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Introdução. A regulação nos níveis de cálcio (Ca2+) em neurônios é fundamental para a sinalização celular, transmissão sináptica e homeostase neuronal. A calbindina-D28k (CB) é uma proteína de ligação ao cálcio composta por seis domínios EF-hands, quatro das quais podem se ligar ao Ca2+ com alta afinidade molecular e regular os seus níveis intracelulares. O estudo é centrado em investigar o padrão de expressão de CB como um fator de neuroproteção durante o envelhecimento animal. Objetivo. Construir uma análise crítica de resultados de diferentes estudos originais com o objetivo de responder à pergunta: os níveis de Calbindina-D28k podem sofrer modificações durante a senescência animal? Além de uma discussão aprofundada sobre a temática atual. Método. A estratégia de busca dos dados utilizados contou com estudos obtidos por meio das bases de dados: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE/PubMed), Science Direct e Web of science. 57 artigos foram analisados. Resultados. As bases de dados apontaram para poucos estudos envolvendo a quantificação da proteína em neurônios humanos e estudos pós-morte, mas com base robusta em experimentos animais e in vitro. Os achados mostram que animais idosos têm expressão reduzida de CB. Os níveis CB relacionam-se com a neuroproteção em modelos animais. Conclusão. Diante dos achados, os dados sugerem que a regulação negativa de CB pode estar relacionada ao envelhecimento. As informações levantadas aqui podem ser utilizadas em estudos futuros sobre a patogênese de doenças que envolvam a neurodegeneração e expressão de proteínas ligantes de cálcio, mais especificamente a Calbindina-D28k.

Calcium-binding proteins are heterogeneous proteins that act binding this ion in specific domains, performing numerous functions.In the present review, we aim to gather principal information about S100B protein in the Central Nervous System (CNS), highlighting its particularities, mapping, functionalities, and consequences on CNS dysfunction.The research was carried out by searching Pubmed, Medline, Science Direct, Lilacs, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases using the following descriptors: S100 protein; Central Nervous System; Nervous Lesions, as well as their corresponding terms in Portuguese and Spanish. The terms were first searched separately, then together.Due to its ability to bind with calcium, S100B is involved in the regulation of several intra- and extracellular physiological processes. As well as being multifunctional, this protein can be considered both a "marker" and "signaling" since it is capable of triggering functions of detection of and protection in situations of injury to the CNS.In-depth studies are necessary to discover the innumerable actions of this protein which are still unknown. It is expected that these can bring varied benefits by elucidating its therapeutic potential in preclinical and clinical situations.

Current therapies for neurodegenerative diseases offer only limited benefits to their clinical symptoms and do not prevent the degeneration of neuronal cells. Neurological diseases affect millions of people around the world, and the economic impact of treatment is high, given that health care resources are scarce. Thus, many therapeutic strategies to delay or prevent neurodegeneration have been the subject of research for treatment. One strategy for this is the use of herbal and essential oils of different species of medicinal plants because they have several bioactive compounds and phytochemicals with neuroprotective capacity. In addition, they respond positively to neurological disorders, such as dementia, oxidative stress, anxiety, cerebral ischemia, and oxidative toxicity, suggesting their use as complementary treatment agents in the treatment of neurological disorders.

Forced swimming is a common exercise method used for its low cost and easy management, as seen in studies with the hippocampus. Since it is applied for varied research purposes many protocols are available with diverse aspects of physical intensity, time and periodicity, which produces variable outcomes. In the present study, we performed a systematic review to stress the neurobiological effects of forced swim exercise on the rodent hippocampus. Behavior, antioxidant levels, neurotrophins and inflammatory markers were the main topics examined upon the swimming effects. Better results among these analyses were associated with forced exercise at moderate intensity with an adaptation period and the opposite for continuous exhausting exercises with no adaptation. On further consideration, a standard swimming protocol is necessary to reduce variability of results for each scenario investigated about the impact of the forced swimming on the hippocampus. Forced swimming is a common exercise method used for its low cost and easy management, as seen in studies with the hippocampus. Since it is applied for varied research purposes many protocols are available with diverse aspects of physical intensity, time and periodicity, which produces variable outcomes. In the present study, we performed a systematic review to stress the neurobiological effects of forced swim exercise on the rodent hippocampus. Behavior, antioxidant levels, neurotrophins and inflammatory markers were the main topics examined upon the swimming effects. Better results among these analyses were associated with forced exercise at moderate intensity with an adaptation period and the opposite for continuous exhausting exercises with no adaptation. On further consideration, a standard swimming protocol is necessary to reduce variability of results for each scenario investigated about the impact of the forced swimming on the hippocampus.

