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Objective To elucidate factors that influence opioid prescribing behaviors of key stakeholders after major spine surgery, with a focus on barriers to optimized prescribing. Methods In-person semi-structured interviews were performed with 20 surgical and medical professionals (January 23, 2019 to June 11, 2019) at a large academic medical center, including resident physicians, midlevel providers, attending physicians, and clinical pharmacists. Interviews centered on perceptions of postoperative prescribing practices were coded and analyzed using a qualitative inductive approach. Results Several unique themes emerged. First, wide interprovider variation exists in the perceived role of opioid prescribing guidelines. Second, there are important relationships between clinical experience, time constraints, and postoperative opioid prescribing. Third, opioid tapering is a major area of inconsistency. Fourth, there are serious challenges in managing analgesic expectations, particularly in those with chronic pain. Finally, there is currently no process to facilitate the hand-off or transition of opioid prescribing responsibility between surgical and primary care teams, which represents a major area for practice optimization efforts. Conclusion Despite increased focus on postoperative opioid prescribing, there remain numerous areas for improvement. The development of tools and processes to address critical gaps in postoperative prescribing will be essential for our efforts to reduce long-term opioid use after major spine surgery and improve patient care.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) survivors are at heightened risk for poor short- and long-term health outcomes. Even among those who recover after an AKI episode, the risk for chronic kidney disease is 4- to 6-fold higher than in patients without AKI, underscoring the importance of identifying methods to improve AKI survivorship.The purpose of this report was to describe the development and feasibility of a novel multidisciplinary approach to caring for AKI survivors at care transitions (ACT).Observational process improvement initiative.Single academic medical center in the United States.The studied population was adults with stage 3 AKI not discharging on dialysis who were established with a primary care provider (PCP) at our institution.An electronic health record tool was developed prior to implementation to identify AKI survivors. The ACT program encompassed engaging patients in the hospital, delivering education by nephrology-trained nurses before discharge, completing recommended laboratory testing after discharge, and conducting structured kidney-focused follow-up with a pharmacist and a PCP within 7 to 14 days after discharge. Patients could be referred for nephrology evaluation at the discretion of the PCP.Preliminary data demonstrated that most AKI survivors of interest could be identified, educated, and followed up with this model. This strategy appeared feasible, scalable, and maximized the unique expertise of each member of the multidisciplinary team.Small sample size, future assessment of process, clinical, and patient-reported outcomes needed.The multidisciplinary ACT workflow supported by clinical decision support was feasible and addressed gaps in existing care transition models. Team-based care delivery in primary care appears to be a mechanism to extend the capacity for kidney health monitoring for AKI survivors.Les patients qui survivent à un épisode d’insuffisance rénale aiguë (IRA) courent un risque plus élevé de mauvais résultats cliniques à court et à long terme. Même chez les patients qui se rétablissent, le risque de progression vers l’insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC) demeure de quatre à six fois plus élevé que chez les patients n’ayant jamais eu d’épisode d’IRA. Il est donc essentiel d’identifier des méthodes permettant d’améliorer la survie à un épisode d’IRA.L’objectif de cette étude était de décrire l’élaboration et la faisabilité d’une nouvelle approche multidisciplinaire pour la prise en charge des survivants d’un épisode d’IRA en transition de soins (Approche multidisciplinaire en Transition de Soins—AmTS).Initiative d’amélioration des processus menée par observation.Un seul centre médical universitaire aux États-Unis.La population étudiée était constituée d’adultes atteints d’IRA de stade 3 sans traitements de dialyse à leur sortie et qui avaient été mis en contact avec un fournisseur de soins primaires (FSP) dans l’établissement.Avant la mise en œuvre de l’intervention, un outil de dossier de santé électronique a été développé pour identifier les survivants à un épisode d’IRA. Le programme de l’AmTS comprenait la participation des patients pendant leur séjour à l’hôpital, une formation donnée par des infirmières formées en néphrologie avant le congé, les tests de laboratoire recommandés après la sortie de l’hôpital et un suivi structuré axé sur la santé rénale avec un pharmacien et un FSP dans les 7 à 14 jours suivant la sortie de l’hôpital. Il a été laissé à la discrétion des FSP d’aiguiller ou non leurs patients pour une évaluation en néphrologie.Des données préliminaires ont démontré qu’il était possible d’identifier, d’informer et d’assurer le suivi de la plupart des sujets d’intérêt (des survivants à un épisode d’IRA) avec ce modèle. Cette stratégie a semblé réalisable, évolutive et apte à optimiser l’expertise individuelle des membres de l’équipe multidisciplinaire.Faible taille de l’échantillon; une évaluation future du processus, des résultats cliniques et des résultats rapportés par les patients est nécessaire.Le processus de cette AmTS soutenue par une aide à la prise de décision clinique s’est avéré réalisable et a permis de combler les lacunes des modèles de transition des soins existants. Dans le contexte des soins primaires, la prestation de soins en équipe semble être un mécanisme permettant d’étendre la capacité de surveillance de la santé rénale des survivants à un épisode d’IRA.

