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Abstract Objective Despite Canada being an important energy producer, not all Canadians can access or afford adequate levels of energy services at home to meet their needs, maintain healthy indoor temperatures, and live a decent life—a situation known as energy poverty. Depending on the measure, 6–19% of Canadian households face energy poverty. Health risks associated with energy poverty are documented in countries with milder climates. This study explores, for the first time in the Canadian context, the association between energy poverty and health. Methods Cross-sectional data are from the 2018 Canadian Housing Survey. Analyses are conducted on a sample weighted to represent 14 million Canadian households. The associations between expenditure-based and self-reported measures of energy poverty and self-rated general and mental health were assessed using logistic regression models, adjusted for potential confounding variables. Results The odds of rating one’s general (OR: 1.48; 95%CI: 1.29, 1.70) and mental (OR: 1.21; 1.04, 1.41) health as poor are significantly higher for Canadian adults in households with a high share of energy expenditure to income. The likelihood of poor general and mental health was significantly higher for those dissatisfied with the energy efficiency of their dwelling, and with their ability to maintain a comfortable temperature both in the winter and in the summer. Conclusion Exposure to energy poverty is associated with significantly increased likelihood of poor general and mental health. Given the high proportion of Canadian households facing energy poverty, with demonstrated implications for population health, tackling energy poverty is essential for an equitable energy transition and for climate resilience.

Coastal hazards such as erosion, flooding and pollution are major problems globally, exacerbated by increasing frequency and severity of hydro-meteorological extremes amidst inadequate technology and adaptive capacity. The Ghanaian coast is an example of a region impacted by such problems. Factors hampering the management and improvement of these issues include the lack of data, insufficient communication structures between stakeholders and missing pathways to informed decisions with sustained impact.In this context, the MANCOGA project stands out by employing a co-design approach to develop a robust and participatory Nature-based Solution (NbS) to coastal hazards. The co-design pilot phase has drawn the focus onto steps for restoring wetlands, mangroves in particular, to provide sustainable livelihoods by protecting and reinvigorating coastal systems and environmental health.In the implementation phase, MANCOGA will evaluate mangrove ecosystem services for their potential as NbS to a number of pressing local issues. A Digital Twin will use What-If scenarios to predict the role of mangroves as NbS for flood mitigation and erosion prevention. Being a dominant Blue Carbon ecosystem, mangroves will also contribute to climate change adaptation strategies as well as provide socio-economic value (e.g., through carbon credits). The wider effects on water quality, through the reduction of eutrophication, is critical for local economics, including fisheries. We employ aerial photography and remote sensing to identify possible nature-based solution areas.The comprehensive community involvement of stakeholders from all societal and administrative levels facilitates frameworks to understand and evaluate effectiveness of NbS applications. The relationships and collaborative approach developed during the co-design phase will guarantee continued involvement of stakeholders. MANCOGA will provide a digital toolbox of intuitive, interactive tools to analyze and disseminate archived and new observational data, which will enable ecosystem service quantification before and after the application of NbS, and lead to knowledge-based decision-making.We envision MANCOGA as the start of sustained collaboration, knowledge transfer and capacity building. Therefore, we warmly invite researchers and stakeholders, from Africa and elsewhere, to connect to MANCOGA and share experiences and efforts.

In 2018, Europe experienced an unprecedented heatwave and drought, especially in central and northern Europe, which caused decreased terrestrial production and ecosystem health. The effects on the marine environment are yet unclear. Here we investigate the biogeochemical response to the event in the German Bight of the North Sea. Using time series data from FerryBoxes, research cruises, monitoring programs and remote sensing we compare conditions in 2018 to climatological values. We hypothesize that (1) the heatwave caused unusual warming of surface waters, (2) the drought reduced river discharge and nutrient loads to the coast, and (3) the combined effects altered coastal biogeochemistry and productivity. During 2018, both water discharge and nutrient loads from rivers discharging into the German Bight were extremely low from March onward. Throughout the study domain, water temperature was unusually low in March 2018, but extremely high in May 2018, representing the fastest spring warming on record. This extreme warming period saw concurrent unusually high peaks in chlorophyll a, dissolved oxygen and pH values, consistent with the development of a strong spring bloom. It appears that productivity was unusually strong in near-shore regions, while offshore it was unusually low in 2018. The drought related low discharge limited nutrient supply from the rivers, but likely enhanced near-shore water residence time, where a burst of effective nutrient utilization during the spring depleted nutrients available for transport off shore. There, the heatwave related rapid surface water warming resulted in the establishment of a stable thermal water column stratification, hindering vertical nutrient supply to the surface layer during the summer.

