a linear decrease in cecal lamina propria thickness of SE-challenged birds was observed with increased CO concentration in the diet. Expt. 3 evaluated prophylactic CO treatment at 0, 5, or 20 ppm in starter, grower, and finisher diets for resistance to SE or Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) challenge on day 14 or 29. With challenge on day 14, 5 and 20 ppm prophylactic CO feeding reduced ceca SE positive results by 37% and 26%, respectively, and ST culture rate was reduced similarly with 5 ppm CO. Lamina propria thickness of the ceca increased with 5 ppm CO feeding in SE-challenged birds, whereas a decrease was observed in nonchallenged birds fed 5 ppm CO. Challenge on day 29 of birds fed 20 ppm CO resulted in reduced L/S positive results for SE. Lamina propria thickness decreased with 5 ppm CO and SE or ST challenge compared with nonchallenged birds fed 5 ppm. An increase was observed in ST- or SE-challenged birds fed 20 ppm CO compared with nonchallenged birds fed 20 ppm CO. No differences were observed in mast cell number in either Expt. 2 or 3. These data provide evidence that prophylactic or therapeutic dietary capsaisin differentially affects broiler susceptibility to Salmonella.