Little is known about how family caregivers who witness unexpected and spontaneous communication among people in late stages of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) appraise these episodes of lucidity (EL).In an electronic, cross-sectional survey for former and current caregivers who participate in UsAgainstAlzheimer's A-LISTCaregivers reported 72% of ELs to be quite a bit or very positive, 17% to be stressful, and 10% to be both stressful and positive. Twelve percent of caregivers changed care plans because of ELs and 13% sought out information about ELs.These exploratory data suggest caregiver reactions to EL vary. Caregivers may change or postpone care decisions due to EL, and few resources exist to address caregiver queries about EL.

Background Care coordination has been a common tool for practices seeking to manage complex patients, yet there remains confusion about the most effective and sustainable model. Research exists on opinions of providers of care coordination but there is limited information on perspectives of those in the insurance industry about key elements. We sought to gather opinions from primary care providers and administrators in Minnesota who were involved in a CMS (Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services) transformational grant implementing COMPASS (Care Of Mental, Physical And Substance-use Syndromes), an evidence-based model of care coordination for depressed patients comorbid with diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease. We then sought to compare these views with those of private insurance representatives in Minnesota. Methods We used qualitative methods to conducted forty-two key informant interviews with primary care providers (n = 15); administrators (n = 15); and insurers (n = 12). We analyzed the recorded and transcribed data, once de-identified, using a frameworks analysis approach. Results We identified six primary themes: 1) a defined scope, rationale, and key partnerships for building comprehensive care coordination programs, 2) effective information exchange, 3) a trained and available workforce, 4) the need for a business model and a financially justifiable program, 5) a need for evaluation and ongoing improvement of care coordination, and 6) the importance of patient and family engagement. Overall consensus across stakeholder groups was high including a call for payment reform to support a valued service. Despite their role in paying for care, insurance representatives did not stress reduced utilization as more important than other outcomes. Conclusions Primary care providers and administrators from different organizations and backgrounds, all with experience in COMPASS, in large part agreed with insurance representatives on the main elements of a sustainable model and the need for health reform to sustain this service. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12913-019-3916-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

IntroductionAcute kidney injury (AKI) affects nearly 20% of all hospitalised patients and is associated with poor outcomes. Long-term complications can be partially attributed to gaps in kidney-focused care and education during transitions. Building capacity across the healthcare spectrum by engaging a broad network of multidisciplinary providers to facilitate optimal follow-up care represents an important mechanism to address this existing care gap. Key participants include nephrologists and primary care providers and in-depth study of each specialty’s approach to post-AKI care is essential to optimise care processes and healthcare delivery for AKI survivors.Methods and analysisThis explanatory sequential mixed-methods study uses survey and interview methodology to assess nephrologist and primary care provider recommendations for post-AKI care, including KAMPS (kidney function assessment, awareness and education, medication review, blood pressure monitoring and sick day education) elements of follow-up, the role of multispecialty collaboration, and views on care process-specific and patient-specific factors influencing healthcare delivery. Nephrologists and primary care providers will be surveyed to assess recommendations and clinical decision-making in the context of post-AKI care. Descriptive statistics and the Pearson’s χ2 or Fisher’s exact test will be used to compare results between groups. This will be followed by semistructured interviews to gather rich, qualitative data that explains and/or connects results from the quantitative survey. Both deductive analysis and inductive analysis will occur to identify and compare themes.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been reviewed and deemed exempt by the Institutional Review Board at Mayo Clinic (IRB 20–0 08 793). The study was deemed exempt due to the sole use of survey and interview methodology. Results will be disseminated in presentations and manuscript form through peer-reviewed publication.

Microsurgery is considered one of the most demanding surgical techniques. In a recent American Society of Reconstructive Microsurgeons survey, respondents reported that about half their procedures lasted 8 hours or longer and 8% had tremor during their surgery. Thus, the aim of this study was to define user centered design requirements for a microsurgery armrest, create low-fidelity armrest design concepts and evaluate microsurgeons’ perspectives on the advantages/disadvantages of five potential design concepts. Direct and videotaped observations of microsurgery, user brainstorming during a co-creation workshop and semi-structured interviews were used. The resulting five microsurgery armrest concepts were presented pictorially through semi-structured interviews, where microsurgeons defined armrest design requirements as: a) an armrest that allows the surgeons to be as close as possible to the patient; b) adjustable to accommodate different procedures sites and surgeon preferences; c) rigid enough to support arms; d) is not difficult to set up; nor e) large or bulky; and f) complies with operative sterility rules. This study illustrated how involving the users (microsurgeons) early in the design process provides useful perspectives on design requirements and implementation barrier for a cost-effective ergonomic microsurgery armrest to foster sound ergonomic surgical practice and reduce musculoskeletal health risk factors during microsurgery.