SUMMARY: Mesenchymal cells (MCs) exhibit great regenerative potential due to their intrinsic properties and ability to restore tissue function, either directly through transdifferentiation or indirectly through paracrine effects. This study aimed to evaluate morphometric and phenotypic changes in MCs grown with facial nerve-conditioned medium in the presence or absence of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2). For quantitative phenotypic analysis, the expression of GFAP, OX-42, MAP-2, β-tubulin III, NeuN, and NF-200 was analyzed by immunocytochemistry. Cells cultured with facial nerve-conditioned medium in the presence of FGF-2 expressed GFAP, OX-42, MAP-2, β-tubulin III, NeuN, and NF-200. On average, the area and perimeter of GFAP-positive cells were higher in the group cultured with facial nerve-conditioned medium compared to the group cultured with conditioned medium and FGF-2 (p=0.0001). This study demonstrated the plasticity of MCs for neuronal and glial lineages and opens up new research perspectives in cell therapy and trans.differentiation.

Injuries to the face represent a significant risk to the health of the individual, mainly because of its significance, both functional, because it houses sensory organs and part of the respiratory and digestive systems, as well as esthetic. In this scenario, gunshot wounds in this location cause great concern on account of the magnitude of the damage, and the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology team must act so that the treatment enables the rehabilitation of the patient in the shortest possible time, with a minimum of complications and sequelae. The objective of this study is to report a clinical case of a 19-year-old female patient with a comminuted fracture of the mandible body caused by a firearm projectile, treated immediately with stable internal fixation using the 2.00 mm plate-screw system for simplification of the fracture and a 2.4 mm reconstruction locking-plate on the bone gap. Relevant aspects of the surgical technique and tactics are reviewed and long-term follow-up of the patient is presented As lesões em face representam um grande agravo à saúde do indivíduo, principalmente pela sua significância, tanto funcional, por abrigar órgãos sensitivos e parte dos sistemas respiratório e digestório, quanto estético. Neste cenário, ferimentos por arma de fogo neste local, geram grande preocupação pela magnitude de seus danos, devendo a equipe de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial agir para que o tratamento possibilite a reabilitação do paciente no menor tempo possível, com o mínimo de complicações e sequelas. O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar um caso clínico de uma paciente de 19 anos de idade, apresentando uma fratura cominutiva, com perda de substância, em corpo de mandíbula por projétil de arma de fogo, tratada de forma imediata, com fixação interna estável, utilizando o sistema placa-parafuso 2,0 mm para a simplificação da fratura e placa de reconstrução 2,4 mm locking sobre a lacuna óssea. Aspectos relevantes da técnica e tática cirúrgica são revistos e o acompanhamento da paciente em longo prazo é apresentado

In the last decades, studies have been carried out to evaluate the action of some herbal medicines on the inflammatory and oxidative processes in the nervous system, for example, we can mention the antioxidant and neuroprotective effect of Aspidosperma pyifolium in Parkinson's disease. A. pyifolium is a plant characteristic of the caatinga region, being used in popular medicine as antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic. Studies have shown that this plant promotes reduction of paw edema and inhibits the migration of leukocytes into carrageenan-induced peritonitis. A. pyrifolium is rich in indole alkaloids and a glycosylated derivative of salicylic acid 2-hydroxy-3-O-β- d -glucopyranosylbenzoic acid. This plant has demonstrated an in vitro antioxidant potential by promoting the reduction of the DPPH radical and modulating the production of reactive oxygen species in human neutrophils activated by PMA by acting on the MPO-H2O2-HOCl− system, as well as modulating the production specific of the superoxide anion. In addition, it demonstrated in vivo activity by reducing oxidative stress induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in the Parkinson's model. In this way, this typical plant of the Brazilian Northeast presents a therapeutic potential that must be studied as a therapeutic alternative to diseases of the nervous system.