Background Assess the safety and effectiveness of indirect radiofrequency ablation (RFA, Closure FAST) for the treatment of incompetent great saphenous veins (GSVs) with type 1 aneurysms. Methods This was a retrospective analysis performed in three centers (2007–2021). All patients presenting with saphenous aneurysms close to the junction (within 2 cm) were included. They were treated with RFA. Phlebectomies and/or sclerotherapy were performed during the same treatment session. Duplex ultrasound (DUS) was performed early after the procedure and then, more than a year later. Results Eight patients (11 limbs) were included between June 2007 and May 2021 with a median diameter of the GSV aneurysm 21 mm (IQR 17.2–23.4). No severe adverse events occurred apart from one endovenous heat-induced thrombosis (EHIT) class III (9.1%). After more than a year (mean 7.2 ± 4.2, median 8 years), none of the aneurysms was present on DUS and the truncal obliteration rate was 100%. Conclusion RFA appears to be a safe and effective treatment for patients presenting with incompetent saphenous veins with the type 1 aneurysm.

As global temperatures continue to rise, extreme heat events are becoming more frequent and intense. Extreme heat affects cardiovascular health as it is associated with a greater risk of adverse cardiovascular events, especially for adults with preexisting cardiovascular diseases. Nonetheless, the pathophysiology underlying the association between extreme heat and cardiovascular risk remains understudied. Furthermore, specific recommendations to mitigate the effects of extreme heat on cardiovascular health remain limited to guide clinical practice within the context of a warming climate. The overall objective of this review article is to raise awareness that extreme heat poses a risk for cardiovascular health. Specifically, the review discusses why cardiovascular healthcare professionals should care about extreme heat, how extreme heat affects cardiovascular health, and recommendations to minimise the cardiovascular consequences of extreme heat. Future research directions are also provided to further our understating of the cardiovascular health consequences of extreme heat. A better awareness and understanding of the cardiovascular consequences of extreme heat will help cardiovascular health professionals assess the risk and optimise the care of their patients exposed to an increasingly warm climate.

Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) pathways and supply chain designs are researched broadly and implemented for scenarios as of the IEA's (2021) Net Zero by 2050 report. The Committee on Climate Change (2018a, 2018b) has identified Miscanthus as one biomass type to achieve its negative emission goals and aligned one third of 1.2 million hectares under high level and one third of 0.7 million hectares under medium level of ambition (multi-functional land use) for the cultivation of Miscanthus for BECCS in the UK. In this study the input of 39 t/hr of Miscanthus x giganteus biomass as well as Energy technologies institutes (2015) information on projected distributed BECCS installations in the UK for BECCS were considered to bring up different gasifying agent options for H2 generation through Miscanthus Gasification with pre combustion carbon capture and one configuration for oxy-combustion with post combustion carbon capture for highly efficient power generation. Process simulations with Aspen software were conducted to determine power yields and carbon capture rates of optimized bioenergy with carbon capture value chains, sensitivity analysis were executed in order to optimize the configurations. The aim of the study was to observe how highest achievable power generation efficiencies of H2 generation through gasification of Miscanthus x giganetus compare with oxy-combustion power generation efficiency and how the different pathways influence the carbon capture efficiency. The aim was to inform BECCS implementation decisions with optimum possible H2 and power generation yields as well as their respective carbon capture potential. It was found that under oxygen, air and steam as gasifying agents steam is most effective for H2 generation with 3.1 t/hr of H2 produced under a input of 39 t/hr of Miscanthus input, which generates 35,6 MW of power in a simulated H2 turbine. Under simulation assumptions it captures thereby 55,2 t/hr of CO2 with a carbon capture rate of 99%. Oxy-combustion is more efficient than the gasification pathways in regard of power generation, which is 100,4 MW with CO2 capture of 36,6 t/hr with an carbon capture efficiency of 73,8 %. Concluding oxy-combustion is preferred, if highly efficient power generation is wanted and lower carbon capture rate is accepted thereby. When H2 generation is preferred, steam gasification should be chosen as highest efficient gasification pathway. The exact numbers of power generation as well as carbon capture can be used now to estimate UKs overall power generation as well as carbon capture potential of Miscanthus x giganteus cultivation under different land use scenarios considering land use change effects and biodiversity.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to lockdown measures where congregational faith-based activities were prohibited. With time, the collateral impacts of confinement emerged as priorities, and impositions had to be balanced with the collaboration of the population. In this process, faith-based organizations played a key role in encouraging their congregations to adhere to lockdown measures while fostering their mental wellbeing and resilience. This paper describes the process of establishing a collaborative negotiation among the Montreal Regional Public Health Unit, the police, and the Muslim and Jewish communities, examining the role of mediation in this context. Despite some obstacles, such as communication difficulties and decision-making limitations, the collaborative approach seems to buffer the escalation of intercommunity tension and to promote communities’ commitment to physical distancing measures and should be considered in times of pandemic for a more inclusive public health approach.