People with late-stage Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) who are assumed to have lost coherent cognitive capacity may exhibit unexpected episodes of spontaneous, meaningful, and relevant communication or behavior. Most reports of paradoxical lucidity or “episodes of lucidity” (EL) are anecdotal or case studies. Given the transient nature and lack of scientific explanation of the phenomenon, EL is under-investigated and poorly understood.To develop an operational definition of and typologies for EL, we conducted a pilot study of former and current family caregivers from UsAgainstAlzheimer’s A-LIST® (N = 480). Over sixty percent of caregivers (n = 294, 61%) reported witnessing at least one EL with their care recipient over the course of dementia. Most episodes happened in late stages of dementia (71%). Only 10% happened within 7 days before death. The majority of episodes (71%) lasted M = 4.1; range = 1–5), but also expressed desire to know why/when EL occurs and how to respond to it.We plan to use these data to refine definitions and typologies to incorporate into a prospective, demographically diverse survey to family caregivers to assess predictors of EL and linking EL to caregiver well-being and bereavement response. Precise and robust operationalizations of EL will allow future research to assess if EL has different effects on ADRD prognosis or alters how family members understand, manage and adapt to a PLWD’s dementia progression.

Remote monitoring has the potential to improve patient care and satisfaction while reducing the cost of care and burden on the healthcare system for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) and Atrial Fibrillation (AF) patients. However, the device must be convenient and easy for the population to use correctly. In this study, human factors and qualitative researchers evaluated the use of a remote cardiac monitoring device during a clinical trial with 74 CHF and AF patients. Human factors usability concerns centered on device use and the information presented in the manual. The key themes identified during the qualitative analysis were related to patient education. These findings were incorporated into device design, user manual, or education material updates. This study illustrates how these methods can infuse patient experience into device design to inform continued quality improvement and usability refinement specifically in devices to aid CHF and AF patients without added burden.

Paul Y Takahashi,1 Dawn M Finnie,2 Stephanie M Quigg,1 Lynn S Borkenhagen,1 Ashok Kumbamu,2 Ashley K Kimeu,1 Joan M Griffin2,3 1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Primary Care Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; 2Robert D and Patricia E Kern Center for Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; 3Department of Health Science Research, Division of Health Care Policy and Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Background: Care transitions programs are increasingly used to improve care and reduce re-admission of patients after hospitalization. To learn from the experience of patients who have participated in the Mayo Clinic Care Transitions (MCCT) program and to understand the patient experience, we sought perspectives of patients, caregivers, and providers who worked with participants of the MCCT program. Methods: Investigators interviewed 17 patients and nine of their caregivers about their experience with the MCCT program. Eight health care providers described provider experiences with the MCCT program. Data from semistructured interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and evaluated through content analysis. Inductive coding methods were used to elicit themes about patient experience with the MCCT program. Results: Patients, caregivers, and providers emphasized that the MCCT program prevented hospitalizations and contributed to the health and quality of life of participants. All three stakeholder groups emphasized the value of the home visit and provision of the visit on a patient’s “home turf” as central to the program. Patients appreciated speaking to a provider without the stress and exertion of a trip to the clinic. Caregivers appreciated improved communication provided in the home visit and felt that home visits gave them peace of mind. Patients, caregivers, and providers also identified the need for improved phone triage and communication. Conclusion: Patients, caregivers, and providers acknowledged the care transitions problem and emphasized the benefits of seeing patients on their home turf rather than in an office visit. This qualitative study of patient, caregiver, and provider experiences further validates the importance of the MCCT program. Keywords: geriatrics, home care, program evaluation, nurse practitioner, hospitalization

Background Care transition programs can potentially reduce 30 day readmission; however, the effect on long-term hospital readmissions is still unclear. Objective We compared short-term (30 day) and long-term (180 day) utilization of participants enrolled in care transitions versus those matched referents eligible but not enrolled. Design This cohort study was conducted from January 1, 2011 until June 30, 2013 within a primary care academic practice. Participants Patients at high risk for hospital readmission based on age and comorbid health conditions had participated in care transitions group (cases) or usual care (referent). Main measures The primary outcomes were 30, 90, and 180 day hospital readmissions.. Secondary outcomes included: mortality; emergency room visits and days; combined rehospitalizations and emergency room visits; and total intensive care unit days. Cox proportional hazard models using propensity score matching were used to assess rehospitalization, emergency room visits and mortality. Poisson regression models were used to compare the numbers of hospital days. Key results Compared to referent ( n =365), Mayo Clinic Care Transitions patients exhibited a lower 30 day rehospitalization rate compared to referent; 12.4% (95% CI 8.9–15.7) versus 20.1% (95% CI 15.8–24.1%), respectively ( P =0.002). At 180-days, there was no difference in rehospitalization between transitions and referent; 39.9% (95% CI 34.6–44.9%) versus 44.8% (95% CI 39.4–49.8%), ( P =0.07). Conclusion We observed a reduction in 30 day rehospitalization rates among those enrolled in care transitions compared to referent. However, this effect was not sustained at 180 days. More work is needed to identify how the intervention can be sustained beyond 30 days.