Linalool (LIN) is a monoterpene, responsible for the aroma of essential oils in some species. It presents a sedative and anxiolytic potential, enhancing GABAergic currents and behaving as a benzodiazepine-type of drug. The objectives of the present work were to study the neuroprotective effects of LIN on a model of Parkinson’s disease. For that, male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: sham-operated (SO), 6-OHDA-lesioned, and 6-OHDA-lesioned and treated with LIN (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) for 2 weeks. Afterwards, the animals were subjected to behavioral tests (apomorphine-induced rotations, open field, and forced swimming tests). Then, the animals were euthanized, and the striatum, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex were processed for neurochemistry (nitrite and lipoperoxidation measurements) and immunohistochemistry (TH and DAT) assays. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons and considered significant at p

Haloperidol is a first-generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychoses, especially schizophrenia. This drug acts by blocking dopamine D2 receptors, reducing psychotic symptoms. Notwithstanding its benefits, haloperidol also produces undesirable impacts, in particular extrapyramidal effects such as tardive dyskinesia (TD), which limit the use of this and related drugs. TD is characterized by repetitive involuntary movements occurring after chronic exposure therapy with haloperidol. Symptoms most commonly manifest in the orofacial area and include involuntary movements, tongue protrusion, pouting lips, chewing in the absence of any object to chew, and facial grimacing. The most serious aspect of TD is that it may persist for months or years after drug withdrawal and is irreversible in some patients. This unit, aimed at facilitating the study of TD, describes methods to induce TD in rats using haloperidol, as well as procedures for evaluating the animals's TD-related symptoms. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Neurotrophic factors and peripheral nerves are known to be good substrates for bridging CNS trauma. The involvement of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) activation in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) was examined following spinal cord injury in the rat. We evaluated whether FGF-2 increases the ability of a sciatic nerve graft to enhance neuronal plasticity, in a gap promoted by complete transection of the spinal cord. The rats were subjected to a 4 mm-long gap at low thoracic level and were repaired with saline (Saline or control group, n = 10), or fragment of the sciatic nerve (Nerve group, n = 10), or fragment of the sciatic nerve to which FGF-2 (Nerve + FGF-2 group, n = 10) had been added immediately after lesion. The effects of the FGF-2 and fragment of the sciatic nerve grafts on neuronal plasticity were investigated using choline acetyl transferase (ChAT)-immunoreactivity of neurons in the dorsal root ganglion after 8 weeks. Preservation of the area and diameter of neuronal cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) was seen in animals treated with the sciatic nerve, an effect enhanced by the addition of FGF-2. Thus, the addition of exogenous FGF-2 to a sciatic nerve fragment grafted in a gap of the rat spinal cord submitted to complete transection was able to improve neuroprotection in the DRG. The results emphasized that the manipulation of the microenvironment in the wound might amplify the regenerative capacity of peripheral neurons

O surto pandêmico de infecção pelo Coronavírus 2019-nCoV (COVID-19) é alvo pesquisas para compreender suas repercussões em pacientes com doenças neurológicas, como a doença de Parkinson. Este artigo visa discutir as evidências na literatura científica sobre os riscos e complicações da pandemia por COVID-19 sobre portadores de Parkinson. Foram realizadas buscas de artigos em inglês, português ou espanhol por meio das bases de dados PubMed, PubMed, Lilacs, ScienceDirect e SciElo, usando os descritores de forma associada: Coronavirus Infections” OR “COVID-19” AND “Parkinson Disease” sobre os anos de 2019 e 2020. Foram encontrados 268 resultados que, após aplicados critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram reduzidos a 23 artigos. A análise dos itens indica que a pandemia contribui para estresse psicológico e está relacionado com a piora de sintomas não-motores e motores. Os sintomas são agravados por dificuldades de acesso ao atendimento de saúde, acesso às medicações e da manutenção de tratamentos especializados. Em pacientes com infecção por COVID-19 esta pode levar a desregulação imune, morte neuronal e alterações no metabolismo dopaminérgico além de que a ativação inflamatória poderia agravar a sinucleinopatia. A doença de Parkinson por si não representa um aumento de risco de infecção, no entanto a idade média dos pacientes e comorbidades desse grupo são fatores que aumentam as chances de hospitalização e morte após contrair COVID-19. Nessa perspectiva, estratégias protetoras como exercício físico, fisioterapia, dinâmicas psicossociais e ferramentas de telemedicina são essenciais e tem de ser adaptadas para promover o cuidado de saúde em tempos isolamento.Incluir o resumo.

Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurological pathology, presents motor and nonmotor impairments. The objectives were to support data on exercise benefits to PD. Male Wistar rats were distributed into sham-operated (SO) and 6-OHDA-lesioned, both groups without and with exercise. The animals were subjected to treadmill exercises (14 days), 24 h after the stereotaxic surgery and striatal 6-OHDA injection. Those from no-exercise groups stayed on the treadmill for the same period and, afterwards, were subjected to behavioral tests and euthanized for neurochemical and immunohistochemical assays. The data, analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test, were considered significant for

Background: The formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of the tau protein are the main pathological mechanism of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Current therapies for AD offer discrete benefits to the clinical symptoms and do not prevent the continuing degeneration of neuronal cells. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies have long been investigated, where curcumin (Curcuma longa) has shown some properties that can prevent the deleterious processes involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Objective: The aim of the present work is to review studies that addressed the effects of curcumin in experimental models (in vivo and in vitro) for AD. Method: This study is a systematic review conducted between January and June 2017, in which a consultation of scientific articles from indexed periodicals was carried out in Science Direct, United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Cochrane Library and Scielo databases, using the following descriptors: “Curcuma longa”, “Curcumin” and “Alzheimer’s disease”. Results: A total of 32 studies were analyzed, which indicated that curcumin supplementation reverses neurotoxic and behavioral damages in both in vivo and in vitro models of AD. Conclusion: The administration of curcumin in experimental models seems to be a promising approach in AD, even though it is suggested that additional studies must be conducted using distinct doses and through other routes of administration.

Objectives Aspidosperma species are used for several diseases, especially for malaria in Brazil. Although the genus is object of pharmacological studies, almost none are found on Aspidosperma pyrifolium. We investigate neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the APSE-Aq fraction (benzoic acid glycosylated derivative) on Parkinson's disease model. Methods Male Wistar rats were subjected to a 6-hydroxydopamine injection into the right striatum and treated or not with APSE-Aq (100 or 200 mg/kg, p.o.). The sham-operated group was injected with saline. Two weeks later, animals were subjected to behavioural, neurochemical and immunohistochemical evaluation. The data were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey test. Key findings The APSE-Aq-treated group shows a partial recovery of behavioural changes as compared with the untreated-6-hydroxydopamine group. A partial recovery was also observed in nitrite contents and lipid peroxidation. APSE-Aq treatments significantly reversed decreases in striatal dopamine and metabolites in the untreated 6-hydroxydopamine group. Immunostainings for markers as tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter decreased in the untreated 6-hydroxydopamine group and values recovered after APSE-Aq treatments. Similar data were seen for TNF-alpha. Conclusion APSE-Aq presents neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Considering that APSE-Aq is chemically related to salicylic acid, it may act on similar targets.

Antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, are commonly prescribed for the treatment of affective disorders such as anxiety and depression. The purpose of this study was to investigate the central effects of acute administration of paroxetine (PXT) combined with lipoic acid (LA) on various behavioral models in mice. Paroxetine (10 and 20 mg/kg), LA (100 mg/kg), or vehicle was administered, intraperitoneally, 30 minutes before the tests. The results showed that PXT (10 mg/kg) alone and in combination with LA increased locomotor activity. In the anxiety models studied, an anxiolytic effect was observed after the administration of LA and PXT. In the tail suspension test, PXT at both doses and in combination with LA caused a significant decrease in immobility time. These results indicate possible anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of LA associated with PXT. These data suggest that coadministration of LA and PXT may improve anxiolytic and antidepressant responses, and being more effective than each drug alone. However, further studies are necessary to investigate the mechanism by which antioxidants exert antidepressant or anxiolytic action.

Objetivo. analisar a compreensão dos enfermeiros que atuam em Uni­dade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) acerca da avaliação neurológica em vítimas de Traumatismo Cranioencefálico (TCE). Método. trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva e de abordagem qualitativa, realizada com sete enfermeiros que atuam na UTI de um hospital público de Mosso­ró-RN. Os dados foram coletados a partir de entrevistas semiestrutu­radas que foram discutidas à luz da análise de conteúdo. A pesquisa só teve início após aprovação pelo comitê de ética institucional mediante protocolo n. 107/10 e CAAE n. 2973.0.000.351-10. Resultados. percebeu-se que a maioria dos Enfermeiros considerava a avaliação neurológica indispensável no cuidado do paciente com TCE. Porém, se limitavam à aplicação da Escala de Coma de Glasgow, assim como havia a falta de padronização nessa assistência, transformando-a em procedimentos tipicamente individuais. Conclusão. os resultados apontados no estudo sugerem a limitação do conhecimento acerca da avaliação neurológica aplicada às vítimas de TCE’s, por parte dos en­fermeiros do setor estudado.

