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Digital games have become part of the daily life of a large part of the world population, reaching audiences of different ages, genders, and cultures. Games are also becoming an increasingly explored research topic in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), and several studies have sought to deepen the knowledge about players, identifying individual differences. Although the literature is rich in works that typify and classify players, the lack of objective comparisons can make it difficult to adopt such types to support game design or future research. Thus, this research investigates players' taxonomies and typologies regarding their motivations, behavior, and personality characteristics, analyzing how they explore these traits. We conducted a systematic mapping of the literature and analyzed 19 studies that propose or update players' types, observing how they explore the above mentioned traits. The main contribution of this paper is to offer an overview of the identified taxonomies and typologies, comparing them and mapping their attributes and applications. Such knowledge is a tool for designing games and gamified systems and can support game designers to promote engagement and motivation in complementary ways in their games. It also allows researchers and practitioners to compose a multidimensional view of the different players' types.

Abstract Objective The primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) is the preferred reperfusion strategy for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The pharmacoinvasive strategy (PIs) is a reasonable alternative when prompt PPCI is not possible, especially in resource-limited regions. We aimed to compare PPCI versus PIs outcomes in Peru. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study based on the second Peruvian Registry of STEMI (PERSTEMI II). We compared the characteristics, in-hospital outcomes and 30-day mortality of patients undergoing PPCI during the first 12 h and those receiving a PIs. A propensity score-matched analysis was conducted to compare the effects of each treatment strategy on clinical outcomes. Results PIs patients were younger than PPCI patients, had a shorter first medical contact time, first medical contact to reperfusion time, and total ischemic time until reperfusion. Successful PCI was more frequent in the PIs group (84.4% vs. 71.1%, p = 0.035). There were no differences between PIs and PPCI in terms of total in-hospital mortality (5.2% vs. 6.6%, p = 0.703), cardiovascular mortality (4.2% vs. 5.3%, p = 0.735), cardiogenic shock (8.3% vs. 13.2%, p = 0.326), heart failure (19.8% vs. 30.3%, p = 0.112), or major bleeding (0% vs. 2.6%, p = 0.194). In the propensity score-matched analysis, the rates of cardiovascular mortality, postinfarction heart failure and successful reperfusion were similar. Conclusions In this real-world study, no differences were found in the in-hospital outcomes between patients with STEMI who received PIs or PPCI.

Unpaved roads are essential as transportation infrastructure. These roads are traditionally built utilizing local soils and aggregates. The application of different materials to improve the strength and the overall performance of these road solutions has been investigated. This study focuses on the assessment of the suitability of reinforcing a fine soil using natural fibres from the forest value chain—specifically, pine needles—for unpaved forest roads. The resilient response of both unreinforced and reinforced soils was assessed with RL-CBR tests (California Bearing tests with repeated load) for different percentages of natural fibres incorporated into the soil. The force–penetration response, CBR value, recoverable and permanent displacements, and equivalent modulus were estimated. The effect of different load stages on the elastic response of both unreinforced and reinforced soils was also evaluated. The CBR values improved with the addition of pine needles; the best response was observed for specimens reinforced with 1% (mass) of these natural fibres (the CBR value increased by 45%). The equivalent modulus also was improved, showing that the stiffness of the soil increased with the inclusion of reinforcement. The findings imply that RL-CBR studies offer a promising method for obtaining important design parameters, especially for unpaved forest roads where investments in soil characterization are frequently limited.

La hipercolesterolemia familiar homocigota (HFH) es una enfermedad infrecuente y potencialmente mortal que se puede manifestar como enfermedad coronaria o estenosis aórtica severa antes de los 20 años de edad. Presentamos el caso de un adolescente de sexo masculino que fue hospitalizado con diagnóstico clínico de HFH y estenosis aórtica severa. Se le realizó cirugía de reemplazo de válvula aórtica con prótesis mecánica y ampliación de anillo, y se implantaron dos baipases aortocoronarios debido a una complicación intraoperatoria. El paciente evolucionó favorablemente y fue dado de alta con terapia combinada con estatinas de alta intensidad y ezetimibe.