Background In 2005, in response to a decline in residency applications in obstetrics and gynecology (OB GYN), the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology Presidential Task Force outlined strategies for attracting medical students to OB GYN. Application rates have increased since then, but little is known about which interventions are effective. We aimed to identify modifiable and nonmodifiable variables that may contribute to students choosing OB GYN for their careers; this information could be used to inform curriculum design, faculty development, and innovative exposures to women’s health. Methods This qualitative study received institutional review board approval. Eligible participants were students who applied or recently matched into OB GYN residency programs from the class of 2014–2016 at our institution. Students were interviewed with open-ended questions and a Likert-type survey. Thematic analysis was performed. Results Ten qualitative interviews were completed and analyzed. Intrinsic themes such as the potential for a meaningful job in women’s health, advocacy for women, or empowerment of women were identified as factors contributing to participant career choice. Extrinsic themes such as positive impressions during the clinical clerkship and welcoming teams were also identified. Most students indicated that the clerkship was the most influential experience. Conclusions Participants identified important events, including some that even preceded medical school that guided them toward OB GYN. The data guide us to consider the importance of emphasizing the unique combination of characteristics in OB GYN and improving the learning environment in the clerkship as a way to encourage student recruitment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12909-018-1362-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Standard prenatal care, consisting of 12-14 visits per pregnancy, is expensive and resource intensive, with limited evidence supporting the structure, rhythm, or components of care. Some studies suggest a reduced-frequency prenatal care model is as safe as the standard model of care for low-risk pregnant women, but evidence is limited. We developed and evaluated an innovative, technology-enhanced, reduced prenatal visit model (OB Nest).To evaluate the acceptability and effectiveness of OB Nest, a reduced-frequency prenatal care model enhanced with remote home monitoring devices and nursing support.A single-center randomized controlled trial, composed of pregnant women, aged 18-36 years, recruited from an outpatient obstetric tertiary academic center in the Midwest United States. OB Nest care consisted of 8 onsite appointments with an obstetric provider; 6 virtual visits consisting of phone or online communication with an assigned nurse, supplemented with fetal Doppler and sphygmomanometer home monitoring devices; and access to an online community of pregnant women. Usual care consisted of 12 prescheduled prenatal clinic appointments with obstetric providers. Acceptability of OB Nest was measured by validated surveys of patient satisfaction with care at 36 weeks; perception of stress at 14, 24, and 36 weeks; and perceived quality of care at 36 weeks of gestation. Effectiveness was analyzed by comparing adherence to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommended routine prenatal and ancillary services, maternal and fetal safety outcomes, and healthcare utilization.Three hundred pregnant women at13 weeks of gestation were recruited and randomized to OB Nest or usual care (150 in each arm) using a minimization algorithm. Demographic characteristics were similar between groups. Compared to usual care, patients in OB Nest had higher satisfaction on a 100-point validated modified Littlefield and Adams Satisfaction scale (OB Nest = 93.9% vs usual care = 78.9%, P.01). Pregnancy-related stress, measured, on a 0-2 point PreNatal Maternal Stress validated scale, with higher scores indicating higher levels of stress, was lower among OB Nest participants at 14 weeks (OB Nest = 0.32 vs usual care = 0.41, P.01) and at 36 weeks of gestation (OB Nest = 0.34 vs usual care = 0.40, P.03). There was no statistical difference in perceived quality of care. Adherence to the provision of American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists prenatal services was similar in both arms. Maternal and fetal clinical outcomes were similar between groups. Total reported nursing time was higher in OB Nest (OB Nest = 171.2 minutes vs usual care = 108.2 minutes, 95% confidence interval, 48.7-77.4).OB Nest is an innovative, acceptable, and effective reduced-frequency prenatal care model. Compared to routine prenatal care, OB Nest resulted in higher patient satisfaction and lower prenatal stress, while reducing the number of appointments with clinicians and maintaining care standards for pregnant women. This program is a step toward evidence-driven prenatal care that improves patient satisfaction.