This essay is part of a special issue entitled “Looking Backward, Looking Forward: HSNS at 50,” edited by Erika Lorraine Milam.

Spontaneous appearance of hyperpigmented macules on chronic vitiligo lesions is a very rare phenomenon, which is described as eruptive lentiginosis. We describe the case of a patient with chronic non-segmental generalized vitiligo who presented with a sudden onset of hyperpigmented macules on depigmented areas of the face. A biopsy showed pigmented basal keratinocytes in the interfollicular epidermis, and immunohisochemistry with anti-SOX10 antibodies showed nuclei of single melanocytes. This case shows that even long-standing depigmented vitiligo lesions may contain functional melanocytes or their precursors.

Ultrathin membranes with subnanometer pores enabling molecular size-selective separation were generated on surfaces via electron-induced cross-linking of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The evolution of p-terphenylthiol (TPT) SAMs on Au(111) surfaces into cross-linked monolayers was observed with a scanning tunneling microscope. As the irradiation dose was increased, the cross-linked regions continued to grow and a large number of subnanometer voids appeared. Their equivalent diameter is 0.5 ± 0.2 nm and the areal density is ≈1.7 × 1017 m−2. Supported by classical molecular dynamics simulations, we propose that these voids may correspond to free volumes inside a cross-linked monolayer.

Attributing individual deaths to extreme heat events (EHE) in Canada and elsewhere is important for understanding the risk factors, protective interventions, and burden of mortality associated with climate change. However, there is currently no single mechanism for identifying individual deaths due to EHE and different agencies have taken different approaches, including (1) vital statistics coding based on medical certificates of death, (2) probabilistic methods, and (3) enhanced surveillance. The 2018 EHE in Montréal provides an excellent case study to compare EHE deaths identified by these different approaches. There were 353 deaths recorded in the vital statistics data over an 8-day period, of which 102 were potentially attributed to the EHE by at least one approach and 251 were not attributed by any approach. Only nine of the 102 deaths were attributed to the EHE by all three approaches, 23 were attributed by two approaches, and 70 were attributed by only one approach. Given that there were approximately 50 excess deaths during the EHE, it remains unclear exactly which of the total 353 deaths should be attributed to the extreme temperatures. These results highlight the need for a more systematic and cooperative approach to EHE mortality in Canada, which will continue to increase as the climate changes.RéSUMé: L’attribution des décès individuels aux épisodes de chaleur accablante (ECA) au Canada et ailleurs est importante pour comprendre les facteurs de risque, les interventions de protection et le fardeau de la mortalité associés aux changements climatiques. Cependant, il n’existe actuellement aucun mécanisme unique pour identifier les décès individuels dus à l’ECA et différentes agences ont adopté différentes approches, notamment (1) le codage des statistiques de l’état civil basé sur les certificats médicaux de décès, (2) des méthodes probabilistes et (3) une surveillance renforcée. L’ECA 2018 à Montréal fournit une excellente étude de cas pour comparer les décès ECA identifiés par ces différentes approches. Il y a eu 353 décès enregistrés dans les données des statistiques de l’état civil sur une période de 8 jours, dont 102 ont été potentiellement attribués à l’ECA par au moins une approche et 251 n’ont été attribués par aucune approche. Seuls neuf des 102 décès ont été attribués à l’ECA par les trois approches, 23 ont été attribués par deux approches et 70 ont été attribués par une seule approche. Étant donné qu’il y a eu environ 50 décès supplémentaires pendant l’ECA, on ne sait pas exactement lequel des 353 décès au total doit être attribué aux températures extrêmes. Ces résultats soulignent la nécessité d’une approche plus systématique et coopérative de la mortalité ECA au Canada, qui continuera d’augmenter à mesure que le climat change.

