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Aim(s). This two-wave study examines how transformational and laissez-faire leadership affect role overload and conflict and subsequent outcomes, including anxiety and intention to leave the organization. Background. In today’s healthcare sector, promoting health among employees is more relevant than ever. Health-promoting leadership styles, such as transformational leadership, can positively affect staff well-being, but research on laissez-faire leadership is particularly sparse, though it is believed to be detrimental. Past research suggests that leadership conditions work experiences and can exacerbate or mitigate role stressors that result in individual outcomes. Method(s). Questionnaires were administered to nurses in the USA (n = 208) and Spain (n = 220), with a five- and eight-week separation, respectively. Results. Transformational leadership has a negative and laissez-faire leadership has a positive relationship with adverse outcomes. Furthermore, role overload and conflict mediate the relationship between leadership styles and outcomes. Conclusion(s). The study provides incremental evidence of the negative implications of laissez-faire leadership compared with the positive implications of transformational leadership on outcomes via role stressors as motivational mechanisms. Implications for Nursing Management. Learning about the medium-term implications of leadership styles on stressors and health-related outcomes would enrich opportunities for leadership training in organizations.

El hidrógeno renovable es un vector energético que irrumpe confuerza como solución sostenible clave para la descarbonización de la economía.En este sentido, nuestro marco regulatorio debe reconocer su potencial, asumiendopara ello los retos y oportunidades que este vector energético arroja. Asípues, el presente estudio tiene por objeto hacer propuestas de regulación queentendemos adecuadas para lograr el impulso de la cadena de valor del hidrógenorenovable. En particular, examinamos aspectos jurídicos sobre el régimende actuación de los titulares de las instalaciones y la aplicación de los principiosde separación de sus actividades y de acceso de terceros a las redes, destacandotambién el necesario marco de cooperación transfronterizo que debe existir entretitulares de las instalaciones. Asimismo, abordamos los aspectos más relevantessobre el régimen retributivo que debe configurarse para los titulares de las instalaciones.Y, por último, exponemos el actual marco de fomento dirigido a financiarproyectos en materia de hidrógeno, construido sobre la base de convocatoriascompetitivas que seleccionarán los proyectos pioneros y más innovadores. Hidrogeno berriztagarria gogor sartu den energia-bektorea da,ekonomiaren deskarbonizaziorako funtsezko soluzio jasangarri gisa. Ildo horretan,gure arau-esparruak bere potentziala aitortu behar du, eta, horretarako, energia-bektore horrek dituen erronkak eta aukerak onartu behar ditu. Beraz, azterlanhonen helburua da hidrogeno berriztagarriaren balio-katea bultzatzeko egokitzatjotzen ditugun erregulazio-proposamenak egitea. Zehazki, instalazioen titularrenjarduera-araubideari eta jarduerak bereizteko eta hirugarrenak sareetara sartzekoprintzipioen aplikazioari buruzko alderdi juridikoak aztertzen ditugu, instalazioen titularrenartean egon behar den mugaz gaindiko lankidetza-esparrua ere azpimarratuz.Era berean, instalazioen titularrentzat eratu behar den ordainsari-erregimenariburuzko alderdirik garrantzitsuenak aztertzen ditugu. Eta, azkenik, hidrogenoarenarloko proiektuak finantzatzera bideratutako egungo sustapen-esparrua azaltzendugu, proiektu aitzindari eta berritzaileenak hautatuko dituzten lehia-deialdietanoinarrituta eraikia. Renewable hydrogen is an energy vector that appears as a keysustainable solution for the decarbonisation of the economy. In this sense, theregulatory framework must recognize its potential, assuming the challengesand opportunities that this energy vector has. Thus, the purpose of this study isto make regulatory proposals that we understand are adequate to achieve the promotion of the renewable hydrogen value chains. In particular, we examinelegal aspects regarding the actions of infrastructure owners and the applicationof the principles of unbundling and third-party access to the networks. We alsohighlight the necessary cross-border cooperation framework that must existbetween owners of the facilities. Likewise, we address the most relevant aspectsof the remuneration regime that must be configured for the owners of thefacilities. And, finally, we examine the current framework for promoting renewablehydrogen in Spain. This promotion framework is built on the basis of competitivecalls that select the pioneering and most innovative projects.

