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The diagnosis and treatment of disorder of consciousness (DOC) is still challenging. One of the neural mechanisms of DOC is the destruction of synchronization and connectivity of neural oscillation. This article will review the progress of neural oscillation in the diagnosis and treatment of DOC from three aspects: theoretical basis, application progress, and existing deficiencies of neural oscillations applied to DOC. Neural oscillation is the periodic and synchronous activity of neurons under certain conditions. There are obvious differences in the spectrum characteristics, phase synchronization, and response to neural regulation of neural oscillations among different severities of DOC. The analysis of neural oscillation based on electroencephalography (EEG) reveals the information transmission and processing ability at different levels of consciousness, which is helpful to distinguish different degrees of DOC more accurately and achieve the purpose of DOC wakening treatment by regulating neuro oscillation. Despite there being some problems like insufficient mechanism studies and slow application transformation, neural oscillation has shown great application potential in the diagnosis and treatment of DOC.

Abstract Deep learning-based generative modeling demonstrates proven advantages as an effective approach in molecular discovery. This study introduces a generative-network based method called Inhibitor_Mol_VAE, which uses a variational autoencoder model to generate corrosion inhibitor molecules with targeted inhibition efficiency. We first evaluate the model’s ability to reconstruct molecules. Then, we assess the model’s ability to generate new inhibitor molecules using physiochemical properties (including MolWt, LogP, Vdw_volume, and Electronegativity). New molecules with high inhibition efficiencies at low concentrations, such as [ethoxy(methoxy)phosphoryl]-phenylmethanol and (alpha-methylamino-benzyl)-phosphonsaeure-monoaethylester are successfully discovered.

Verticillium dahliae causes significant losses in cotton production. To reveal the mechanism of the defense response to V. dahliae in cotton, transcriptomic analyses were performed using cotton cultivars M138 (V. dahliae-resistant) and P2 (V. dahliae-susceptible). The results revealed 11,076 and 6,640 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to V. dahliae, respectively. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis of 4,633 transcription factors (TFs) indicated a “MEblue” module containing 654 TFs that strongly correlate with resistance to V. dahliae. Among these TFs, the ethylene response factor Ghi_A05G10166 (GhERF91) was identified as a putative hub gene with a defense response against V. dahliae. A virus-induced gene silencing assay and exogenous application of ethephon showed that GhERF91 is activated by ethylene and positively regulates the response to V. dahliae exposure in cotton. This study provides fundamental transcriptome data and a putative causal gene (GhERF91) associated with resistance to V. dahliae, as well as genetic resources for breeding V. dahliae-resistant cotton.

Genetically encoded circuits have been successfully utilized to assess and characterize target variants with desirable traits from large mutant libraries. Adenosylcobalamin is an essential coenzyme that is required in many intracellular physiological reactions and is widely used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. High-throughput screening techniques capable of detecting adenosylcobalamin productivity and selecting superior adenosylcobalamin biosynthesis strains are critical for the creation of an effective microbial cell factory for the production of adenosylcobalamin at an industrial level. In this study, we developed an RNA-protein hybrid biosensor whose input part was an endogenous RNA riboswitch to specifically respond to adenosylcobalamin, the inverter part was an orthogonal transcriptional repressor to obtain signal inversion, and the output part was a fluorescent protein to be easily detected. The hybrid biosensor could specifically and positively correlate adenosylcobalamin concentrations to green fluorescent protein expression levels in vivo. This study also improved the operating concentration and dynamic range of the hybrid biosensor by systematic optimization. An individual cell harboring the hybrid biosensor presented over 20-fold higher fluorescence intensity than the negative control. Then, using such a biosensor combined with fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we established a high-throughput screening platform for screening adenosylcobalamin overproducers. This study demonstrates that this platform has significant potential to quickly isolate high-productive strains to meet industrial demand and that the framework is acceptable for various metabolites.

Vitamin B12 is a complex compound synthesized by microorganisms. The industrial production of vitamin B12 relies on specific microbial fermentation processes. E. coli has been utilized as a host for the de novo biosynthesis of vitamin B12, incorporating approximately 30 heterologous genes. However, a metabolic imbalance in the intricate pathway significantly limits vitamin B12 production. In this study, we employed multivariate modular metabolic engineering to enhance vitamin B12 production in E. coli by manipulating two modules comprising a total of 10 genes within the vitamin B12 biosynthetic pathway. These two modules were integrated into the chromosome of a chassis cell, regulated by T7, J23119, and J23106 promoters to achieve combinatorial pathway optimization. The highest vitamin B12 titer was attained by engineering the two modules controlled by J23119 and T7 promoters. The inclusion of yeast powder to the fermentation medium increased the vitamin B12 titer to 1.52 mg/L. This enhancement was attributed to the effect of yeast powder on elevating the oxygen transfer rate and augmenting the strain's isopropyl-β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) tolerance. Ultimately, vitamin B12 titer of 2.89 mg/L was achieved through scaled-up fermentation in a 5-liter fermenter. The strategies reported herein will expedite the development of industry-scale vitamin B12 production utilizing E. coli.

Abstract The coarctation of the aorta (CoA) combined with heart defects or cerebral artery aneurysms is more prevalent in clinical practice. However, cases of concurrent bilateral iliac artery dissection (IAD) are extremely rare and have not been reported. Here, we described a case with CoA combined with bilateral IAD. The patient, a 62‐year‐old male, presented with acute intermittent claudication accompanied by pain and aching in both lower limbs after walking. Following a thorough medical history inquiry and examination, the patient was diagnosed with acute bilateral IAD combined with CoA. The patient underwent endovascular treatment. Postoperatively, the aortic diameter recovered, and the bilateral IAD disappeared, yielding satisfactory therapeutic results. Conclusively, endovascular treatment of aortic coarctation combined with IAD is an effective therapeutic approach, enhancing patient survival and improving their quality of life.