Se busca estimar el aporte de los sectores productivos y los hogares con la generación de emisiones de GEI en Costa Rica y al mismo tiempo determinar la relación de la creación de puestos de trabajo y del valor agregado con la generación de emisiones de CO2 por sector. El análisis involucra la recaudación fiscal a través del pago del impuesto a los combustibles, utilizando la metodología del Modelo Insumo Producto con ampliación ambiental considerando la MIP del 2017. Se construyen indicadores que permiten evidenciar la dependencia de los sectores productivos y los hogares con respecto al uso y consumo de hidrocarburos. El ejercicio analítico permite advertir sobre la necesidad de reorientar la producción y los hogares hacia procesos más ecoeficientes que favorezcan la creación de valor agregado y fuente de empleo limpios.

Antecedentes. El infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IMCEST), es una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad a nivel global, la reperfusión adecuada del miocardio consigue disminuir las complicaciones de esta entidad. El objetivo del estudio fue describir las características clínicas y terapéuticas del IMCEST en el Perú y la relación de la reperfusión exitosa con los eventos adversos intrahospitalarios. Materiales y métodos. Cohorte prospectiva, multicéntrica de pacientes con IMCEST atendidos durante el año 2020 en hospitales públicos del Perú. Se evaluaron las características clínicas, terapéuticas y eventos adversos intrahospitalarios, además de la relación entre la reperfusión exitosa del infarto y los eventos adversos. Resultados. Se incluyeron 374 pacientes, 69,5% en Lima y Callao. La fibrinólisis fue usada en 37% de casos (farmacoinvasiva 26% y sola 11%), angioplastia primaria con < 12 h de evolución en 20%, angioplastia tardía en 9% y 34% no accedieron a terapias de reperfusión adecuadas, principalmente por presentación tardía. El tiempo de isquemia fue mayor en pacientes con angioplastia primaria en comparación a fibrinólisis (mediana 7,7 h [RIQ 5-10] y 4 h [RIQ 2,3-5,5] respectivamente). La mortalidad fue de 8,5%, la incidencia de insuficiencia cardiaca posinfarto fue de 27,8% y de choque cardiogénico de 11,5%. El éxito de la reperfusión se asoció con menor mortalidad cardiovascular (RR: 0,28; IC95%: 0,12-0,66, p=0,003) y menor incidencia de insuficiencia cardiaca (RR: 0,61; IC95%: 0,43-0,85, p=0,004). Conclusiones. La fibrinólisis sigue siendo la terapia de reperfusión más frecuente en hospitales públicos del Perú. El menor tiempo de isquemia a reperfusión se asoció con el éxito de esta y, a su vez, a menores eventos adversos intrahospitalarios.

In the first decades of the twentieth century, the Madrid-based Galician journalist Julio Camba (1882–1962) acquired long-lasting fame as a travel writer thanks to his foreign chronicles published in the Spanish press and subsequently compiled in a series of volumes. La rana viajera [The Travelling Frog] (1920), however, gathers some of the pieces he wrote about Spain. This article examines Camba’s domestic travel writing, which not only provides an excellent insight into significant social and political issues at the time (with references to the rise of sub-state nationalisms and political corruption in the country), but also highlights the similarities between the Restoration period and present-day Spain. Using his characteristic humorous style and subverting pre-existing tropes of travel writing, Camba represents Spanish society by combining criticism of Spain’s economic stagnation and national decay with a centralist view of the country. In particular, his scorn towards the Galician, Catalan and Basque languages and his parodic take on Catalonia’s claims for autonomy shed light on the formation of Spanish nationalism in the decades prior to the Civil War. Drawing on studies on state nationalism (Billig 1995) and Spanish nationalism (Taibo 2014, Delgado 2014) this article examines not only Camba’s own views but the response from contemporary scholarship to his texts.