The assessment of pain and its control is a key point in the care received by patients during their hospital stay, with the nurse being an essential figure, especially in stroke patients with secondary aphasia, which makes it difficult to verbalise pain. The aim of this study was to find out whether the use of a specific pain control scale and the more precise administration of analgesic treatment has a positive impact on indicators such as average stay length, dependence degree and agitation episodes. By means of a longitudinal randomised group design study, within a two-week period, we compared the management and recording of pain using a Pain Indicator Behaviour Scale (N = 41) and a Verbal Numerical Scale or Visual Analogue Scale (N = 39), in patients with language impairment after suffering a stroke who were admitted to the Stroke Unit of the Neurology Department of the Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. The results obtained, despite being in line with what was conjectured, are not statistically significant. However, some statistical models have shown the usefulness of some factors (level of training, nurses experience, previous episodes of stroke, among others) in the prediction of a better evolution, with a predictive capacity between 20-37%, which justifies the necessity of further studies and reinforces the role of the variables studied in the care of this type of patient.

Es bien sabido que, como creación doctrinaria, el derecho común fue controversial desde su origen y por ese motivo, en su desarrollo, dio lugar por vía de alegación a la llamada «común opinión de los doctores», que encontró en Castilla tan buen terreno que hasta floreció en las leyes. Pero también sabemos que en la España del siglo XVI, las guerras de religión y sobre todo la aparición del hecho americano, desbordaron con mucho las posibilidades del derecho heredado, dominado por el casuismo. La naturaleza casuista del derecho determinaba que el tejido con el cual trabajaba el jurista estaba formado por leyes y opiniones en pugna, con cierto desdén o indiferencia hacia la construcción de principios, o el despliegue de esquemas abarcadores, que por aplicación de la misma técnica surgieron en cambio de los escritos de los teólogos.

Una de les novetats més destacades que va comportar la Llei 40/2015 va ser la regulació de l'anomenada responsabilitat patrimonial de l'Estat legislador, sent aquesta un mecanisme que s'activa quan els particulars pateixen danys als seus béns o drets com a conseqüència de l'aplicació de lleis que, posteriorment, són declarades contràries a la Constitució espanyola o al dret de la Unió Europea. Així doncs, en aquest treball, des de la perspectiva de la regulació d'aquesta matèria a la Llei de Règim Jurídic del Sector Públic (LRJSP), analitzem la doctrina més recent del Tribunal Suprem, que sembla caminar cap a la flexibilització dels requisits processals que han de complir-se per part del perjudicat per poder exercitar l'acció de responsabilitat. Així mateix, examinem la posició adoptada per la Comissió Europea en relació amb els requisits que la norma espanyola exigeix al ciutadà per poder exercitar l'acció de responsabilitat per un dany provocat com a conseqüència d'una llei declarada contrària al dret europeu.

Coronavirus; Resilience, Psychological; Mental Health Coronavirus; Resiliencia psicológica; Salud mental Coronavirus; Resiliència, psicològica; Salut Mental Background: The aim is to analyze whether people with low resilience are at higher risk of mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spanish adults. Methods: a longitudinal cohort study was carried out. Resilience was measured with the CD-RISC. Mental health problems that were assessed included: Major Depressive Episode (MDE), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors (STB), and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Results: we found statistically significant differences between groups and resilience scores in MDE [F (3; 48.40) = 19.55], GAD [F (3; 19.63) = 6.45] and STB [F (3; 111.74) = 31.94]. Multivariable analyses showed individuals with very low resilience were at a 5-fold risk of Incidence of MDE and a 4-fold risk of STB. Persistent group presented a 21-fold risk of MDE and 54-fold risk of STB. No evidence of higher risk was found for GAD. Individuals with low resilience and exposed to COVID-19 were not at higher risk. Individuals with low resilience were at higher risk of PTSD in general population [β(95% CI) = -3.25 (-3.969 to -2.54)], but not for individuals with COVID-19. Conclusions: in the general population, having low or very low resilience increases the risk of suffering MDE, STB, and PTSD, but not GAD during the COVID-19 pandemic, and not in the population with COVID-19.

Parenting is a key factor for the development of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Therefore, early intervention programs should target parenting behaviors to improve children’s developmental outcomes. The present study analyzed the effect of parental behaviors and other family factors on the cognitive and linguistic development of children with an intellectual disability (ID). Participants (n = 87, aged between 20 and 47 months) were recruited from several Spanish Early Intervention Centers. The children’s development was assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-III) on two occasions. Besides questionnaires including family factors, 10-min mother–child and father-child interactions during free play were auto-recorded at home. Intensive statistical modeling on the two measurement occasions was used to select relevant predictors as well as their interactions. Child cognitive development models, including predictors such as mother’s responsiveness and affection and father’s teaching, had a predictive capacity between 22 and 26%. The language development models, including the mother’s responsiveness and father’s teaching scores amongst other predictors, yielded adjusted-R2s between 26 and 28%. This study’s findings evidence that parental behaviors during adult–child interaction affect the development of children with intellectual disabilities. The study also provides data that can be used to guide early intervention.