Parkinson’s disease (PD), a progressive neurological pathology, presents motor and nonmotor impairments. The objectives were to support data on exercise benefits to PD. Male Wistar rats were distributed into sham-operated (SO) and 6-OHDA-lesioned, both groups without and with exercise. The animals were subjected to treadmill exercises (14 days), 24 h after the stereotaxic surgery and striatal 6-OHDA injection. Those from no-exercise groups stayed on the treadmill for the same period and, afterwards, were subjected to behavioral tests and euthanized for neurochemical and immunohistochemical assays. The data, analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test, were considered significant forp<0.05. The results showed behavioral change improvements in the 6-OHDA group, after the treadmill exercise, evaluated by apomorphine rotational behavior, open field, and rota rod tests. The exercise reduced striatal dopaminergic neuronal loss and decreased the oxidative stress. In addition, significant increases in BDNF contents and in immunoreactive cells to TH and DAT were also observed, in striata of the 6-OHDA group with exercise, relatively to those with no exercise. We conclude that exercise improves behavior and dopaminergic neurotransmission in 6-OHDA-lesioned animals. The increased oxidative stress and decreased BDNF contents were also reversed, emphasizing the importance of exercise for the PD management.

This study aimed to investigate behavioral and neurochemical effects ofα-lipoic acid (100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg) alone or associated with L-DOPA using an animal model of Parkinson’s disease induced by stereotaxic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in rat striatum. Motor behavior was assessed by monitoring body rotations induced by apomorphine, open field test and cylinder test. Oxidative stress was accessed by determination of lipid peroxidation using the TBARS method, concentration of nitrite and evaluation of catalase activity.α-Lipoic acid decreased body rotations induced by apomorphine, as well as caused an improvement in motor performance by increasing locomotor activity in the open field test and use of contralateral paw (in the opposite side of the lesion produced by 6-OHDA) at cylinder test.α-lipoic acid showed antioxidant effects, decreasing lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels and interacting with antioxidant system by decreasing of endogenous catalase activity. Therefore,α-lipoic acid prevented the damage induced by 6-OHDA or by chronic use of L-DOPA in dopaminergic neurons, suggesting thatα-lipoic could be a new therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease prevention and treatment.

Apesar das conquistas alcançadas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), a implantação dos seus princípios e diretrizes ainda não aconteceu de forma plena. Diante disso, refletiremos ao longo deste artigo sobre a integralidade e a reorganização tecnológica a partir das tecnologias leves e da clínica ampliada, não só como diretrizes, mas como elementos norteadores de uma nova forma de pensar/fazer saúde. Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura que não se ocupa somente em trazer um apanhado de ideias sobre o tema, mas que buscou estabelecer um diálogo entre os autores referenciados para refletir sobre o cotidiano dos serviços, em especial o hospitalar. Constatamos que a maior parte dos entraves para a melhoria dos serviços prestados no espaço do SUS diz respeito ao predomínio do modelo médico assistencial curativista no fazer/pensar saúde dos profissionais. Rompendo com essa lógica, a integralidade da atenção, a reorganização tecnológica e a clínica ampliada defendem uma maior aproximação entre profissionais e usuários, na medida em que, as ações passem a ser orientadas pelas necessidades dos indivíduos e coletividade, rompendo com a imposição vertical das condutas. Sendo assim, a clínica tradicional biologicista precisa ser desconstruída e deve-se romper com a lógica do sofrimento manifesto e da queixa-conduta. Despite the marked achievements of the Unified Health System (SUS), implementation of its principles and guidelines has not yet been fully achieved. Therefore, this article reflects on comprehensiveness and technology reorganization based on soft technologies and expanded clinical care, not only as guidelines, but as core elements for a new way of thinking about health. It involves a literature review that not only seeks an overview of ideas about the subject, but also attempts to establish a dialogue between the authors in reference to reflect on daily services, especially in hospital. We found that most of the obstacles to improvement of the services of the SUS are related to the predominance of curative medical care in the thinking process of health professionals. Breaking with that logic, comprehensive care, technological reorganization and expanded clinical care can foster closer approximation between professionals and users, at the same time as actions come to be dictated by the individuals and the community, breaking with the vertical imposition of conduct. Thus, the traditional 'biologicist' approach to clinical care needs to be deconstructed to break with the logic of manifest suffering and "treat 'em and street 'em" philosophy.