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar el número de ingresos, características clínicas y resultados terapéuticos de los pacientes atendidos por infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IMCEST) antes y durante el estado de emergencia por COVID-19 en Perú. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y comparativo de cohortes, derivadas del PEruvian Registry of ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction II (PERSTEMI II). Se comparó los pacientes atendidos por IMCEST 45 días antes y durante los 45 días iniciales del estado de emergencia por COVID-19 en Perú. Resultados: Durante los primeros 45 días del período de emergencia se encontró una disminución del 59% en el número de ingresos por IMCEST. Hubo una mayor proporción de pacientes con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial y dislipidemia. Se observó una tendencia a reducción en el acceso a terapias de reperfusión (73.5% vs 66.6%), siendo la fibrinólisis la terapia más utilizada. El motivo más frecuente de no reperfusión fue la presentación tardía >24 horas (41.7%, p=0.004). Hubo una tendencia a reducción del tiempo al primer contacto médico y del tiempo de isquemia hasta la reperfusión. Se registró menor incidencia de falla cardíaca post infarto. La mortalidad fue similar en ambos grupos (3.4% vs 2.7%). Conclusiones: La pandemia por COVID-19 en el Perú ha generado una disminución significativa en los ingresos por IMCEST, además de una tendencia a menor empleo de terapias de reperfusión. La presentación tardía de los pacientes fue la causa más frecuente de no reperfusión.

Fungal endocarditis is a rare clinical entity. This report describes an unusual case of fungal endocarditis caused by infection with Trichosporon asahii in a 20-year-old immunocompetent man who received the diagnosis 1 year following biological aortic valve replacement. (Level of Difficulty: Beginner.)

Antecedentes: Las unidades de cuidado intensivo cardiovascular han evolucionado en el tiempo, pasando de ser unidades dedicadas exclusivamente a pacientes post infarto de miocardio a albergar patologías cardiovasculares complejas y variadas. No tenemos en el Perú datos sobre las características de los pacientes en estas unidades. Método: Evaluación prospectiva de las características clínico epidemiológicas de pacientes que ingresaron entre julio y noviembre de 2018 a la unidad de cuidado intensivo e intermedio del Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular INCOR en Lima, Perú. Resultados: Se incluyó a 199 pacientes. La mediana de edad del grupo fue de 67 años, 20% mayores a 80 años y 75.8 % de sexo masculino. 60% de los casos provenían de la unidad de emergencia. Los diagnósticos de ingreso más frecuentes fueron los síndromes coronarios agudos (SCA) (35%) y la falla cardíaca agudamente descompensada (20%). La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue de 4.5%, siendo mayor (12%) en los pacientes con reingreso a cuidado intensivo. Conclusión: En este primer registro de cuidado cardiaco crítico en el Perú, el SCA fue la principal causa de ingreso seguido de la falla cardíaca agudamente descompensada. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue mayor en pacientes con reingreso a cuidado intensivo.

Background: Hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, overweight, obesity, and tobacco (smoking, chewing, and vaping), together with a pro-inflammatory and procoagulant state, are the main risk factors related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Objective and methods: A group of experts from the Americas, based on their clinical expertise in cardiology, cardiovascular prevention, and cardiometabolic (CM) diseases, joined together to develop these practical recommendations for the optimal evaluation and treatment of residual CM risk factors in Latin America, using a modified Delphi methodology (details in electronic TSI) to generate a comprehensive CM risk reduction guideline, and through personalized medicine and patient-centered decision, considering the cost-benefit ratio The process was well defined to avoid conflicts of interest that could bias the discussion and recommendations. Results: Residual risk reduction should consider therapeutic options adapted to specific patient needs, based on five treatment objectives: triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, inflammation, impaired glucose metabolism, high blood pressure, and prothrombotic status. Comprehensive control of all CM risk factors should be a priority to deal with this important public health problem and prevent premature deaths. The recommendations in this paper address the evidence-based treatment of CM risk and are intended for clinical application in Latin American countries.

Objectives Chronic critical illness (CCI) is a phenotype that occurs frequently in patients with severe injury. Previous work has suggested that inflammatory changes leading to CCI occur early following injury. However, the modifiable factors associated with CCI are unknown. We hypothesized that hypothermia, an early modifiable factor, is associated with CCI.Methods To determine the association of hypothermia and CCI, a secondary analysis of the Inflammation and Host Response to Injury database was performed, and subsequently validated on a similar cohort of patients from a single level 1 trauma center from January 2015 to December 2019. Hypothermia was defined as initial body temperature ≤34.5°C. CCI was defined as death or sustained multiorgan failure ≥14 days after injury. Data were analyzed using univariable analyses with Student’s t-test and Pearson’s χ2 test, and logistic regression. An arrayed genomic analysis of the transcriptome of circulating immune cells was performed in these patients.Results Of the initial 1675 patients, 254 had hypothermia and 1421 did not. On univariable analysis, 120/254 (47.2%) of patients with hypothermia had CCI, compared with 520/1421 (36.6%) without hypothermia who had CCI, p