Field effect transistors (FETs) based on 2D materials are of great interest for applications in ultrathin electronic and sensing devices. Here we demonstrate the possibility to add optical switchability to graphene FETs (GFET) by functionalizing the graphene channel with optically switchable azobenzene molecules. The azobenzene molecules were incorporated to the GFET channel by building a van der Waals heterostructure with a carbon nanomembrane (CNM), which is used as a molecular interposer to attach the azobenzene molecules. Under exposure with 365 nm and 455 nm light, azobenzene molecules transition between cis and trans molecular conformations, respectively, resulting in a switching of the molecular dipole moment. Thus, the effective electric field acting on the GFET channel is tuned by optical stimulation and the carrier density is modulated., Optically switchable graphene FET: Via van der Waals assembly of an approximately 1 nm thick azobenzene functionalized molecular nanosheets with single layer graphene, optically responsive field‐effect transistors are demonstrated. The electrical carrier density of these devices can be modulated using optical stimuli, 365 nm and 455 nm light.

David Kaiser traces the roots of government support for science, in the first of a series of essays on how the past 150 years have shaped the research system, marking Nature’s 150th anniversary. David Kaiser traces the roots of government support for science, in the first of a series of essays on how the past 150 years have shaped the research system, marking Nature’s 150th anniversary.

Massive scalar fields provide excellent dark matter candidates, whose dynamics are often explored analytically and numerically using nonrelativistic Schr\"{o}dinger-Poisson (SP) equations in a cosmological context. In this paper, starting from the nonlinear and fully relativistic Klein-Gordon-Einstein (KGE) equations in an expanding universe, we provide a systematic framework for deriving the SP equations, as well as relativistic corrections to them, by integrating out `fast modes' and including nonlinear metric and matter contributions. We provide explicit equations for the leading-order relativistic corrections, which provide insight into deviations from the SP equations as the system approaches the relativistic regime. Upon including the leading-order corrections, our equations are applicable beyond the domain of validity of the SP system, and are simpler to use than the full KGE case in some contexts. As a concrete application, we calculate the mass-radius relationship of solitons in scalar dark matter and accurately capture the deviations of this relationship from the SP system towards the KGE one., Comment: 20 pages, 5 figures, plus appendices

It is commonly assumed that the energy density of the Universe was dominated by radiation between reheating after inflation and the onset of matter domination 54,000 years later. While the abundance of light elements indicates that the Universe was radiation dominated during Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN), there is scant evidence that the Universe was radiation dominated prior to BBN. It is therefore possible that the cosmological history was more complicated, with deviations from the standard radiation domination during the earliest epochs. Indeed, several interesting proposals regarding various topics such as the generation of dark matter, matter-antimatter asymmetry, gravitational waves, primordial black holes, or microhalos during a nonstandard expansion phase have been recently made. In this paper, we review various possible causes and consequences of deviations from radiation domination in the early Universe - taking place either before or after BBN - and the constraints on them, as they have been discussed in the literature during the recent years., 67 pages, 18 figures. v2: Discussion and references added. Accepted for publication in The Open Journal of Astrophysics

Managing the outbreak of COVID-19 in India constitutes an unprecedented health emergency in one of the largest and most diverse nations in the world. On May 4, 2020, India started the process of releasing its population from a national lockdown during which extreme social distancing was implemented. We describe and simulate an adaptive control approach to exit this situation, while maintaining the epidemic under control. Adaptive control is a flexible counter-cyclical policy approach, whereby different areas release from lockdown in potentially different gradual ways, dependent on the local progression of the dis- ease. Because of these features, adaptive control requires the ability to decrease or increase social distancing in response to observed and projected dynamics of the disease outbreak. We show via simulation of a stochastic Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model and of a synthetic intervention (SI) model that adaptive control performs at least as well as immediate and full release from lockdown starting May 4 and as full release from lockdown after a month (i.e., after May 31). The key insight is that adaptive response provides the option to increase or decrease socioeconomic activity depending on how it affects disease progression and this freedom allows it to do at least as well as most other policy alternatives. We also discuss the central challenge to any nuanced release policy, including adaptive control, specifically learning how specific policies translate into changes in contact rates and thus COVID-19's reproductive rate in real time.