The time required to get a device to market is critical to a successful design, development, and manufacturing process [1]. Achieving status of the first device to market is often a priority for manufacturers and developers. Upon market introduction, it is well known that device performance must meet at least minimum standards in order to provide consumer satisfaction and be a successful product to prevent competitive devices from taking over the market [1]. However, if a design only meets minimum expectations, it may struggle to maintain market control. This demonstrates the tradeoffs of speed-to-market and performance, for which optimization has not been clearly defined [2]. Product performance and usability can be designed in, evaluated and enhanced in order to avoid user errors and achieve optimal profitability. For medical devices, clinical trials are a key step in preparing to take a device to market. Clinical trials can allow for analyses of the effectiveness of the device in the patient care process. For wearable medical devices, patient usability is crucial to patient adherence and safety since the device will be operated by non-medically trained individuals [3,4]. Without adequate usability, adherence and continuity of care are greatly reduced which will reduce the overall effectiveness of the device [5,6]. Human factors principles can best be incorporated in the design process to improve the usability of medical devices and patient safety [5,6,7], specifically for those used in telemedicine [4] and cardiovascular treatment [3]. The objective of this project was to evaluate a telemedicine heart rate monitoring device for patient usability in order to improve the next device’s performance and lead to greater patient adherence for the current version via an improved user manual.

Objectives: To examine multiple chronic conditions and related health care expenditures in children. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of all dependents of Mayo Clinic employees aged 0-17 on Jan 1, 2004 with continuous health benefits coverage for 4 years (N=14,727). Chronic conditions, health care utilization, and associated expenditures were obtained from medical and pharmacy claims. Results: The most prevalent chronic conditions were asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (12%), allergic rhinitis (11%), and behavior problems (9%). The most costly conditions were congenital anomalies, asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and behavior problems ($9602, $4335, and $5378 annual cost per child, respectively). Annual health care expenditures increased substantially with the number of chronic conditions, and a small proportion of children with multiple chronic conditions accounted for a large proportion of health care costs. In addition, those with multiple chronic conditions were more likely to persist in the top 10th percentile spender group in year-to-year spending. Conclusion: Children with multiple chronic conditions accounted for a large proportion of health care expenditures. These children were also likely to persist as high spenders in the 4-year time frame. Further research into effective ways to manage the health care delivery for children with multiple chronic conditions is needed.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to assess perspectives on the acceptability and the potential applicability of a forgiveness education in patients with fibromyalgia. The concept and tools of forgiveness were presented to thirteen women (age: 40 - 54 years) with a previous diagnosis of fibromyalgia. Subjects participated in 1 of 2 focus groups following a 90-minute education session in which forgiveness was presented as an emotion-focused coping strategy to deal with interpersonal stressors. Qualitative assessment of focus group discussions reveals 3 themes: 1) forgiveness is healthy and reduces pain, 2) forgiveness is within a patient’s personal control, and 3) forgiveness education is similar to other types of patient education and is well received. Our results suggest that forgiveness education is acceptable and feasible in patients with fibromyalgia. This justifies further exploration of forgiveness as an emotion-focused self- management strategy to decrease psychological distress.

ObjectiveNative Americans suffer from lower rates of kidney transplantation compared with whites. Our goal was to elicit patients’ perceptions of and attitudes about kidney transplant and the impact of financial burden and cultural taboos.DesignThis is an exploratory qualitative interview study of 12 Native American patients recruited after completion of the kidney transplant evaluation.SettingSemistructured interviews were conducted. Interviews were coded using inductive methods, followed by interpretive coding by the investigators.ResultsThematic analysis revealed the following themes: (1) experience with kidney transplant education by the healthcare team; (2) cultural beliefs regarding kidney transplant; (3) personal motivation and attitude towards kidney transplant; (4) financial burden of kidney transplant and post-transplant care and (5) attitude about living donation.Most participants were educated about transplant as a treatment option after dialysis initiation. All patients in this study recognised that some taboos exist about the process of organ procurement and transplantation; however, the traditional views did not negatively impact their decision to pursue kidney transplant evaluation. Patients shared the common theme of preferring an organ from a living rather than a deceased person; however, the majority did not have a living donor and preferred not to receive an organ from a family member. Most patients did not perceive transplant-related cost as negatively impacting their attitude about receiving a transplant even for patients with below poverty level income.ConclusionsNative American patients presenting for kidney transplant were less likely to be educated about transplant before dialysis initiation; did not perceive financial burden and cultural beliefs were not discussed as obstacles to transplant. While a living donor was the preferred option, enthusiasm for living donation from family members was limited.