Since 2008, thousands of young Galician graduates have left their country looking for the job opportunities they cannot find at home, with the UK (particularly London) as their main destination. A noticeable feature of this movement is the increase of women migrants, who have sometimes occupied unskilled, low-paid jobs despite their university qualifications. Starting in the second decade of the 21st century, a corpus of narrative texts written by Galician women authors (Alba Lago, Anna R. Figueiredo, María Alonso, and Eva Moreda) has given visibility to these experiences. Lago’s, Figueiredo’s, and Alonso’s characters express anger and frustration as a way of denouncing the precariousness of their situation and the material conditions that led to their departure from Galicia. Combining different theoretical approaches from migration studies (Morokvasic; Nail; Kędra), criticism of global neoliberalism (Bourdieu; Bauman; Sassen), and affect theory (Ahmed), I propose an analytical framework for reading these texts as expression of a “poetics of expulsion” with four thematic axes: expulsion, exploitation, (dis)connection, and repossession. I finish by considering Moreda’s novel as illustrative of a different view of migration, focusing on the migrant’s agency and on migration as a personal choice (Silvey and Lawson).

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar las características epidemiológicas, el tratamiento, las estrategias de reperfusión y los eventos adversos intrahospitalarios de pacientes con infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST en Perú. Métodos: Estudio observacional, prospectivo, multicéntrico a nivel nacional, en pacientes mayores de 18 años hospitalizados con diagnóstico de infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST. Resultados: Desde febrero de 2016 a febrero de 2017, 396 pacientes fueron enrolados; la edad promedio fue de 64.9 ± 12 años y el 21% eran mujeres. En las primeras 12 h de evolución un 38% fueron fibrinolisados, en un 29% se realizó PCI primaria y un 33% no recibieron reperfusión. En el 12.9% se usó estrategia farmacoinvasiva. La tasa de éxito de la fibrinólisis fue de un 65% y la de la PCI primaria fue de un 82%. La estancia hospitalaria fue de 6 días (RIQ 5-10). La mortalidad intrahospitalaria llegó a un 10.1%, siendo la principal causa de muerte el choque cardiogénico. La tasa de reinfarto intrahospitalario fue de 2.2% y de falla cardiaca postinfarto, de 25%. La edad > 75 años, grandes tamaños de infarto, la fracción de eyección de ventrículo izquierdo 75 years, large infarct size, left ventricular ejection fraction

Knowledge about forest road networks is essential for sustainable forest management and fire management. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of a new hierarchical-hybrid classification tool (HyClass) for mapping paved and unpaved forest roads with LiDAR data. Bare-earth and low-lying vegetation were also identified. For this purpose, a rural landscape (area 70 ha) in northwestern Spain was selected for study, and a road network map was extracted from the cadastral maps as the ground truth data. The HyClass tool is based on a decision tree which integrates segmentation processes at local scale with decision rules. The proposed approach yielded an overall accuracy (OA) of 96.5%, with a confidence interval (CI) of 94.0–97.6%, representing an improvement over pixel-based classification (OA = 87.0%, CI = 83.7–89.8%) using Random Forest (RF). In addition, with the HyClass tool, the classification precision varied significantly after reducing the original point density from 8.7 to 1 point/m2. The proposed method can provide accurate road mapping to support forest management as an alternative to pixel-based RF classification when the LiDAR point density is higher than 1 point/m2.

Despite the large amounts of resources destined to developing filtering algorithms of LiDAR point clouds in order to obtain a Digital Terrain Model (DTM), the task remains a challenge. As a society advancing towards the democratization of information and collaborative processes, the researchers should not only focus on improving the efficacy of filters, but should also consider the users’ needs with a view toward improving the usability and accessibility of the filters in order to develop tools that will provide solutions to the challenges facing this field of study. In this work, we describe the Hybrid Overlap Filter (HyOF), a new filtering algorithm implemented in the free R software environment. The flow diagram of HyOF differs in the following ways from that of other filters developed to date: (1) the algorithm is formed by a combination of sequentially operating functions (i.e., the output of the first function provides the input of the second), which are capable of functioning independently and thus enabling integration of these functions with other filtering algorithms; (2) the variable penetrability is defined and used, along with slope and elevation, to identify ground points; (3) prior to selection of the seed points, the original point cloud is processed with the aim of removing points corresponding to buildings; and (4) a new method based on a moving window, with longitudinal overlap between windows and transverse overlap between passes, is used to select the seed points. Our hybrid filtering method is tested using 15 reference samples acquired by the International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) and is evaluated in comparison with 33 existing filtering algorithms. The results show that our hybrid filtering method produces an average total error of 3.34% and an average Kappa coefficient of 92.62%. The proposed algorithm is one of the most accurate filters that has been tested with the ISPRS reference samples.