Abstract The purple leaves of Brassica napus are abundant in anthocyanins, which are renowned for their role in conferring distinct colors, stress tolerance, and health benefits, however the genetic basis of this trait in B. napus remains largely unelucidated. Herein, the purple leaf B. napus (PL) exhibited purple pigments in the upper epidermis and a substantial increase in anthocyanin accumulation, particularly of cyanidin, compared to green leaf B. napus (GL). The genetic control of the purple leaf trait was attributed to a semi-dominant gene, pl, which was mapped to the end of chromosome A03. However, sequencing of the fragments amplified by the markers linked to pl indicated that they were all mapped to chromosome B05 from B. juncea. Within this B05 chromosomal segment, the BjMYB113 gene-specific marker showed perfect co-segregation with the purple leaf trait in the F2 population, suggesting that the BjMYB113 introgression from B. juncea was the candidate gene for the purple leaf trait in B. napus. To further verify the function of candidate gene, CRISPR/Cas9 was performed to knock out the BjMYB113 gene in PL. The three myb113 mutants exhibited evident green leaf phenotype, absence of purple pigments in the adaxial epidermis, and a significantly reduced accumulation of anthocyanin compared to PL. Additionally, the genes involved in positive regulatory (TT8), late anthocyanin biosynthesis (DFR, ANS, UFGT), as well as transport genes (TT19) were significantly suppressed in the myb113 mutants, further confirming that BjMYB113 was response for the anthocyanin accumulation in purple leaf B. napus. This study contributes to an advanced understanding of the regulation mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in B. napus.

In this work, a series of CoCrFeNiCeX (x = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5) high-entropy alloys (HEAs) were designed and prepared through vacuum induction melting. The microstructure, wear resistance and antibacterial behaviors of the HEAs were systematically investigated. The results showed that the HEAs are composed of FCC phase with dendrite structure and CeNi3 phase between dendrites. With the increase of Ce content, the mechanical property and antibacterial rate of the alloys was improved gradually. Due to the combined effect of CeNi3 phase and fine grain strengthening, the CoCrFeNiCe0.5 HEA exhibited high hardness of approximately 382 HV0.2 and the wear rate of only 1.11 × 10−4 mm3/N·m under the loading force of 5 N. The CoCrFeNiCe0.5 HEA also showed excellent antibacterial ability, which presented a 97.4% antibacterial rate against Escherichia coli and 89.6% antibacterial rate against Staphylococcus aureus after 3 days. This work provided a new strategy for designing a high performance alloy with excellent antibacterial behaviors and good wear resistance, which makes it meet the needs of long-term antibacterial application in harsh environments.

Abstract Western criminological literature continues to focus on the binary control system (formal vs. informal), while China has long employed the trinary system (formal, semiformal, and informal) in its construction of social control. China scholars have investigated the prevalence and importance of the trinary control system as a key to understanding social control. However, there is a lack of research on their predictors. The current study aims at investigating the correlates of the prevalence and importance of the observed trinary control system in rural China. Using the sample data of 2343 respondents collected from 164 villages in rural China, the study found that both individual and village factors were the predictors of the prevalence of the observed controls exerted by village committees, a measure of semiformal control, and police, a measure of formal control, in maintaining community social order. Findings included the reported prevalence of four control mechanisms as significant predictors of their importance in community order maintenance. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Abstract The control of a molecule’s geometry, chirality, and physical properties has long been a challenging pursuit. Our study introduces a dependable method for assembling D 3-symmetric trigonal bipyramidal coordination cages. Specifically, D 2h-symmetric anions, like oxalate and chloranilic anions, self-organize around a metal ion to form chiral-at-metal anionic complexes, which template the formation of D 3-symmetric trigonal bipyramidal coordination cages. The chirality of the trigonal bipyramid is determined by the point chirality of chiral amines used in forming the ligands. Additionally, these cages exhibit chiral selectivity for the included chiral-at-metal anionic template. Our method is broadly applicable to various ligand systems, enabling the construction of larger cages when larger D 2h-symmetric anions, like chloranilic anions, are employed. Furthermore, we successfully produce enantiopure trigonal bipyramidal cages with anthracene-containing backbones using this approach, which would be otherwise infeasible. These cages exhibit circularly polarized luminescence, which is modulable through the reversible photo-oxygenation of the anthracenes.

Vitamin B6 plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism and stress response, making it an essential component for growth in all known organisms. However, achieving efficient biosynthesis of vitamin B6 faces the challenge of maintaining a balanced distribution of metabolic flux between growth and production. In this study, our focus is on addressing this challenge through the engineering of phosphoserine aminotransferase (SerC) to resolve its redundancy and promiscuity. The enzyme SerC was semi-designed and screened based on sequences and predicted kcat values, respectively. Mutants and heterologous proteins showing potential were then fine-tuned to optimize the production of vitamin B6. The resulting strain enhances the production of vitamin B6, indicating that different fluxes are distributed to the biosynthesis pathway of serine and vitamin B6. This study presents a promising strategy to address the challenge posed by multifunctional enzymes, with significant implications for enhancing biochemical production through engineering processes.

In this study, we developed a new method for designing progressive addition-multifocus defocused freeform lenses. We used two independent meridians and achieved a smooth gradient transition of additional optical power from the center to the peripheral area of the lens, along with an asymmetric distribution of additional optical power on the nasal-temporal side of the lens. To improve the optical performance of the lenses, we developed three different designs based on the distribution of the additional optical power on the meridians. We conducted simulations and processing on the three different designs. The lenses designed using improved logistic regression and sine functions for meridian optical power distribution exhibited stable optical performance in the central focus area. They also met the design requirements for additional optical power. However, significant distortion was still observed in the peripheral region, which required further optimization. Lenses designed using piecewise linear functions for meridian optical power distribution exhibited relatively poor optical performance with significant optimization potential. Thus, combining the optical power distribution and surface-type factors for optimization is necessary. The proposed method enabled designing of defocus-free curved mirror lenses that satisfy the optical performance requirements. Thus, this method provides a new approach for the design of progressive addition lenses.