espanolEn el presente trabajo se examinan los pronunciamientos de los tribunales y cortes de arbitraje internacionales en relacion con las modificaciones a la baja del regimen de ayudas a las energias renovables que han tenido lugar en Espana durante los anos 2013 y 2014. Esto permite entender la situacion en la que se encuentran los inversores que vieron frustradas sus expectativas de rentabilidad, quienes solo han logrado obtener pronunciamientos estimatorios de sus pretensiones indemnizatorias de organos de arbitraje internacionales. En este contexto, se ofrece un analisis del nuevo regimen retributivo aprobado a traves del Real Decreto-ley 17/2019 y de sus posibles implicaciones sobre las decisiones futuras de los inversores en energias renovables en Espana EnglishThis paper examines the decisions of national and international courts of arbitration in relation to the downwards modifications in the scheme for renewable energy incentives in Spain, during the years 2013 and 2014. This provides an insight of the current situation of investors whose profit expectations fell short after the scheme reform, and who were therefore awarded compensations by international courts of arbitration. On this basis, the research offers an analysis of the new remuneration regime for energy production in Spain (Royal Decree-Law 17/2019), and its potential implications on future investment decisions in this sector

BackgroundMild cognitive impairment (MCI), as a stage in the cognitive continuum between normal ageing and dementia, is mainly characterized by memory impairment. The aims of this study were to examine CANTAB measures of temporal changes of visual memory in MCI and to evaluate the usefulness of the baseline scores for predicting changes in cognitive status.MethodsThe study included 201 participants aged over 50 years with subjective cognitive complaints. Visual memory was assessed with four CANTAB tests [paired associates learning (PAL), delayed matching to sample (DMS), pattern recognition memory (PRM) and spatial span (SSP)] administered at baseline and on two further occasions, with a follow-up interval of 18–24 months. Participants were divided into three groups according to the change in their cognitive status: participants with subjective cognitive complaints who remained stable, MCI participants who remained stable (MCI-Stable) and MCI participants whose cognitive deterioration continued (MCI-Worsened). Linear mixed models were used to model longitudinal changes, with evaluation time as a fixed variable, and multinomial regression models were used to predict changes in cognitive status.ResultsIsolated significant effects were obtained for age and group with all CANTAB tests used. Interactions between evaluation time and group were identified in the PAL and DMS tests, indicating different temporal patterns depending on the changes in cognitive status. Regression models also indicated that CANTAB scores were good predictors of changes in cognitive status.ConclusionsDecline in visual memory measured by PAL and DMS tests can successfully distinguish different types of MCI, and considered together PAL, DMS, PRM and SSP can predict changes in cognitive status.

El humedal San Pedro de Quilcay está ubicado en la playa San Pedro de Lurín, Lima, Perú y no tiene a la fecha ninguna categoría de conservación. El cambio de uso de suelo de la cuenca baja del rio Lurín, la no inclusión dentro de una categoría de conservación, la contaminación y cierre de canales de regadío que alimentaban el humedal han afectado drásticamente este ecosistema. En este trabajo se realizó la caracterización física y biológica de este humedal entre los años 2016 y 2020; además, se identificaron sus servicios ecosistémicos y se describe de forma breve la historia ambiental de este ecosistema en base a fuentes secundarias. Se determinaron las características físicas del humedal. Para la evaluación de aves se usó el protocolo de conteo por puntos y para la evaluación de reptiles se utilizaron registros oportunistas. Para el registro cualitativo de flora se realizó la búsqueda de especies en todo el ámbito del humedal. Los servicios ecosistémicos (SE) se identificaron de acuerdo a la Evaluación de Ecosistemas del Milenio. Se estimó que el humedal tuvo hasta el 2018 un área de 4,4 ha y una profundidad entre 15 y 54 cm, con un régimen hídrico superficial y temporal. Entre la fauna se registró un total 65 especies de aves pertenecientes a 13 Órdenes y 28 Familias. Según su estacionalidad 36 son residentes, 18 migratorias-continentales, cinco migratorias-andinas, cuatro registros accidentales, uno migrante del sur y un migrante local. También se registraron dos especies de reptiles. La vegetación está compuesta por 23 especies características de humedales costeros. El humedal provee SE de soporte, aprovisionamiento, regulación y cultural. La historia ambiental reciente de este humedal del 2016 al 2020, indica que este ecosistema ha sido un hábitat de importancia para aves locales y migratorias, y principalmente brinda SE de reserva de la biodiversidad y cultural. A partir del cierre de los canales de regadío a mitad del 2019 se fue perdiendo el ecosistema y los SE que brindaba.