This study explores how patient decision aids (DAs) for antihyperglycemic agents and statins, designed for use during clinical consultations, are embedded into practice, examining how patients and clinicians understand and experience DAs in primary care visits.We conducted semistructured in-depth interviews with patients (n=22) and primary care clinicians (n=19), and videorecorded consultations (n=44). Two researchers coded all transcripts. Inductive analyses guided by grounded theory led to the identification of themes. Video and interview data were compared and organized by themes.DAs used during consultations became flexible artifacts, incorporated into existing decision making roles for clinicians (experts, authority figures, persuaders, advisors) and patients (drivers of healthcare, learners, partners). DAs were applied to different decision making steps (deliberation, bargaining, convincing, case assessment), and introduced into an existing knowledge context (participants' literacy regarding shared decision-making (SDM) and DAs).DAs' flexible use during consultations effectively provided space for discussion, even when SDM was not achieved. DAs can be used within any decision-making model.Clinician training in DA use and SDM practice may be needed to facilitate DA implementation and promote more ideal-type forms of sharing in decision making.

Joshua Faucher,1 Jordan Rosedahl,2 Dawn Finnie,3 Amy Glasgow,3 Paul Takahashi4 1Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 2Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, 3Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, 4Division of Primary Care Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Background: Transitional care programs are common interventions aimed at reducing medical complications and associated readmissions for patients recently discharged from the hospital. While organizations strive to reduce readmissions, another important related metric is patient quality of life (QoL). Aims: To compare the relationship between QoL in patients enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Care Transitions (MCCT) program versus usual care, and to determine if QoL changed in MCCT participants between baseline and 1-year follow-up. Methods: A baseline survey was mailed to MCCT enrollees in March 2013. Those who completed a baseline survey were sent a follow-up survey 1 year later. A cross-sectional survey of usual care participants was mailed in November 2013. We included in our analysis 199participants (83 in the MCCT and 116 in usual care) aged over 60 years with multiple comorbidities and receiving primary care. Primary outcomes were self-rated QoL; secondary outcomes included self-reported general, physical, and mental health. Intra- and intergroup comparisons of patients were evaluated using Pearson’s chi-squared analysis. Results: MCCT participants had more comorbidities and higher elder risk assessment scores than those receiving usual care. At baseline, 74% of MCCT participants reported responses of good-to-excellent QoL compared to 64% after 1 year (P=0.16). Between MCCT and usual care, there was no significant difference in self-reported QoL (P=0.21). Between baseline and follow-up in MCCT patients, and compared to usual care, there were no significant differences in self-reported general, physical, or mental health. Conclusion: We detected no difference over time in QoL between MCCT patients and those receiving usual care, and a nonsignificant QoL decline in MCCT participants after 1 year. Progression of chronic disease may overwhelm any QoL improvement attributable to the MCCT intervention. The MCCT interventions may blunt expected declines in QoL, producing concordant responses among sicker MCCT patients and healthier usual care participants. Keywords: elder risk assessment index, geriatrics, hospital discharge, qualitative study, transitionalcare

Background Childhood diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, have a negative impact on quality of life (QoL) of parents. How pediatric psoriasis affects a parent's QoL is unknown. Objective To explore the impact of childhood psoriasis on the lives of the parents. Methods Semistructured interviews were conducted with 31 parents of children with psoriasis. Narrative data were analyzed and a conceptual framework of the effects of childhood psoriasis on parents was developed. Results All parents reported that their child's psoriasis caused a substantial, negative impact on their own QoL. A conceptual framework showed a negative impact on health and self-care, emotional well-being, family and social function, personal well-being, and life pursuits. Emotional well-being was the most affected domain. Limitations It was not possible to correlate psoriasis severity with parental QoL. Conclusion Childhood psoriasis alters the QoL of parents in multiple ways. Information from this study can be used to develop a QoL instrument to explore treatment and support strategies for families affected by pediatric psoriasis.

Health care provider’s acceptance of telemonitoring is pivotal for implementation. The aim of this study was to determine provider’s feelings about telemonitoring using a qualitative method. In regard to method, we interviewed physicians, nurse practitioners, and registered nurses to explore their attitudes toward telemonitoring. Thematic and content analysis strategies were used to identify core concepts and develop categories for coding interview data. Results reveal that providers view telemonitoring as most appropriate for specific types of patients, especially older patients with chronic medical conditions. Telemonitoring offers reassurance to patients and providers. Some providers expressed concerns about excessive information that at times may not be clinically useful. In conclusion, home telemonitoring provides reassurance to patients and health care providers. Taking provider preferences into consideration when implementing telemonitoring may improve provider acceptance of this form of care.