The Pr3+ ion has been widely doped into various materials as a red and near-infrared (NIR) emitting center for applications in lighting and solar spectrum downconversion. Herein, the preparation of a new library of Pr3+-doped Sr2Al2GeO7 phosphors was proved by powder x-ray diffraction patterns and Rietveld refinements and characterized by a scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry. The Sr2Al2GeO7:Pr3+ sample strongly absorbs blue photons over 420–500 nm and yields intense visible emissions with dominant peaks around 490 nm from the Pr3+ 3P0 → 3H4 transition, as well as robust NIR emission bands over 800–1200 nm. In addition to the typical transitions of 1D2 → 3F2 at 880 nm, 1G4 → 3H4 at 1000 nm, and 1D2 → 3F3,4 at 1070 nm, the distinguishable NIR emission at 929 nm was demonstrated from the 3P0 → 1G4 transition via static and dynamic spectroscopic analysis. Most interestingly, for the 3P0 blue-excited state, a considerably elevated concentration of about 10%Pr3+ was optimal for the visible/NIR emissions, in stark contrast to the diluted optimal 1%Pr3+ for the 1D2 state. The relevant cross-relaxation from the 3P0 and 1D2 states between Pr3+ was comprehensively treated by theoretical speculations and experimental results. Such concentrated Pr3+ blue activators would significantly facilitate the blue-to-NIR downconversion through a desired two-step sequential transition from the 3P0 initial state to the 1G4 intermediate level for quantum efficiency exceeding unity. The current results would consolidate the basis of concentrated Pr3+ donors to promote the novel Pr3+/Yb3+ codoping downconversion for greatly increasing Si solar cell efficiency.

In order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, it is necessary to actively promote a coordinated and balanced relationship between carbon dioxide emissions (CO2e), material footprints (MF) and human development, based on the economic and social development stages of different countries and their material resource endowments. However, the existing research results lack cross-country comparisons and overly focus on the single conclusion of quantifying decoupling while ignoring the impact of coupling coordination nexus. Thus, this study comprehensively evaluated the nexus between CO2e, MF, and human development index (HDI) in 151 countries from 1990 to 2019 based on the modified coupling coordination degree model and the improved decoupling index model. The results show that, both the global MF per capita and HDI have maintained an increasing trend, and the MF per capita has been increasing significantly faster than the HDI. The trend of CO2e per capita is slowly dropping, with very high HDI countries being the main contributors. Besides, global regional differences in CO2e per capita and MF per capita are still expanding. Worldwide differences in per unit of CO2e and per unit of MF for HDI variation are narrowing. Furtherly, there is a more general but short-lived trend of absolute decoupling for very high HDI and low HDI countries, while medium HDI countries show a significant trend of coupling. By combining the endowment characteristics of some typical countries, it can be observed that the net fossil energy importing countries with higher HDI have high degree of coupling coordination, but gradually evolve towards the state of relative decoupling. There is still a significant trend of recoupling between the MF and HDI in the net fossil energy exporting countries with higher HDI, but CO2e is gradually evolving towards decoupling. The coupling coordination state is deepening in some low HDI countries. Due to the huge differences in national endowment characteristics and development stages, targeted energy conservation and emission reduction strategies are important for achieving coordinated development between CO2e, MF and HDI.

The spatiotemporal distribution of atmospheric environmental severity in Tibet was evaluated and predicted based on polycarbonate (PC) chromatic aberrations. This study collected the annual average data (April 2021 to March 2022) of eight types of environmental factors from 10 typical atmospheric sites in Tibet. The climatic characteristics and climate distribution areas were analyzed to obtain accurate input to evaluate environmental severity. Natural environmental tests were conducted at 10 sites to analyze the regulation of PC degradation. The results showed that the gloss decreased and chromatic aberration gradually increased during PC aging, and mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and tensile strain at break, decreased with fluctuations. Thus, chromatic aberration was selected as a PC aging evaluation index owing to its excellent performance. Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to determine the information redundancy hidden in various environmental factors and geographic information coordinates. The environmental parameters were further optimized, and the factors highly related to PC aging were sunshine time, altitude, average relative humidity, and precipitation time. The “environmental material” mapping model with excellent training precision and generalizability was established using the Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network. By inputting the environmental data of 28 cities in Tibet into the well-built models, the severity was predicted and visualized to form spatial distribution maps using the Griddate interpolation method. The results showed that the low-altitude areas in eastern Tibet presented low severity. By training with different learning accuracies, the results revealed that low learning precision caused insufficient training and led to low prediction accuracy, whereas high learning precision led to overfitting and a prediction of the local minimum. The meteorological data of the 28 cities in Tibet were loaded into a well-trained artificial neural network model to predict the chromatic aberration value of PC aging in 28 cities in Tibet. A spatial distribution map of severity in Tibet was obtained based on the Griddate interpolation calculation. The results indicated that severity was much higher in summer than in winter, and the severity of the northwest area was the highest even in winter. The exact quantitative evaluations of severity played a significant role in the safety service for the equipment and facilities in Tibet.

Abstract Background Bacillus subtilis is widely used in industrial-scale riboflavin production. Previous studies have shown that targeted mutagenesis of the ribulose 5-phosphate 3-epimerase in B. subtilis can significantly enhance riboflavin production. This modification also leads to an increase in purine intermediate concentrations in the medium. Interestingly, B. subtilis exhibits remarkable efficiency in purine nucleoside synthesis, often exceeding riboflavin yields. These observations highlight the importance of the conversion steps from inosine-5’-monophosphate (IMP) to 2,5-diamino-6-ribosylamino-4(3 H)-pyrimidinone-5’-phosphate (DARPP) in riboflavin production by B. subtilis. However, research elucidating the specific impact of these reactions on riboflavin production remains limited. Result We expressed the genes encoding enzymes involved in these reactions (guaB, guaA, gmk, ndk, ribA) using a synthetic operon. Introduction of the plasmid carrying this synthetic operon led to a 3.09-fold increase in riboflavin production compared to the control strain. Exclusion of gmk from the synthetic operon resulted in a 36% decrease in riboflavin production, which was further reduced when guaB and guaA were not co-expressed. By integrating the synthetic operon into the genome and employing additional engineering strategies, we achieved riboflavin production levels of 2702 mg/L. Medium optimization further increased production to 3477 mg/L, with a yield of 0.0869 g riboflavin per g of sucrose. Conclusion The conversion steps from IMP to DARPP play a critical role in riboflavin production by B. subtilis. Our overexpression strategies have demonstrated their effectiveness in overcoming these limiting factors and enhancing riboflavin production.