This paper summarizes the 2021 ChaLearn Looking at People Challenge on Understanding Social Behavior in Dyadic and Small Group Interactions (DYAD), which featured two tracks, self-reported personality recognition and behavior forecasting, both on the UDIVA v0.5 dataset. We review important aspects of this multimodal and multiview dataset consisting of 145 interaction sessions where 134 participants converse, collaborate, and compete in a series of dyadic tasks. We also detail the transcripts and body landmark annotations for UDIVA v0.5 that are newly introduced for this occasion. We briefly comment on organizational aspects of the challenge before describing each track and presenting the proposed baselines. The results obtained by the participants are extensively analyzed to bring interesting insights about the tracks tasks and the nature of the dataset. We wrap up with a discussion on challenge outcomes, and pose several questions that we expect will motivate further scientific research to better understand social cues in human-human and human-machine interaction scenarios and help build future AI applications for good.

People leaving incarceration are at high risk of opioid-related overdose. Overdose fatalities are preventable with administration of naloxone. In response to this risk, overdose education and naloxone distribution (OEND) programs have been implemented in a handful of jails and prisons in the United States. We document the history, structure, and data from the San Francisco County Jail OEND program. During 4 years of operation, 637 people participated; 67% received naloxone upon release, of whom only 3.5% had been previously trained in community-based OEND programs. Of those who received naloxone, 32% reported reversing an overdose and 44% received refills from community-based programs after reentry. This confirms that implementation of OEND in criminal justice settings is feasible and reaches people who have not previously been trained as well as those willing to act as overdose responders.

Aim To comprehensively describe intellectual and executive functioning (EF) in people with dyskinetic cerebral palsy (DCP), by comparing their performance with that of: 1) age- and sex-matched typically developing controls (TDC); and 2) participants with spastic cerebral palsy (SCP) matched for age, sex, term/preterm and gross motor function classification system (GMFCS). Method This cross-sectional study was conducted by the University of Barcelona in collaboration with five institutions. Participants were people with DCP (n = 52; 24 females, median age 20.5 y: 5mo, interquartile range [IQR] = 13.75 y: 7mo; GMFCS I–V). As comparison groups, participants with SCP (n = 20; 10 females, median age = 20.5 y: 5.5mo, IQR = 13.75 y 9mo; GMFCS I–V) and TDC (n = 52; 24 females, median age = 20 y: 4mo, IQR = 12 y 7mo) were included. Intelligence and EF were assessed using common tests in all participants. Results Both CP groups had lower intelligence than TDC and performed poorer in almost all EF tasks. Intelligence was higher in DCP than SCP (z = −2.51, p = 0.01). Participants with DCP also performed significantly better in goal-setting tasks (z = 2.27, p = 0.03) and information processing (z = −2.54, p = 0.01) than those with SCP. Conclusion People with DCP present lower general intellectual functioning and poorer EF across multiple domains than typically developing controls. People with DCP have higher general intellectual functioning and better EF than people with SCP when levels of motor severity are similar.

Oxygenated fuels, in this case short carbon-chain alcohols, have been investigated as alternative fuels to power compression ignition engines. A major advantage of short-chain alcohols is that they can be produced from renewable resources, i.e., cultivated commodities or biomass-based biorefineries. However, before entering the market, the effects of short-chain alcohols on engine performance, exhaust emissions, noise and sound quality need to be understood. This work sheds light on the relationship between the physicochemical properties of the alcohol/diesel fuel blends (ethanol and 1-propanol) on engine performance, exhaust emissions and, for the first time, on noise and sound quality. It has been demonstrated that when the content of alcohol in blends increased, soot and soluble organic material emissions drastically decreased, mainly due to the increase of oxygen content in the fuel. Reduction in soot emissions combined with higher thermodynamic efficiency of alcohol fuels, with respect to diesel fuel, enable their utilization on compression ignition engines. There is also an improvement in the soot-NOx trade off, leading to large reductions on soot with a small effect on NOx emissions. The oxygen content within the fuel reduces CO and THC emissions at extra-urban driving operation conditions. However, hydrocarbons and CO emissions increased at urban driving conditions, due to the high heat of vaporization of the alcohol fuels which reduces cylinder temperature worsening fuel atomization, vaporization and mixing with air being more significant at lower cylinder temperature conditions (low engine loads and speeds). Similarly, the higher the presence of alcohol in the blend, the higher the noise emitted by the engine due to their low tendency to auto-ignition. The optimization of alcohol quantity and the calibration of engine control parameters (e.g., injection settings) which is out of the scope of this work, will be required to overcome noise emission penalty. Furthermore, under similar alcohol content in the blend (10% v/v), the use of propanol is preferred over ethanol, as it exhibits lower exhaust emissions and better sound quality than ethanol.