We investigated the concentration distribution and composition of organic pollutants in sediments of the shelf and the deep northern South China Sea (NSCS). Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Σ15PAH; 10.69–66.45 ng g−1), Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (Σ4DDT; 0–0.82 ng g−1), and polychlorinated biphenyls (Σ24PCB; 0–0.12 ng g−1) are below established sediment quality guidelines, suggesting no environmental risk. Surprisingly, concentrations increase from the shelf to the deep NSCS, and are higher in the east of the study area. The organic pollutant composition indicates PAH mainly derived from pyrogenic sources, and mostly degraded DDT and PCB. However, in the deep NSCS, considerable contribution of petrogenic PAH, low chlorinated PCB and p,p′-DDT suggest more recent input from different sources compared to the shelf. From these results we infer that organic pollution in the NSCS does not originate from the Pearl River Estuary but from the NE SCS, SW of Taiwan.

This paper examines how various private patrons intervened to support research in gravitational physics from the late 1940s through the early 1960s. Our analysis centers primarily on two wealthy and eccentric businessmen, Roger Babson and Agnew Bahnson, and their efforts to galvanize the study of gravitation. Not only did these patrons provide generous funding at a time when the subject of gravitation received few other institutional sources of support; they also helped to knit together a research community. Moreover, we trace the evolution of their patronage efforts, as scientists and patrons revised their arrangements to address what came to seem weak or ineffective features of the original efforts. These unusual philanthropic efforts played an outsized role in spurring what has been called the renaissance of general relativity during the middle decades of the twentieth century.

In 1945 leaders of the American Institute of Physics conceived a bold experiment: a magazine that would help unify an increasingly balkanized discipline.