Telemonitoring is being increasingly used for chronic disease monitoring. Understanding elderly patients' feelings and perspectives toward telemonitoring is important to minimize any barriers to implementation in this population.Twenty Tele-Era Trial participants completed qualitative interviews assessing opinions about their telemonitoring experience. Participants also rated telemonitoring on burden, communication with clinicians, impact on medical condition knowledge, and confidence in using the monitor.On an average, participants rated telemonitoring as minimally burdensome, rated themselves confident in using the monitor, and positively rated telemonitoring for clinical communication. Qualitative analysis revealed a predominant theme that telemonitoring increases patient awareness of their health and also that telemonitoring prompts action.Elderly patients find home telemonitoring to be an acceptable and satisfying experience that can increase their awareness of their health and provide a sense of safety in their home. Home telemonitoring can lead to earlier evaluation of decline in health status.

Socioeconomic status (SES) has been associated with many health outcomes. Commonly used datasets such as medical records often lack data on SES but do include address information. The authors sought to determine whether an SES measure derived from housing characteristics is associated with other SES measures and outcomes known to be associated with SES. The data come from a telephone survey of parents/guardians of children aged 1–17 years who resided in Olmsted County, Minnesota, and Jackson County, Missouri. Seven variables related to housing and six neighborhood characteristics obtained from local government assessor’s offices in Olmsted County, Minnesota, were appended to survey responses. An SES index derived from housing characteristics (hereafter, HOUSES) was constructed using principal components factor analysis. For criterion validity, we assessed Pearson’s correlation coefficients between HOUSES and other SES measures, including self-reported parents’ educational levels, income, Hollingshead Index, and Nakao–Treas Index. For construct validity, we determined the association between HOUSES and outcomes, risks of low birth weight, overweight, and smoking exposure at home. We applied HOUSES to subjects in another community by formulating HOUSES from housing data of subjects in Jackson County, Missouri, using the same statistical algorithm as HOUSES for subjects in Olmsted County, Minnesota. We found that HOUSES had modest to good correlation with other SES measures. Overall, as hypothesized, HOUSES was inversely associated with outcome measures assessed among subjects from both counties. HOUSES may be a useful surrogate measure of individual SES in epidemiologic research, especially when SES measures for individuals are not available.

Background Most low-risk pregnant women receive the standard model of prenatal care with frequent office visits. Research suggests that a reduced schedule of visits among low-risk women could be implemented without increasing adverse maternal or fetal outcomes, but patient satisfaction with these models varies. We aim to determine the effectiveness and feasibility of a new prenatal care model (OB Nest) that enhances a reduced visit model by adding virtual connections that improve continuity of care and patient-directed access to care. Methods and design This mixed-methods study uses a hybrid effectiveness-implementation design in a single center randomized controlled trial (RCT). Embedding process evaluation in an experimental design like an RCT allows researchers to answer both “Did it work?” and “How or why did it work (or not work)?” when studying complex interventions, as well as providing knowledge for translation into practice after the study. The RE-AIM framework was used to ensure attention to evaluating program components in terms of sustainable adoption and implementation. Low-risk patients recruited from the Obstetrics Division at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) will be randomized to OB Nest or usual care. OB Nest patients will be assigned to a dedicated nursing team, scheduled for 8 pre-planned office visits with a physician or midwife and 6 telephone or online nurse visits (compared to 12 pre-planned physician or midwife office visits in the usual care group), and provided fetal heart rate and blood pressure home monitoring equipment and information on joining an online care community. Quantitative methods will include patient surveys and medical record abstraction. The primary quantitative outcome is patient-reported satisfaction. Other outcomes include fidelity to items on the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists standards of care list, health care utilization (e.g. numbers of antenatal office visits), and maternal and fetal outcomes (e.g. gestational age at delivery), as well as validated patient-reported measures of pregnancy-related stress and perceived quality of care. Quantitative analysis will be performed according to the intention to treat principle. Qualitative methods will include interviews and focus groups with providers, staff, and patients, and will explore satisfaction, intervention adoption, and implementation feasibility. We will use methods of qualitative thematic analysis at three stages. Mixed methods analysis will involve the use of qualitative data to lend insight to quantitative findings. Discussion This study will make important contributions to the literature on reduced visit models by evaluating a novel prenatal care model with components to increase patient connectedness (even with fewer pre-scheduled office visits), as demonstrated on a range of patient-important outcomes. The use of a hybrid effectiveness-implementation approach, as well as attention to patient and provider perspectives on program components and implementation, may uncover important information that can inform long-term feasibility and potentially speed future translation. Trial registration Trial registration identifier: NCT02082275 Submitted: March 6, 2014 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12884-015-0762-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Objective Although chronic pain is prevalent among American Indian (AI) populations, the use of traditional healing practices has not been widely investigated. The aim of this qualitative study was to solicit information from adult AIs with chronic pain regarding use of traditional health practices (THPs) for chronic pain and pain reduction. Design Prospective qualitative design. Setting The Min No Aya Win Human Services Center, Fond du Lac Band Reservation in Cloquet, MN, and the Center for American Indian Resources, Duluth, MN. Patients The cohort included 21 (10 women and 11 men) AI patients with chronic pain. Intervention A semi-structured interview guide was developed, and audiotaped interviews were conducted with all patients. Outcome Measure Audiotaped interviews were transcribed, and thematic analysis strategies were used to identify core concepts and categories for coding interview data. A qualitative software analysis program was used to facilitate data coding. Results A range of THP were described including smudging (burning sage), sweat lodge (ceremonial sauna), sema (ceremonial tobacco), feasting (strengthening process), pipes (ceremonial herb and tobacco), storytelling (nonhierarchical environment for verbal communication), and contact with a traditional healer (elder spiritual leader). The majority of individuals from the Reservation described prior exposure to THP; however, the majority of urban individuals reported limited exposure. Although the majority of individuals endorsed inclusion of THP in ambulatory-based pain treatment programs, recommendations for inclusion of specific practices were not systematically identified. Conclusions The findings of this qualitative study suggest AIs from this tribal community utilize THP, but which specific THPs should be included in an ambulatory-based pain treatment program will require further research.