"Hemosuccus pancreaticus" (HP), "wirsungorrhagia" or "pseudohemobilia" is a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding consisting of blood loss along the duct of Wirsung with exteriorization through the ampulla of Vater. Due to its rarity, the literature on HP is limited to retrospective studies, case reports, and case series.

This paper introduces UDIVA, a new non-acted dataset of face-to-face dyadic interactions, where interlocutors perform competitive and collaborative tasks with different behavior elicitation and cognitive workload. The dataset consists of 90.5 hours of dyadic interactions among 147 participants distributed in 188 sessions, recorded using multiple audiovisual and physiological sensors. Currently, it includes sociodemographic, self- and peer-reported personality, internal state, and relationship profiling from participants. As an initial analysis on UDIVA, we propose a transformer-based method for self-reported personality inference in dyadic scenarios, which uses audiovisual data and different sources of context from both interlocutors to regress a target person's personality traits. Preliminary results from an incremental study show consistent improvements when using all available context information., Accepted to the 11th International Workshop on Human Behavior Understanding workshop at Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision 2021

Waste management is one of the most significant challenges of EU policies for the coming decades. Our changing food habits carries an inherent increase in waste nutrients, that worth recycling. The traditional method of waste management is not adapted to meet future energy and environmental requirements. Food waste (FW)-based biorefinery allows new approaches in waste recovery, while improving industrial processes. However, interactions between FW nutrients, their derivates and subsequent treatment methodologies may lead to negative effects and bioprocess low yield. This work aims to state the importance of new strategies in biorefineries, based on FW nutrients and their interactions.

Ethanol is a low chain alcohol that could partially substitute diesel fuel to operate compression ignition engines. Its renewable origin and oxygenated structure make ethanol a candidate fuel for internal combustion engines. Main drawbacks of ethanol as a fuel are its low heating value, viscosity, lubricity, cetane number and limited miscibility if mixed with diesel fuel. Additives may enhance its solubility, although with a cost increase. In the present study, castor oil is proposed as an additional component to be added to ethanol-diesel fuel blends. Castor oil and its seeds are not suitable as food neither for humans nor for animals, thus avoiding the possible conflict about the use of land for food or energy, as arises from the use of edible oil/seeds. The presence of a hydroxyl group in the ricinoleic acid increases the polarity of this oil, enhancing ethanol-diesel fuel miscibility. As a result, ternary blends of ethanol, ultra-low sulphur diesel fuel and castor oil have been analyzed considering blend solubility, heating value, kinematic viscosity and cold flow properties, among most critical properties of diesel fuels. Ternary-component mixture prediction models of relevant fuel properties, i.e. kinematic viscosity, cold filter plugging point and high calorific value have been developed. Blend composition that simultaneously optimizes the three fuel properties has been proposed using the desirability function of Derringer. Results from simulation have been experimentally validated, providing a fuel blend composed by diesel fuel, ethanol and castor oil that shows satisfactory values of some of the most significant physical and chemical fuel properties. The presence of a hydroxyl group in the ricinoleic acid provides superior ignitability, lubricant and solubility characteristics with respect to other additives/components, making it a potential suitable candidate as a blend component to enhance ethanol/diesel fuel blends.

The effects of a paraffinic biofuel (farnesane) obtained from sugar cane, a gas to liquid (GTL) fuel, and a biodiesel fuel on performance and emissions of a light duty engine were evaluated. Similar engine performance is obtained with all fuels maintaining the default electronic control unit (ECU) configuration. Clear reductions in total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions were observed with all alternative fuels, and, comparing both paraffinic fuels, farnesane was more beneficial. Reductions were also obtained with these fuels in particle emissions, with the exception of the mode G, which is not an operating mode included in the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), where particle number concentration of paraffinic fuels was higher compared with diesel and biodiesel fuels. This behavior could be explained by the nonoptimization of ECU at this engine work condition. The benefits in terms of pollutant emission obtained with farnesane make it a potential biofuel for use in diesel engines.