Abstract Biotin, serving as a coenzyme in carboxylation reactions, is a vital nutrient crucial for the natural growth, development, and overall well-being of both humans and animals. Consequently, biotin is widely utilized in various industries, including feed, food, and pharmaceuticals. Despite its potential advantages, the chemical synthesis of biotin for commercial production encounters environmental and safety challenges. The burgeoning field of synthetic biology now allows for the creation of microbial cell factories producing bio-based products, offering a cost-effective alternative to chemical synthesis for biotin production. This review outlines the pathway and regulatory mechanism involved in biotin biosynthesis. Then, the strategies to enhance biotin production through both traditional chemical mutagenesis and advanced metabolic engineering are discussed. Finally, the article explores the limitations and future prospects of microbial biotin production. This comprehensive review not only discusses strategies for biotin enhancement but also provides in-depth insights into systematic metabolic engineering approaches aimed at boosting biotin production.

Abstract Background Microbial engineering aims to enhance the ability of bacteria to produce valuable products, including vitamin B6 for various applications. Numerous microorganisms naturally produce vitamin B6, yet the metabolic pathways involved are rigorously controlled. This regulation by the accumulation of vitamin B6 poses a challenge in constructing an efficient cell factory. Results In this study, we conducted transcriptome and metabolome analyses to investigate the effects of the accumulation of pyridoxine, which is the major commercial form of vitamin B6, on cellular processes in Escherichia coli. Our omics analysis revealed associations between pyridoxine and amino acids, as well as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Based on these findings, we identified potential targets for fermentation optimization, including succinate, amino acids, and the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio. Through targeted modifications, we achieved pyridoxine titers of approximately 514 mg/L in shake flasks and 1.95 g/L in fed-batch fermentation. Conclusion Our results provide insights into pyridoxine biosynthesis within the cellular metabolic network for the first time. Our comprehensive analysis revealed that the fermentation process resulted in a remarkable final yield of 1.95 g/L pyridoxine, the highest reported yield to date. This work lays a foundation for the green industrial production of vitamin B6 in the future.

Abstract Coordination cages have been widely reported to bind a variety of guests, which are useful for chemical separation. Although the use of cages in the solid state benefits the recycling, the flexibility, dynamicity, and metal-ligand bond reversibility of solid-state cages are poor, preventing efficient guest encapsulation. Here we report a type of coordination cage-integrated solid materials that can be swelled into gel in water. The material is prepared through incorporation of an anionic FeII 4L6 cage as the counterion of a cationic poly(ionic liquid) (MOC@PIL). The immobilized cages within MOC@PILs have been found to greatly affect the swelling ability of MOC@PILs and thus the mechanical properties. Importantly, upon swelling, the uptake of water provides an ideal microenvironment within the gels for the immobilized cages to dynamically move and flex that leads to excellent solution-level guest binding performances. This concept has enabled the use of MOC@PILs as efficient adsorbents for the removal of pollutants from water and for the purification of toluene and cyclohexane. Importantly, MOC@PILs can be regenerated through a deswelling strategy along with the recycling of the extracted guests.

Abstract Background Brassica napus, a hybrid resulting from the crossing of Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea, is one of the most important oil crops. Despite its significance, B. napus productivity faces substantial challenges due to heavy metal stress, especially in response to cadmium (Cd), which poses a significant threat among heavy metals. Natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (NRAMPs) play pivotal roles in Cd uptake and transport within plants. However, our understanding of the role of BnNRAMPs in B. napus is limited. Thus, this study aimed to conduct genome-wide identification and bioinformatics analysis of three Brassica species: B. napus, B. rapa, and B. oleracea. Results A total of 37 NRAMPs were identified across the three Brassica species and classified into two distinct subfamilies based on evolutionary relationships. Conservative motif analysis revealed that motif 6 and motif 8 might significantly contribute to the differentiation between subfamily I and subfamily II within Brassica species. Evolutionary analyses and chromosome mapping revealed a reduction in the NRAMP gene family during B. napus evolutionary history, resulting in the loss of an orthologous gene derived from BoNRAMP3.2. Cis-acting element analysis suggested potential regulation of the NRAMP gene family by specific plant hormones, such as abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). However, gene expression pattern analyses under hormonal or stress treatments indicated limited responsiveness of the NRAMP gene family to these treatments, warranting further experimental validation. Under Cd stress in B. napus, expression pattern analysis of the NRAMP gene family revealed a decrease in the expression levels of most BnNRAMP genes with increasing Cd concentrations. Notably, BnNRAMP5.1/5.2 exhibited a unique response pattern, being stimulated at low Cd concentrations and inhibited at high Cd concentrations, suggesting potential response mechanisms distinct from those of other NRAMP genes. Conclusions In summary, this study indicates complex molecular dynamics within the NRAMP gene family under Cd stress, suggesting potential applications in enhancing plant resilience, particularly against Cd. The findings also offer valuable insights for further understanding the functionality and regulatory mechanisms of the NRAMP gene family.

Abstract The advent of additively manufactured biodegradable porous metals presents a transformative opportunity to meet the criteria of ideal bone substitutes. Precisely tailoring their degradation behavior constitutes a pivotal aspect of this endeavor. In this study, we investigated the effects of topological designs on the degradation profile of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) Zn scaffolds under dynamic in vitro immersion tests. Specifically, four types of Zn-0.4Mn-0.2Mg scaffolds (beam-based: diamond, face center cubic; surface-based: gyroid, schwarz-P) were designed and fabricated. The degradation mechanism of the scaffolds was comprehensively evaluated using both experimental and simulation methods. The results illuminate the profound impact of structural design on the degradation properties of the Zn alloy scaffolds. The beam-based diamond and face center cubic scaffolds exhibited a degradation rate of 0.08–0.12 mm per year with a relatively uniform degradation mode under dynamic immersion. On the contrary, the surface-based gyroid and Schwarz-P scaffolds demonstrated a notably reduced degradation rate due to lower permeability. This restricted the diffusion of medium ions within the pores, culminating in the accumulation of degradation products and more severe localized degradation. This study underscores the potential of topological design as a compelling strategy for tailoring the degradation profile of additively manufactured biodegradable scaffolds, thereby advancing their suitability as bone substitutes.