A housing-based socioeconomic index (HOUSES) was previously developed to overcome an absence of socioeconomic status (SES) measures in common databases. HOUSES is associated with child health outcomes in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA, but generalisability to other geographic areas is unclear. To assess whether HOUSES is associated with asthma outcomes outside Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA. Using a random sample of children with asthma from Sanford Children’s Hospital, Sioux Falls, SD, USA, asthma status was determined. The primary outcome was asthma control status using Asthma Control Test and a secondary outcome was risk of persistent asthma. Home address information and property data were merged to formulate HOUSES. Other SES measures were examined: income, parental education (PE), Hollingshead and Nakao–Treas index. Of a random sample of 200 children, 80 (40%) participated in the study. Of those, 13% had poorly controlled asthma. Addresses of 94% were matched with property data. HOUSES had moderate–good correlation with other SES measures except PE. Poor asthma control rates were 31.6%, 4.8% and 5.6% for patients in the lowest, intermediate and highest tertiles of HOUSES, respectively (P=0.023). HOUSES as a continuous variable was inversely associated with poorly controlled asthma (adjusted odds ratio (OR)=0.21 per 1 unit increase of HOUSES, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.05–0.89, P=0.035). HOUSES as a continuous variable was inversely related to risk of persistent asthma (OR: 0.36 per 1 unit increase of HOUSES, 95% CI, 0.12–1.04, P=0.06). HOUSES appears to be generalisable and available as a measure of SES in asthma research in the absence of conventional SES measures. Socioeconomic status, as predicted by property data, is associated with how well children manage their asthma symptoms. Young Juhn at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, USA, previously developed and validated the HOUsing-based index of SocioEconomic Status (HOUSES) in Minnesota and Missouri. The metric correlated with various health effects, including risk of obesity and exposure to cigarette smoke. To assess whether HOUSES was also predictive of health status among children with asthma, the researchers looked at a random sample of 58 children treated for the lung condition at a hospital in South Dakota. Eight of these children had poorly controlled asthma, six of whom came from the lowest socioeconomic bracket, as measured by HOUSES. The study indicates that HOUSES is a useful indicator of asthma outcomes and it confirms the tool's accuracy in another region of the United States.

Care coordination is a key component of the patient-centered medical home. However, the mechanism for identifying primary care patients who may benefit the most from this model of care is unclear.To evaluate the performance of several risk-adjustment/stratification instruments in predicting healthcare utilization.Retrospective cohort analysis.All adults empaneled in 2009 and 2010 (n = 83,187) in a primary care practice were studied. We evaluated 6 models: Adjusted Clinical Groups (ACGs), Hierarchical Condition Categories (HCCs), Elder Risk Assessment, Chronic Comorbidity Count, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and Minnesota Health Care Home Tiering. A seventh model combining Minnesota Tiering with ERA score was also assessed. Logistic regression models using demographic characteristics and diagnoses from 2009 were used to predict healthcare utilization and costs for 2010 with binary outcomes (emergency department [ED] visits, hospitalizations, 30-day readmissions, and highcost users in the top 10%), using the C statistic and goodness of fit among the top decile.The ACG model outperformed the others in predicting hospitalizations with a C statistic range of 0.67 (CMS-HCC) to 0.73. In predicting ED visits, the C statistic ranged from 0.58 (CMSHCC) to 0.67 (ACG). When predicting the top 10% highest cost users, the performance of the ACG model was good (area under the curve = 0.81) and superior to the others.Although ACG models generally performed better in predicting utilization, use of any of these models will help practices implement care coordination more efficiently.