Apesar das conquistas alcançadas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), a implantação dos seus princípios e diretrizes ainda não aconteceu de forma plena. Diante disso, refletiremos ao longo deste artigo sobre a integralidade e a reorganização tecnológica a partir das tecnologias leves e da clínica ampliada, não só como diretrizes, mas como elementos norteadores de uma nova forma de pensar/fazer saúde. Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura que não se ocupa somente em trazer um apanhado de ideias sobre o tema, mas que buscou estabelecer um diálogo entre os autores referenciados para refletir sobre o cotidiano dos serviços, em especial o hospitalar. Constatamos que a maior parte dos entraves para a melhoria dos serviços prestados no espaço do SUS diz respeito ao predomínio do modelo médico assistencial curativista no fazer/pensar saúde dos profissionais. Rompendo com essa lógica, a integralidade da atenção, a reorganização tecnológica e a clínica ampliada defendem uma maior aproximação entre profissionais e usuários, na medida em que, as ações passem a ser orientadas pelas necessidades dos indivíduos e coletividade, rompendo com a imposição vertical das condutas. Sendo assim, a clínica tradicional biologicista precisa ser desconstruída e deve-se romper com a lógica do sofrimento manifesto e da queixa-conduta.Despite the marked achievements of the Unified Health System (SUS), implementation of its principles and guidelines has not yet been fully achieved. Therefore, this article reflects on comprehensiveness and technology reorganization based on soft technologies and expanded clinical care, not only as guidelines, but as core elements for a new way of thinking about health. It involves a literature review that not only seeks an overview of ideas about the subject, but also attempts to establish a dialogue between the authors in reference to reflect on daily services, especially in hospital. We found that most of the obstacles to improvement of the services of the SUS are related to the predominance of curative medical care in the thinking process of health professionals. Breaking with that logic, comprehensive care, technological reorganization and expanded clinical care can foster closer approximation between professionals and users, at the same time as actions come to be dictated by the individuals and the community, breaking with the vertical imposition of conduct. Thus, the traditional 'biologicist' approach to clinical care needs to be deconstructed to break with the logic of manifest suffering and "treat 'em and street 'em" philosophy.

The residual aqueous fraction of the liquid-liquid partition of the ethanol extract from seeds of Aspidosperma pyrifolium showed antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in the formalin test, abdominal writhing induced by acetic acid, and paw edema induced by carrageenan. Its phytochemical analysis led to the isolation of a new alkaloid with a rearranged plumeran skeleton, the (-)-(3S,7S,21R)-rel-(3αH)-15(14→3)-abeo-2,16,17,20,6,7-hexahydro-15H,8aH,16a,20a-ethano-1H-indolizino[3,1-cd]carbazole, in addition to six other known plumeran alkaloids, one tetrahydro-β-carboline alkaloid, and the glycosides of two iridoids and of salycilic acid, that are being reported for the first time for A. pyrifolium. One of the known alkaloids is being reported for the first time from a natural source. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data, and the correspondent assignments, of some alkaloids already reported in the literature are suggested to be revised. Structures of all compounds were characterized by 1D and 2D NMR and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS), and comparison with data from literature.

This work investigated the association of acute ethanol and aminophylline administration on behavioral models of depression and prefrontal monoamine levels (i.e. norepinephrine and dopamine) in mice. The animals received a single dose of ethanol (2 g/kg) or aminophylline (5 or 10 mg/kg) alone or in association. Thirty minutes after the last drug administration, the animals were assessed in behavioral models by the forced swimming and tail suspension tests. After these tests, the animals were sacrificed and the prefrontal cortices dissected to measure monoamine content. Results showed that ethanol presented depression-like activity in the forced swimming and tail suspension tests. These effects were reversed by the association with aminophylline in all tests. Norepinephrine and dopamine levels decreased, while an increase in the dopamine metabolite, (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acetic acid (DOPAC), after ethanol administration was observed. On the contrary, the association of ethanol and aminophylline increased the norepinephrine and dopamine content, while it decreased DOPAC when compared to the ethanol group, confirming the alterations observed in the behavioral tests. These data reinforce the involvement of the adenosinergic system on ethanol effects, highlighting the importance of the norepinephrine and dopamine pathways in the prefrontal cortex to the effects of ethanol.

Prenatal immune challenge (PIC) in pregnant rodents produces offspring with abnormalities in behavior, histology, and gene expression that are reminiscent of schizophrenia and autism. Based on this, the goal of this article was to review the main contributions of PIC models, especially the one using the viral-mimetic particle polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (poly-I:C), to the understanding of the etiology, biological basis and treatment of schizophrenia. This systematic review consisted of a search of available web databases (PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, PsycINFO, and ISI Web of Knowledge) for original studies published in the last 10 years (May 2001 to October 2011) concerning animal models of PIC, focusing on those using poly-I:C. The results showed that the PIC model with poly-I:C is able to mimic the prodrome and both the positive and negative/cognitive dimensions of schizophrenia, depending on the specific gestation time window of the immune challenge. The model resembles the neurobiology and etiology of schizophrenia and has good predictive value. In conclusion, this model is a robust tool for the identification of novel molecular targets during prenatal life, adolescence and adulthood that might contribute to the development of preventive and/or treatment strategies (targeting specific symptoms, i.e., positive or negative/cognitive) for this devastating mental disorder, also presenting biosafety as compared to viral infection models. One limitation of this model is the incapacity to model the full spectrum of immune responses normally induced by viral exposure.