Abstract Seed germination is an important development process in plant growth. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a critical role during seed germination. However, the mechanism of rapeseed in response to ABA is still elusive. In order to understand changes of rapeseed under exogenous ABA treatment, we explored differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between mock- and ABA-treated seedlings. A widely targeted LC-MS/MS based metabolomics were used to identify and quantify metabolic changes in response to ABA during seed germination, and a total of 186 significantly DEMs were identified. There are many compounds which are involved in ABA stimuli, especially some specific ABA transportation-related metabolites such as starches and lipids were screened out. Meanwhile, a total of 4440 significantly DEGs were identified by transcriptomic analyses. There was a significant enrichment of DEGs related to phenylpropanoid and cell wall organization. It suggests that exogenous ABA mainly affects seed germination by regulating cell wall loosening. Finally, the correlation analysis of the key DEMs and DEGs indicates that many DEGs play a direct or indirect regulatory role in DEMs metabolism. The integrative analysis between DEGs and DEMs suggests that the starch and sucrose pathways were the key pathway in ABA responses. The two metabolites from starch and sucrose pathways, levan and cellobiose, both were found significantly down-regulated in ABA-treated seedlings. These comprehensive metabolic and transcript analyses provide useful information for the subsequent post-transcriptional modification and post germination growth of rapeseed in response to ABA signals and stresses.

The microbiologically influenced corrosion of CoCrMnNi high entropy alloy induced by P. aeruginosa was investigated in this work. The results of electrochemical tests, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the thickness of passive film was significantly decreased in the presence of P. aeruginosa and the corrosion of HEA was accelerated. When the organic nutrients were deficient, the extracellular electron transfer process was promoted and the corrosion resistance of the HEA was further decreased according to the results of potentiodynamic polarization and Mott-Schottky. The effect of nutrients deficiency on MIC acceleration was more prominent after the degradation of the passive film. Mn metal in the HEA substrate preferentially participated in the bacterial metabolism as an alternative energy source due to the high activity.

The safety of aircraft landing on wet runways is of great importance in runway risk management. In order to ensure landing safety on wet runways, real-time risk warning is required. This paper proposes a method to assess aircraft landing risk in real-time based on finite element-virtual prototype-machine learning co-simulation. Firstly, a tire-water film-runway finite element model was constructed, a virtual prototype model was built based on the Airbus A320 model, and the results of the tire-water film-runway local finite element dynamic analysis were transferred to the system simulation of the virtual prototype for co-simulation. Secondly, considering the influence of wet state parameters on the runway, a database of aircraft anti-skid failure risk was constructed, and three machine learning models were trained to predict aircraft landing risk. The results show that the Support Vector Machine (SVM) model has better generalization capability and should be used to predict the risk level of aircraft landing. The efficacy of the comprehensive taxiing model was validated using an empirical formula for determining the aircraft's landing distance on a wet runway. When an aircraft lands on a runway with an average water film thickness of 8 mm, the braking time is approximately 1.6 times longer than on a dry runway, and the braking distance is roughly 5.3 times greater than on a dry runway. Finally, a risk assessment example was provided: the entire process from landing information input to risk level output for the aircraft model took only 80 ms, which could provide an efficient and real-time aircraft landing risk assessment.

Objectives: Deep-venous thrombosis (DVT) refers to abnormal blood clotting in the deep vein cavity, and post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is the most frequent complication. The study explored the impact of microRNA 181b-5p on DVT progression based on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).Methods: Levels of miR-181b-5p were examined in 150 cases with acute lower extremity DVT. ROC curve and K-M plot were drawn for clinical value assessment. The role of miR-181b-5p in HUVECs viability, migration, apoptosis, inflammatory response and adhesion factors’ release was investigated. Target gene of miR-181b-5p was predicted, and its role in cell function was explored.Results: Low-expressed miR-181b-5p showed favorable diagnostic performance in differentiating DVT with the AUC of 0.948. Patients with low miR-181b-5p had a high incidence of PTS. miR-181b-5p overexpression promoted HUVECs’ viability and migration, while inhibiting cell apoptosis and release of inflammatory and adhesion cytokines. As the target gene of miR-181b-5p, HEY2 overexpression reversed the role of miR-181b-5p in HUVECs.Conclusion: MiR-181b-5p serves as a potential biomarker for DVT diagnosis and PTS development. Overexpression of this miRNA targeted HEY2 to alleviate endothelial cell damage.

Lipophilic compounds have a variety of positive effects on human physiological functions and exhibit good effects in the prevention and treatment of clinical diseases. This has led to significant interest in the technical applications of synthetic biology for the production of lipophilic compounds. However, the strict selective permeability of the cell membrane and the hydrophobic nature of lipophilic compounds pose significant challenges to their production. During fermentation, lipophilic compounds tend to accumulate within cell membrane compartments rather than being secreted extracellularly. The toxic effects of excessive lipophilic compound accumulation can threaten cell viability, while the limited space within the cell membrane restricts further increases in production yield. Consequently, to achieve efficient production of lipophilic compounds, research is increasingly focused on constructing robust and multifunctional microbial cell factories. Utilizing membrane engineering techniques to construct highly flexible cell membranes is considered an effective strategy to break through the upper limit of lipophilic compound production. Currently, there are two main approaches to cell membrane modification: constructing artificial storage compartments for lipophilic compounds and engineering the cell membrane structure to facilitate product outflow. This review summarizes recent cell membrane engineering strategies applied in microbial cell factories for the production of liposoluble compounds, discussing the challenges and future prospects. These strategies enhance membrane flexibility and effectively promote the production of liposoluble compounds.

Study region: Upstream of the Heilongjiang River, located in Northeast Asia, is the transboundary river between China and Russia. Study focus: Using long-term hydrological records provided by the Mohe station in combination with multiple statistical approaches, we investigate how river ice phenology of the Heilongjiang River has varied during the period 1957–2016, and quantitatively assess the individual contribution of changes in different climatic factors to such variation in river ice phenology. New insights for the region: We show the later occurrence for newly formed ice date, ice-on date, and freeze-up date and the earlier occurrence for beak-up date and ice-off date, ultimately leading to a decrease in persistence of river ice in the Heilongjiang River. River ice phenology exhibits a general lag response to climate change, with ranging from 1 to 5 months. Further attribution analysis that explicitly considers time-lag effect suggests that climate change plays a dominant role in regulating river ice phenology. More specifically, compared to other climatic factors, air pressure and maximum and minimum temperature changes have larger contributions to variation in river ice phenology, particularly for the delay of formation time. These findings provide technical basis and beneficial reference to the development of regional river management strategies involved in climate change adaptation framework.