En la conferencia sobre Desarrollo Rural de Salzburgo en 2003, se reconocía la diversidad de Europa en cuanto a sus paisajes, sus sistemas de producción, así como a su capacidad de retener y atraer población. Es en este punto donde realizamos nuestra contribución, para que el hecho de pertenecer a un núcleo rural no suponga una depreciación de la calidad de vida y del bienestar. Surge así la necesidad de evaluación, no sólo de las necesidades de la población rural sino de la valoración del bienestar rural, entendido el término como complejo y de difícil valoración. Por otra parte, la Unión Europea señala que el desarrollo rural se basa en mejorar la calidad de vida, interviniendo en la calidad ambiental, el nivel de renta y las condiciones de vida y trabajo. La evaluación de la calidad de vida, se puede acometer mediante la creación de un marco conceptual de cálculo, donde se reflejen conjuntamente las distintas variables que intervienen en el análisis, mediante la creación de una batería de indicadores multivariable. En esta aproximación al conocimiento de la calidad de vida se realizó una diferenciación espacial en 22 comarcas de Galicia, tomando como base el concepto del bienestar rural y la opinión de los agricultores.

Desde su primera descripción el Sindrome de Brugada ha despertado gran interés científico como causa de muerte súbita. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 45 años quien ingresó al hospital en arresto cardiaco y en su evolución se le diagnosticó Sindrome de Brugada lográndose el implante de un cardiodesfibrilador como opción terapéutica definitiva. Resaltamos la importancia de reconocer el patrón electrocardiográfico característico y de considerar esta canalopatía en el diagnóstico diferencial de muerte súbita. (Rev Med Hered 2009;20:225-229).

El patrimonio cultural de una sociedad es su principal rasgo de identidad: brinda cimientos a su ser, razones de existencia y valores de convivencia humana. Conscientes de su trascendencia, la comunidad mundial ha realizado esfuerzos enormes en pos de su defensa, protección, reconocimiento y divulgación. El presente estudio pretende la reflexión sobre la pérdida de elementos arquitectónicos decorativos de ciertos edificios de fines del s. XIX e inicios del s. XX, de la ciudad de Quito, que por ser pocos, desconocidos y desvalorados, enfrentan un real peligro de desaparición, por negligencia, ignorancia y descuido. Los elementos citados son las cráteras, con las que se remataba la silueta de estas edificaciones y finalizaba su tratamiento decorativo. El sentido estético de estos edificios, queda mutilado e incompleto, en ausencia de estos importantes “detalles”.

ABSTRACT Most β-lactam antibiotics are ineffective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis due to the microbe’s innate resistance. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains has prompted interest to repurpose this class of drugs. To identify the genetic determinants of innate β-lactam resistance, we carried out a synthetic lethality screen on a transposon mutant library for susceptibility to imipenem, a carbapenem β-lactam antibiotic. Mutations in 74 unique genes demonstrated synthetic lethality. The majority of mutations were in genes associated with cell wall biosynthesis. A second quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR)-based synthetic lethality screen of randomly selected mutants confirmed the role of cell wall biosynthesis in β-lactam resistance. The global transcriptional response of the bacterium to β-lactams was investigated, and changes in levels of expression of cell wall biosynthetic genes were identified. Finally, we validated these screens in vivo using the MT1616 transposon mutant, which lacks a functional acyl-transferase gene. Mice infected with the mutant responded to β-lactam treatment with a 100-fold decrease in bacillary lung burden over 4 weeks, while the numbers of organisms in the lungs of mice infected with wild-type bacilli proliferated. These findings reveal a road map of genes required for β-lactam resistance and validate synthetic lethality screening as a promising tool for repurposing existing classes of licensed, safe, well-characterized antimicrobials against tuberculosis. IMPORTANCE The global emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains has threatened public health worldwide, yet the pipeline of new tuberculosis drugs under development remains limited. One strategy to cope with the urgent need for new antituberculosis agents is to repurpose existing, approved antibiotics. The carbapenem class of β-lactam antibiotics has been proposed as one such class of drugs. Our study identifies molecular determinants of innate resistance to β-lactam drugs in M. tuberculosis, and we demonstrate that functional loss of one of these genes enables successful treatment of M. tuberculosis with β-lactams in the mouse model.