This work reviews the evidence of the mechanism of neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) and the neuroprotective effect of lipoic acid and its use in the treatment of PD. PD is characterized by slow and progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduction of the striatal dopaminergic terminals. It is known that several factors influence neuronal damage. Among these factors, oxidative stress, immune system activity, microglial cells, and apoptotic mechanisms are of major importance. Currently, several antioxidants have been studied with the aim of reducing/slowing the progression of neurodegenerative processes. Lipoic acid is considered a universal antioxidant because it is an amphipathic substance. Lipoic acid and its reduced form, dihidrolipoic acid, act against reactive oxygen species, reducing oxidative stress. Therefore, this antioxidant has been used in the treatment of many diseases, including a new perspective for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Despite the marked achievements of the Unified Health System (SUS), implementation of its principles and guidelines has not yet been fully achieved. Therefore, this article reflects on comprehensiveness and technology reorganization based on soft technologies and expanded clinical care, not only as guidelines, but as core elements for a new way of thinking about health. It involves a literature review that not only seeks an overview of ideas about the subject, but also attempts to establish a dialogue between the authors in reference to reflect on daily services, especially in hospital. We found that most of the obstacles to improvement of the services of the SUS are related to the predominance of curative medical care in the thinking process of health professionals. Breaking with that logic, comprehensive care, technological reorganization and expanded clinical care can foster closer approximation between professionals and users, at the same time as actions come to be dictated by the individuals and the community, breaking with the vertical imposition of conduct. Thus, the traditional 'biologicist' approach to clinical care needs to be deconstructed to break with the logic of manifest suffering and "treat 'em and street 'em" philosophy.

Objective : to analyze the scientific research about the nursing care for Traumatic Brain Injury – TBI, with the perspective of the advent of the improvements in upon the guide of strategic canes in the hospital. Methodology : this is about a descriptive study of systematic review a literature it was performed as a search in the information platform databases LILACS, BDENF and MEDLINE, for descriptors Nursing Brain Injuries and Craniocerebral Trauma. To refine the search was conducted the intersection of keywords in English, Spanish and Portuguese. The inclusion criteria for articles were that they were published in national and international independent of which the journal during the period January 2000 to January 2010 and available in English, Spanish or Portuguese. Results : there were nineteen articles five in Spanish, seven in English and seven in Portuguese. The biggest majority of work was restrict the collected facts characterize the quantity of victims from TBI and the efficiency of the strategic cares that was considered as a more efficient recovery in the hospital. Conclusions : The small number of published articles express the nursing shortage has knowledge in neurology. Moreover, it’s necessary check the chosen way to the neurological nursing. That’s not frequent and has given wrong information about the clinical practice inside of the hospital rather than a comprehensive health care . Descriptors : nursing; brain injuries; craniocerebral trauma. RESUMO Objetivo : analisar a producao cientifica sobre a assistencia de Enfermagem as vitimas de Traumatismo Cranioencefalico - TCE, tendo como perspectiva o advento de melhorias no tocante a planificacao de estrategias de cuidado em âmbito hospitalar. Metodologia : trata-se de um estudo descritivo, do tipo revisao sistematica da literatura. Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados LILACS, BDENF e MEDLINE, pelos descritores Enfermagem, Traumatismos Encefalicos e Traumatismos Craniocerebrais. Para refinamento da busca, foi realizado o cruzamento dos unitermos nos idiomas ingles, espanhol e portugues. Os criterios de inclusao dos artigos eram que os mesmos estivessem publicados em periodicos nacionais e internacionais independente do qualis , durante o periodo de Janeiro de 2000 a Janeiro de 2010 e disponiveis no idioma ingles, espanhol ou portugues. Resultados : foram encontrados 19 artigos, sendo cinco em espanhol, sete em ingles e sete em portugues. A grande maioria dos trabalhos restringe-se a caracterizar a demanda das vitimas de TCE e/ou a validar estrategias de cuidados que vislumbrem uma melhor recuperacao no âmbito hospitalar. Conclusoes : O numero reduzido de trabalhos publicados expressa a carencia que a enfermagem tem de conhecimentos no âmbito da neurologia. Alem disso, e preciso (re)discutir o rumo tomado por essas pesquisas, pois elas tem demonstrado uma supervalorizacao das praticas clinicas intra-hospitalares em detrimento a uma assistencia integral. Descritores: enfermagem; traumatismos encefalicos; traumatismos craniocerebrais. RESUMEN Objetivo : analizar la literatura cientifica sobre los cuidados de enfermeria para la lesion cerebral traumatica - TEC, con la perspectiva de la llegada de mejoras en relacion con la planificacion de estrategias de atencion en el hospital. Metodologia : este estudio es una revision descriptiva y sistematica de la literatura. Se realizo una busqueda en la bases de datos LILACS, BDENF y MEDLINE, los descriptores para la Enfermeria, y Lesiones Cerebrales Craneocerebrales Trauma. Para refinar la busqueda se llevo a cabo el cruce de palabras clave en Ingles, espanol y portugues. Los criterios de inclusion para que los articulos fueron publicados en nacionales e internacionales independientes de la que la revista durante el periodo comprendido desde enero 2000 hasta enero 2010 y disponibles en Ingles, espanol y portugues . Resultados : se encontraron diecinueve articulos, cinco en espanol, siete en Ingles y siete en portugues. La gran mayoria del trabajo se limita a caracterizar la demanda de victimas de TCE y / o validar las estrategias de atencion que contemplen una mejor recuperacion en el hospital. Conclusiones : el pequeno numero de trabajos publicados que expresan la escasez de enfermeras tiene conocimiento de la neurologia. Tambien, es necesario (re)examinar el camino recorrido por la investigacion en enfermeria neurologica. Ademas no son frecuentes, han mostrado una sobreestimacion en el hospital de la practica clinica en vez de una atencion integral de salud. Descriptores : enfermeria; las lesiones cerebrales; traumatismo craneoencefalico.