Permafrost degradation on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is anticipated to result in the thaw of permafrost carbon. Existing studies have been conducted to assess the future thaw of frozen carbon on the TP, primarily focusing on the deepening of the active layer while neglecting the impact of permafrost area shrinkage. This oversight may lead to a significant underestimation of the potential thaw of frozen carbon. Our research underscores the pivotal role of permafrost area shrinkage in estimating the future thaw of frozen carbon. Our findings reveal that when the combined effects of permafrost area shrinkage and active layer deepening are considered, the thaw rates of frozen carbon in various radiative forcing scenarios are nearly four times those based on active layer deepening alone. Notably, our results demonstrate substantial thaw of frozen organic carbon in the TP permafrost area under all four future scenarios: In the low radiative forcing scenario SSP1-2.6, it is predicted that 55.4 % of the organic carbon in the permafrost area 0–10 m soils will be in a state of thaw by 2100, and more than 90 % in the high radiative forcing scenario SSP5-8.5. This substantial thaw is poised to diminish the TP's current carbon sink function significantly. Our study emphasizes that as global warming persists, frozen carbon in permafrost areas will play a more active role in global carbon cycle processes in the future. Furthermore, we stress the importance of considering permafrost area shrinkage in understanding the thaw of frozen carbon, providing valuable insights for carbon balance studies on the TP.

Abstract New generations of vaccines have been developed by encapsulating messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in lipid nanoparticle (LNP) carriers. In addition to the physicochemical properties of LNPs, the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of mRNA in LNPs is a key factor to screen vaccine assembly assays. Fluorescent dyes with amplified signals upon binding with mRNA are at the core of developing assays to quantify EE. However, disregarding the temporal effects during the assay impacts the accuracy of the assay. Here, the kinetics of temporal decay in fluorescence intensity of dye‐RNA complex—in Ribogreen assay—are reported and shown how this dynamic process can be impeded in the presence of a nonionic surfactant. Further, the impact of this dynamic process on the calculated EE is studied. The corrections needed to accurately assay dynamic mRNA loading processes are presented.

Study region: Loess Plateau (LP), China Study focus: This study investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation drought on the LP using an improved temperature vegetation drought index (ITVDI) and explored its time-lag link with teleconnection factors. New hydrological insights for the region: Findings indicated that: (1) ITVDI is an effective tool for vegetation drought monitoring; (2) the vegetation droughts were primarily characterized by mild to moderate intensity, with spring manifesting the most expansive drought-stressed areas (about 61.89% of pixels); (3) approximately 71.69% of the region exhibited an increasing trend in vegetation drought, particularly in the Ordos Plateau and typical agricultural zones; (4) long-term dependence in vegetation drought patterns was observed in 70.65% of the region, characterized by forest-covered areas becoming wetter, crop-covered areas getting drier, and grass-covered areas shifting from dryness to wetness; (5) the lag time between ITVDI and Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) was generally less than four months (approximately 71.01% of pixels), while ITVDI lagged behind Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) mostly between 6 and 8 months (around 75.77% of pixels); (6) extremum correlation coefficients effectively determined the lag time for vegetation drought behind large-scale circulation factors, considering both monotonic and non-monotonic relationships. These insights contribute to drought monitoring, risk assessment, and early warning system, thereby providing valuable support for drought mitigation and management strategies in the LP and similar regions worldwide.

China is tectonically composed of a series of plates and orogenic belts and has been influenced by the Pacific and Indian plates since the Late Paleozoic, forming a regular distribution of Mesozoic and Cenozoic granites. As an important source of geothermal energy, granite is the five elements of geothermal enrichment:geothermal sources; geothermal reservoirs; heat transmission; heat caprock; and heat preservation and it is possible to classify the types of geothermal resources in China according to their distribution in combination with neotectonic movements. China's geothermal energy can be divided into hydrothermal and hot dry rock types in basins and orogenic belts, respectively. Geothermal resources can be divided into hydrothermal, rock, magma, and hybrid geothermal types according to the heat carrier type. Basin geothermal resources are dominated by hydrothermal types, while geothermal energy in orogenic belts with granite includes both hydrothermal and hot dry rock types. Geothermal resources in China can be divided into 6 distinct geothermal regions and 13 subregions, of which the Southwest and Southeast China regions and the Qaidam-Qilian and Jiaoliao subregions in North China with Mesozoic and Cenozoic granites are the most favorable areas for high-temperature hydrothermal and hot dry rock sources. China has complex geological conditions, diverse types of geothermal resources, and broad prospects for development and utilization. Having performed extensive shallow hydrothermal geothermal development and utilization and completed various power generation tests, China's geothermal development and utilization is in a critical stage of transition from the direct utilization of shallow hydrothermal resources to high-temperature geothermal or hot dry rock power generation in middle and deep layers. Basic theoretical research, key technology breakthroughs, and policy incentives are the main issues that need to be addressed in the geothermal industry.

As an important component of the exploration and evaluation of geothermal resources, the formation model has unique formation and distribution rule in different regions. Reliable geological models need to be established to help in temperature prediction, favorable area selection, and drilling design studies prior to the development of geothermal resources. This paper provides an integrated approach for analyzing the formation models of geothermal resources by combining geological studies and the wide-field electromagnetic method. The resistivity profile is converted into a geologic profile by analyzing the fault distribution, stratigraphic lithology, magmatic rock development, and signal changes of the profile. Comprehensively analyzing the geological elements including the heat sources, water sources, thermal reservoirs, transport conditions, cap rock, and preservation conditions, we investigate the matching relationship of the geological elements on the geologic profile and establish a formation model of the geothermal resources. This approach avoids the respective limitations of geological and geophysical methods, and the formation model established by this approach is comprehensive, intuitive, and accurate and can provide support for the development of geothermal resources.