Flow-based microfluidic systems have been widely utilized for cell migration studies given their ability to generate versatile and precisely defined chemical gradients and to permit direct visualization of migrating cells. Nonetheless, the general need for bulky peripherals such as mechanical pumps and tubing and the complicated setup procedures significantly limit the widespread use of these microfluidic systems for cell migration studies. Here we present a simple method to power microfluidic devices for chemotaxis assays using the commercially available ALZET® osmotic pumps. Specifically, we developed a standalone chemotaxis platform that has the same footprint as a multiwell plate and can generate well-defined, stable chemical gradients continuously for up to 7 days. Using this platform, we validated the short-term (24 hours) and long-term (72 hours) concentration dependent PDGF-BB chemotaxis response of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells.

El objetivo del estudio fue examinar la efectividad de una estrategia de intervención con padres, basada en la perspectiva de la interacción social, a fin de disminuir los problemas de comportamiento infantil. Los participantes fueron 15 niños (11 niños y 4 niñas) con sus respectivas madres; las edades de los niños oscilaron entre los cinco y los ocho años, y el promedio de edad de las madres fue de 27.8 años. Se empleó un diseño experimental de caso único y se utilizaron procedimientos de enseñanza conductual como instrucciones, modelamiento, moldeamiento y retroalimentación visual. Se llevaron a cabo análisis de dependencias secuenciales y de secuencias temporales que son sensibles a los procesos de reforzamiento positivo y negativo que operan en las relaciones coercitivas. La intervención propició un aumento de la conducta prosocial en la madre y una disminución de la conducta aversiva infantil. Por otra parte, el cambio observado en la paternidad positiva parece mediar el cambio en los problemas de comportamiento infantil.

Integration of sustainability into industry has encouraged practices of circular economy, reusing and recycling resources. This paper studies alternative solutions to materials traditionally used for unpaved roads, with a byproduct of the pulp and paper industry (not pre-treated), and analyses its valorisation potential from a geotechnical perspective. Two approaches were adopted: (1) assessment of geotechnical properties of base materials (aggregate, local soil and byproduct) and mixtures (aggregate/local soil and byproduct, 3% or 6%); (2) design of the base layer (case study), considering different solutions for the material forming that layer, assessing its height and life cycle. The small incorporation percentages studied changed the geotechnical properties of aggregate and local soil, reducing sensitivity to water and increasing the water content for optimum compaction. The CBR of mixtures reduced with the incorporation of the byproduct. For the case study, incorporation of byproduct (6% maximum) in the local soil did not significantly affect the base layer height. Total replacement with the byproduct is mechanically possible. For the fixed height of the base layer, incorporating the byproduct in traditional materials reduced the unpaved road life cycle, reflecting CBR reductions. From a geotechnical perspective, the valorisation of this byproduct is promising, and from an industry point of view, its use (geotechnical valorisation) represents a way to promote circular economy and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existe a escala global un proceso de mundialización de la economía capitalista correspondiente al neoliberalismo, sin embargo, también se puede observar un proceso contra-hegemónico global que emerge desde los territorios en resistencia y que configura diferentes movimientos sociales que prefiguran alternativas en oposición a las medidas de austeridad, siendo la realidad latinoamericana un ejemplo de ello. En ese contexto, resulta importante analizar el movimiento estudiantil secundario chileno, pues se trata de un movimiento social que lucha contra el neoliberalismo en educación y que prefigura una educación distinta. El trabajo evidencia el control comunitario de la educación como una propuesta contra-hegemónica que reivindica el financiamiento estatal pero con una organización comunitaria, autónoma y horizontal.