Objective : to reflect on the current dynamics of health services focusing on the importance of soft technologies such proposal to break with the curative hegemonic medical model. Methods : it was performed a literature review of author considered a basic reference for the theme. From this, was developed a theoretical discussion of the texts consulted with a view to support the discussion of soft technologies and production of health care. Results : we perceived that health services point to a fragmented practice, curative and appreciate the highly complex procedures, expertise and hard technologies and soft-hard to guarantee the quality of care. Conclusion : it is essential that the technological organization of work in health rescue the prioritization of the use of soft technologies to that can move forward in the consolidation of the quality of a health system. In this sense, universities and health institutions must act mutually pointing to the reality transformation. Descriptors : health manpower;, technology; health services. RESUMO Objetivo : refletir sobre a atual dinâmica dos servicos de saude evidenciando a importância das tecnologias leves como proposta de ruptura com o modelo medico curativista hegemonico. Metodos : foi realizado um levantamento bibliografico de autores considerados referencia basica para o tema. A partir disso, foi desenvolvida uma reflexao teorica dos textos consultados, na perspectiva de subsidiar a discussao sobre as tecnologias leves e a producao do cuidado em saude. Resultados: percebeu-se que os servicos de saude apontam para uma pratica fragmentadora, curativista e que valoriza os procedimentos de alta complexidade, a especializacao e as tecnologias duras e leve-duras como garantia da qualidade da assistencia. Conclusao : torna-se imprescindivel que a organizacao tecnologica do trabalho em saude resgate a priorizacao do uso das tecnologias leves para que se possa avancar no processo de consolidacao de um sistema de saude de qualidade. Nesse sentido, Universidades e os servicos precisam atuar mutuamente objetivando a transformacao da realidade. Descritores : recursos humanos em saude; tecnologia; servicos de saude. RESUMEN Objetivo : reflexionar sobre la dinamica actual de los servicios de salud se destaca la importancia de las tecnologias blandas propuesta de este tipo para romper con el modelo medico hegemonico de la curativa. Metodos : se realizo una revision de la literatura de autores considera como una referencia basica para el tema. De esto, hemos desarrollado un analisis teorico de los textos consultados con el fin de apoyar la discusion de las tecnologias blandas y la produccion de atencion de la salud. Resultados : se observo que los servicios sanitarios apuntan a una practica trituradora, curativos y de apreciar los procedimientos de alta complejidad, la experiencia y las tecnologias de duro y blando-duro para garantizar la calidad de la atencion. Conclusion : es esencial que la organizacion tecnologica de los trabajos de rescate en la priorizacion de la salud de la utilizacion de tecnologias blandas para avanzar en la consolidacion de un sistema de atencion sanitaria de calidad. En este sentido, las universidades y otros servicios deben actuar encaminadas a cambiar la realidad. Descriptores : recursos humanos en salud; tecnologia; servicios de salud.