Abstract Background Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most prevalent kidney cancer with high aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that circRNAs have been identified as pivotal mediators in cancers. However, the role of circRNAs in ccRCC progression remains elusive. Methods The differentially expressed circRNAs in 4 paired human ccRCC and adjacent noncancerous tissues ccRCC were screened using circRNA microarrays and the candidate target was selected based on circRNA expression level using weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. CircPDHK1 expression in ccRCC and adjacent noncancerous tissues (n = 148) were evaluated along with clinically relevant information. RT-qPCR, RNase R digestion, and actinomycin D (ActD) stability test were conducted to identify the characteristics of circPDHK1. The subcellular distribution of circPDHK1 was analyzed by subcellular fractionation assay and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (IP-MS) and immunofluorescence (IF) were employed to evaluate the protein-coding ability of circPDHK1. ccRCC cells were transfected with siRNAs, plasmids or lentivirus approach, and cell proliferation, migration and invasion, as well as tumorigenesis and metastasis in nude mice were assessed to clarify the functional roles of circPDHK1 and its encoded peptide PDHK1-241aa. RNA-sequencing, western blot analysis, immunoprecipitation (IP) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were further employed to identify the underlying mechanisms regulated by PDHK1-241aa. Results CircPDHK1 was upregulated in ccRCC tissues and closely related to WHO/ISUP stage, T stage, distant metastasis, VHL mutation and Ki-67 levels. CircPDHK1 had a functional internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and encoded a novel peptide PDHK1-241aa. Functionally, we confirmed that PDHK1-241aa and not the circPDHK1 promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of ccRCC. Mechanistically, circPDHK1 was activated by HIF-2A at the transcriptional level. PDHK1-241aa was upregulated and interacted with PPP1CA, causing the relocation of PPP1CA to the nucleus. This thereby inhibited AKT dephosphorylation and activated the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. Conclusions Our data indicated that circPDHK1-encoded PDHK1-241aa promotes ccRCC progression by interacting with PPP1CA to inhibit AKT dephosphorylation. This study provides novel insights into the multiplicity of circRNAs and highlights the potential use of circPDHK1 or PDHK1-241aa as a therapeutic target for ccRCC.

Abstract This study explores the potential use of low-cost natural fiber reinforced rope polymers (FRRP) to improve the compressive behavior of circular, square, and rectangular reinforced concrete (RC) specimens. A total of 42 specimens were tested under monotonic axial compression in three groups. Groups were formed to differentiate specimens with different cross-sectional shapes such as circular, square, and rectangular. The findings demonstrate that FRRP can effectively boost the compressive behavior of RC columns. Circular specimens with three-layer hemp FRRP exhibited a 200% increase in compressive strength and a 270% improvement in corresponding strain. Cotton FRRP provided a 117% boost in compressive strength and a 233% enhancement in strain. In square specimens, three-layer hemp FRRP resulted in a 110% rise in compressive strength and a 186% increase in strain, while cotton confinement yielded improvements of 95% and 144%, respectively. For the square and rectangular specimens, the improvement in the compressive behavior was reduced compared to the circular specimens because of stress concentrations near corners. Moreover, the study showed that the hemp FRRP confinement outperformed the cotton confinement. The investigation also revealed that the existing analytical models were inadequate in predicting the mechanical properties of RC confined with natural FRRP. Therefore, the study introduces novel equations to predict the compressive strength and corresponding strain for both hemp and cotton confined concrete in various cross-sectional types. These proposed equations exhibit a good level of accuracy in predicting the compressive strength and corresponding strain.

Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor-based vertical-transport field-effect transistors (VTFETs) – in which the current flows perpendicularly to the substrate surface direction – are in the drive to surmount the stringent downscaling constraints faced by the conventional planar FETs. However, low-power device operation with a sub-60 mV/dec subthreshold swing (SS) at room temperature along with an ultra-scaled channel length remains challenging for 2D semiconductor-based VTFETs. Here, we report steep-slope VTFETs that combine a gate-controllable van der Waals heterojunction and a metal-filamentary threshold switch (TS), featuring a vertical transport channel thinner than 5 nm and sub-thermionic turn-on characteristics. The integrated TS-VTFETs were realised with efficient current switching behaviours, exhibiting a current modulation ratio exceeding 1 × 108 and an average sub-60 mV/dec SS over 6 decades of drain current. The proposed TS-VTFETs with excellent area- and energy-efficiency could help to tackle the performance degradation-device downscaling dilemma faced by logic transistor technologies.

Abstract Objective This study was to investigate the underlying mechanism by which Saikosaponin D (SSD) mitigates the inflammatory response associated with osteoarthritis (OA) and regulates autophagy through upregulation of microRNA (miR)-199-3p and downregulation of transcription Factor-4 (TCF4). Methods A mouse OA model was established. Mice were intragastrically administered with SSD (0, 5, 10 μmol/L) or injected with miR-199-3p antagomir into the knee. Then, pathological changes in cartilage tissues were observed. Normal chondrocytes and OA chondrocytes were isolated and identified. Chondrocytes were treated with SSD and/or transfected with oligonucleotides or plasmid vectors targeting miR-199-3p and TCF4. Cell viability, apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy were assessed. miR-199-3p and TCF4 expressions were measured, and their targeting relationship was analyzed. Results In in vivo experiments, SSD ameliorated cartilage histopathological damage, decreased inflammatory factor content and promoted autophagy in OA mice. miR-199-3p expression was downregulated and TCF4 expression was upregulated in cartilage tissues of OA mice. miR-199-3p expression was upregulated and TCF4 expression was downregulated after SSD treatment. Downregulation of miR-199-3p attenuated the effect of SSD on OA mice. In in vitro experiments, SSD inhibited the inflammatory response and promoted autophagy in OA chondrocytes. Downregulation of miR-199-3p attenuated the effect of SSD on OA chondrocytes. In addition, upregulation of miR-199-3p alone inhibited inflammatory responses and promoted autophagy in OA chondrocytes. miR-199-3p targeted TCF4. Upregulation of TCF4 attenuated the effects of miR-199-3p upregulation on OA chondrocytes. Conclusions SSD alleviates inflammatory response and mediates autophagy in OA via elevating miR-199-3p to target TCF4.