QUANTUM LEGACIES: Dispatches from an Uncertain World by David Kaiser (with a Foreword by Alan Lightman). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2020. 360 pages, 47 halftones. Hardcover; $26.00. ISBN: 9780226698052. *The stories of real humans involved in the discovery of secrets of the quantum realm are highlighted by David Kaiser's book Quantum Legacies: Dispatches from an Uncertain World. Kaiser is both an accomplished theoretical physicist and a historian of science, holding a dual professorship at MIT. The book is a collection of his essays written for a popular audience knit into a theme of how discovery of quantum ideas has taken place in a changing world by intriguing personalities. *Scientific discovery never takes place in a vacuum, but rather is guided and spurred on by the very pressures experienced by its human discoverers, including personal family tragedies such as the suicide of Paul Dirac's brother and societal upheavals such as the Nazi takeover in Germany leading to World War II. Kaiser describes his own journey and how it was affected by the politics and pressures of the Cold War. Indeed, as a particle physicist who also grew up during the Cold War, I could relate to many of the dynamics described by Kaiser. He notes that funding for the Superconducting Super Collider project in the 1990s was canceled partly because the Cold War ended, and the US funding for "world prestige" projects was cut, in favor of more "world collaborative" projects, such as the International Space Station. Given that my own career trajectory was influenced by this decision, reading this book certainly caused some personal reflections. *The book is divided into four sections: Quanta, Calculating, Matter, and Cosmos. The essays in Quanta include the early years of quantum mechanics, highlighting the lives of Paul Dirac, the Briton who discovered the equation describing electrons; Erwin Schrödinger, the Austrian who used a half-dead, half-alive cat in a box to describe the bizarre idea of quantum mechanical superposition; and Bruno Pontecorvo, the Italian who applied Schrödinger's idea to the ghostly neutrino particle to predict its spontaneously changing identity. The interesting personal lives of these men and the historical context in which their scientific pursuits took place provide a dramatic reading. Indeed, the probabilistic aspects of the quantum mechanics they studied reflected the uncertainty of the world they lived in. The final essay in Quanta describes an experiment that Kaiser personally participated in, proving that entangled photons obey the probabilistic predictions of quantum mechanics, and not deterministic laws proposed by Isaac Newton (1600s) through Albert Einstein (twenieth century). Enriching the story, Kaiser connects quasars from the remote edges of our visible universe to the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on the Canary island of La Palma to show that the world of physics involves interesting physical settings. *Calculating is an interesting collection of essays on how national defense priorities from the end of World War II through the Cold War drove university physics enrollments, the development of atomic bombs and computers, and even the personal lives of the contributing physicists. For example, David Bohm, whose textbook Quantum Theory took great pains to explain its conceptual and philosophical foundations, was forced to flee the US to Brazil during the Communist purges. No updated editions of his textbook were published, a rather unusual history for an initially very popular textbook. Nearly all other textbooks on quantum mechanics emphasized its calculational properties, relegating subtle conceptual points to lie outside the domain of physics. Kaiser finds this rather unfortunate, since these very points are where several key questions in quantum theory remain unanswered. And this is what draws students to physics. Kaiser ends this discussion with an essay on Fritjof Capra's The Tao of Physics, a bestselling popular book on physics and Eastern philosophy, showing that the mystical elements of quantum theory are precisely what many people find so fascinating about it. *Matter is a collection of stories on the discovery of elementary particles with a focus on the Higgs particle. The Standard Model of elementary particles grew out of Murray Gell-Mann's idea from symmetry arguments that fundamental particles lie inside the neutrons and protons of the atomic nucleus. He gave them the name quarks. The quark model quickly became very successful at predicting the existence of other quark bound states. However, the theoretical model worked only if the quarks and all other particles in nature were massless. This quandary could be resolved, claimed several physicists including the Scotsman Peter Higgs, if there existed a field permeating all of space which caused particles to become massive. Higgs also predicted that this field would have its own associated particle. Since the Standard Model successfully met every other test, the search for the Higgs particle became the driving force behind new experimental designs, including the Superconducting Super Collider project that was ultimately canceled in 1993. However, the Large Hadron Collider at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research), located in Geneva, would be the project that successfully found the Higgs particle in 2012. Kaiser uses this as a bridge to his final set of essays on the cosmos, since the Higgs field itself leads naturally to an idea that explains the weakness of gravity compared to other fundamental forces, and how one might understand the earliest moments of the cosmos. *Cosmos is an appropriate final set of essays for Kaiser's book, since the quantum ideas prove to have profound implications for the entire history of the universe. This is also the most colorful set of essays from Kaiser, since he includes discussions on the search for extraterrestrial life, gravitation and black holes, the big bang theory, and even creation and evolution. The chapter, "The Other Evolution Wars," is particularly interesting in its descriptions of the interactions between science and religious faith. While Kaiser points out that some cosmologists, beginning with the Belgian priest Georges Lemaître, found a satisfying fit between their growing scientific view of an evolving cosmos and their theology, the situation soon and unfortunately changed to an acrimonious one with the advent of the modern creation science movement. Kaiser discusses the resurgent biblical literalism that denies an older cosmos and the big bang theory, and then briefly mentions "intelligent design." Unfortunately, Kaiser seems to lump the critics together rather haphazardly. Concerning his internet perusal of critiques from creationist web sites, he writes: "I found plenty of sites eager to sell the recent anti-big-bang books, along with DVDs such as The Privileged Planet, proffering ‘evidence' of supernatural intelligent design" (pp. 248-49). *This statement implies that Kaiser assumes that the authors of The Privileged Planet are anti-big-bang adherents, which they are not. The issues of purpose, design, and intentionality are certainly at stake. It is noteworthy to me that the book by Peter Ward and Donald Brownlee (Rare Earth), and that by Guillermo Gonzales & Jay Richards (The Privileged Planet), are very similar in thrust, emphasizing aspects of planet Earth that appear rather unique in the cosmos, but because they diverge on the question of purpose, design, and intentionality, one is considered mainstream science (Rare Earth) and the other, creationist literature (The Privileged Planet). Although I personally do not promote apparent design in nature as an argument for supernatural design, I am saddened by all the harsh critiques, whether it is leveled against those who hold that science is in support of faith or whether it is leveled against good science in order to protect doctrinal positions. There do not need to be combative relationships between scientists and Christians, but scientists such as Kaiser are very much aware that they exist. *Cosmos includes a chapter on the amazing developments in modern cosmology. Since I did a book review of Roger Penrose's Fashion, Faith, and Fantasy in the New Physics of the Universe [PSCF 69, no. 3 (2017): 187-89], I was happy to see a discussion of his Conformal Cyclical Cosmology (CCC). Theoretical physicists respect the contributions of Roger Penrose, given his and Stephen Hawking's contributions to our understanding of space-time from general relativity. But the elegant ideas offered by Penrose in his CCC appear to not withstand the exacting toll of precision data in modern cosmology, and we await further ideas that will. *The book wraps up with some recent noteworthy events: the discovery of gravitational waves in 2015 and the death of Stephen Hawking in 2018. While the former heralded a new age in modern multimessenger astronomy, the latter has brought us to the end of an era in which one of the most brilliant minds took on the challenge of understanding the universe, overcoming incredible odds and challenges. Again, the experience of personal struggles of one person did not prevent great accomplishments in scientific thought, and, in fact, may have contributed to it. Quantum Legacies ends with a positive note. Overall, despite the sometimes-awkward collection of essays, the book is an enriching read. *Reviewed by Steven Ball, Professor of Physics, LeTourneau University, Longview, TX 75607