The yellow seed trait is preferred by breeders for its potential to improve the seed quality and commercial value of Brassica napus. In the present study, we produced yellow seed mutants using a CRISPR/Cas9 system when the two BnPAP2 homologs were knocked out. Histochemical staining of the seed coat demonstrated that proanthocyanidin accumulation was significantly reduced in the pap2 double mutants and decreased specifically in the endothelial and palisade layer cells of the seed coat. Transcriptomic and metabolite profiling analysis suggested that disruption of the BnPAP2 genes could reduce the expression of structural and regulated genes in the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways. The broad suppression of these genes might hinder proanthocyanidin accumulation during seed development, and thereby causing the yellow seed trait in B. napus. These results indicate that BnPAP2 might play a vital role in the regulatory network controlling proanthocyanidin accumulation.

Abstract Chemotherapy resistance accompanied by energy metabolism abnormality functions as one of the main reasons for treatment failure and poor prognosis. However, the function of N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-modified circular RNA (circRNA) on osteosarcoma (OS) is still unclear. Here, present research investigated the potential role and mechanism of circARHGAP12 on OS doxorubicin (Dox) resistance and aerobic glycolysis. Results indicated that circARHGAP12 was a novel m6A-modified circRNA, which was up-regulated in OS cells. Overexpression of circARHGAP12 promoted the Dox resistance half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and aerobic glycolysis (glucose uptake, lactate and ATP production) in OS cells (Saos-2/Dox, MG63/Dox). Mechanistically, m6A-modified circARHGAP12 could bind with c-Myc mRNA through m6A-dependent manner, thereby enhancing the c-Myc mRNA stability. Thus, these findings revealed the critical function of circARHGAP12 on OS Dox-resistance and aerobic glycolysis. Taken together, our study demonstrated a critical function of circARHGAP12 on OS chemotherapy resistance and energy metabolism abnormality, providing critical roles on OS treatment.

Manholes are important structures in urban storm drainage systems connecting roads and underground drainage networks, and they are also an important part of the research on improving urban resistance to storm flooding. Due to cost and space constraints, most of the existing experimental data on manholes come from scale model experiments obtained by scaling according to Froude's similarity criterion, and there is a lack of validation based on full-size experimental data. This also leads to inconsistencies in the form and parameter values of the manhole flow exchange equations derived from different experiments. To remedy this deficiency, a full-scale urban drainage engineering physics model was developed in this study with the aim of investigating the flow exchange of surface water as it flows through manholes into the sewer system. Experiments were conducted under steady flow conditions and compared with predictions from the existing models. The results show that the predictions of the existing model deviate significantly from the measured values when the flow is between free weir flow and submerged orifice flow. Therefore, we constructed a weighting equation based on weir and orifice flows and found that the weighting coefficients decayed exponentially during the transition from weir to orifice flow. HIGHLIGHTS A full-scale physical model of urban drainage was developed in the vicinity of the manholes.; A weighted equation based on a combination of free weir and submerged orifice equations is proposed to represent the experimentally measured rate of flow exchange through a manhole as surface water flow enters the sewer system.; The coefficients in the equation develop exponentially with the flow regime.;

Abstract Machine learning is a powerful means for the rapid development of high-performance functional materials. In this study, we presented a machine learning workflow for predicting the corrosion resistance of a self-healing epoxy coating containing ZIF-8@Ca microfillers. The orthogonal Latin square method was used to investigate the effects of the molecular weight of the polyetheramine curing agent, molar ratio of polyetheramine to epoxy, molar content of the hydrogen bond unit (UPy-D400), and mass content of the solid microfillers (ZIF-8@Ca microfillers) on the low impedance modulus (lg|Z|0.01Hz) values of the scratched coatings, generating 32 initial datasets. The machine learning workflow was divided into two stages: In stage I, five models were compared and the random forest (RF) model was selected for the active learning. After 5 cycles of active learning, the RF model achieved good prediction accuracy: coefficient of determination (R 2) = 0.709, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) = 0.081, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.685 (lg(Ω·cm2)). In stage II, the best coating formulation was identified by Bayesian optimization. Finally, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results showed that compared with the intact coating ((4.63 ± 2.08) × 1011 Ω·cm2), the |Z|0.01Hz value of the repaired coating was as high as (4.40 ± 2.04) × 1011 Ω·cm2. Besides, the repaired coating showed minimal corrosion and 3.3% of adhesion loss after 60 days of neutral salt spray testing.

The relationship between rust layer evolution and the corresponding corrosion resistance of 55AlZnMg coatings in NaCl solution were investigated by Scanning electron microscope, micro-Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Alloy phases composing the coating were not corroded synchronically, and thus the coating would not transfer into a rust layer integrally along the depth direction. The rapid thickening of the rust layer was triggered with an outward migration of such cations as Zn2+ and Al3+, which were generated from the preferential corrosion of interdendritic MgZn2/Zn-rich phases. During this process, benefiting from the compact rust layer consisting of protective corrosion products (e.g., simonkolleite, hydrozincite and layered double hydroxide), the corrosion resistance of the coating was sharply enhanced until the immersion for 28 days. Later, because of transformations of simonkolleite and hydrozincite, the stratification of the rust layer and micro-cracks caused by the formation of Zn(OH)2 in large quantities, which led to a formation of fast diffusion tunnel and thus impaired the corrosion resistance of the coating. It could be concluded that the corrosion resistance of 55AlZnMg coatings in NaCl solution were not only determined by the properties of its corrosion products, but also, on the overall properties of rust layer.

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of cordymin on osteoporosis induced by hindlimb unloading(HLU) in rats and whether cordymin can prevent bone loss from HLU. Materials and methods We employed the hindlimb suspension rats model to mimic physiological changes concomitant with space travel.The mechanical strength in the femoral neck,cancellous bone volume, gut microbiota structure,serum calcium and phosphorus contents, bone mineral content and bone mineral content can be changed after hindlimb unloading. Oral cordymin was administered for 4 weeks,cordymin treatment significantly increased the mechanical strength through elevated bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb. N), trabecular thickness (Tb. Th) and decreased trabecular separation (Tb. Sp). Results Importantly, 16 S rRNA sequencing showed cordymin treatment regulated the various genera that were imbalanced in hindlimb unloading rats. At the same time,The plasma total calcium and inorganic phosphate concentrations in hindlimb unloading rats decreased and bone mineral content in the lumbar vertebrae and femur increased after treatment with cordymin. Conclusion These data indicate that the cordymin might exert bone protective effects indirectly via modulating the complex relationship between gut microbiota, microelements and bone loss.