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The development and construction of self-scanning capability short-range ultrawideband (UWB) radar is forthcoming for the French Military for Defense. This paper is devoted to the presentation of the self-scanning radar principle and of the development, construction, and tests of the different blocks needed to implement the elementary part of the forthcoming radar. The elementary radiation source is composed of a microstrip line with photoconductive switches, an optical system to trigger the switches, a pulsed modulator used as bias voltage to load the line, and a UWB antenna to radiate high electric fields in a broad frequency band. The main proposed innovations are devoted to the integration of the photoconductive switches within the antenna and to the use of the pulsed modulator as bias source instead of a dc voltage source. This modulator allows considering the increase in the yield of the whole source as well as the increase in the radiation bandwidth. Experimental results are presented in order to compare the switching efficiency with a dc bias source against this pulsed modulator bias source. Finally, photoswitches triggered by an 80-ps/20- \mu \textJ laser source are able to generate monopolar or bipolar pulses in the kilovolt range with subnanosecond duration and a 33-MHz pulse repetition frequency. First radiated electric field results of the whole device are also reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powerful subsonic underwater discharges are used as a tool in various industrial applications. The aim of this article is to find the essential design parameters required for a pulsed-power system to efficiently drive such discharges. Using different capacitor banks and electrode geometries, a large number of studies were conducted in an effort to better understand the phenomenology of the discharge. Without developing a numerical model for the underwater plasma discharge, the phenomenological studies clearly demonstrated that the maximum pressure that can be generated depends on the discharge current, the distance between the electrodes, and the characteristic time of the discharge. The results of this work will allow the design of efficient pulsed-power-driven strong pressure impulse systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation of high-power electromagnetic waves is one of the major applications in the field of highintensity pulsed power. The conventional structure of a pulsed power generator contains a primary energy source and a load separated by a power-amplification system. The latter performs time compression of the slow input energy pulse and delivers a high-intensity power output to the load. Usually, either a Marx generator or a Tesla transformer is used as a power amplifier. In the present case, a system termed "module oscillant utilisant une nouvelle architecture" (MOUNA) uses an innovative and very compact resonant pulsed transformer to drive a dipole antenna. This paper describes the ultracompact multiprimary winding pulsed transformer developed in common by the Université de Pau and Hi Pulse Company that can generate voltage pulses of up to 0.6 MV, with a rise time of less than 270 ns. The transformer design has four primary windings, with two secondary windings in parallel, and a Metglas 2605SA1 amorphous iron magnetic core with an innovative biconic geometry used to optimize the leakage inductance. The overall unit has a weight of 6 kg and a volume of only 3.4 L, and this paper presents in detail its design procedure, with each of the main characteristics being separately analyzed. In particular, simple but accurate analytical calculations of both the leakage inductance and the stray capacitance between the primary and secondary windings are presented and successfully compared with CST-based results. Phenomena such as the core losses and saturation induction are also analyzed. The resonant power-amplifier output characteristics are experimentally studied when attached to a compact capacitive load, coupled to a capacitive voltage probe developed jointly with Loughborough University. Finally, an LTspice-based model of the power ampli- fier is introduced and its predictions are compared with results obtained from a thorough experimental study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an experimental arrangement which, using 3-D numerical modeling, aims to study biomedical effects using subnanosecond pulsed electric fields (PEFs). As part of a major effort into developing contactless technology, the final aim of this study is to determine conditions of the applied PEFs (number of pulses, strength, pulse repetition frequency) able to produce electropermeabilization. The arrangement uses a pulsed power generator producing voltage impulses with an amplitude of up to 20 kV on a 50- $\Omega $ matched load, with a rise time of 100 ps and a duration of 600 ps. During the preliminary study reported here, samples containing E. Coli were exposed to PEFs in a 4-mm standard electroporation cuvette, allowing the application of a peak electric field strength of up to 60 kV/cm. The studies were facilitated by detailed 3-D electromagnetic modeling of the electric field distribution generated by voltage impulses inside the system. Due to the nature of tests, the numerical analysis played an essential role in the interpretation of results. Preliminary biological results reported in this study are very encouraging, showing that trains of 5000 to 50 000 pulses applied at a pulsed repetition frequency of 200 Hz (maximum PRF) can efficiently induce E. Coli electropermeabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the work undertaken to reliably use off-the-shelf differentiating voltage probes attached to coaxial transmission lines. The results obtained prove that indeed such probes are a valid and simple instrument for measuring nanosecond and subnanosecond voltage impulses. As a bonus, this paper also highlighted an important challenging phenomenon that appears whenever an attempt is made to measure fast voltage impulses with a differentiating probe positioned too close to the closing switch of a pulse forming line generator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temperature dependence of the Kerr constant for water has been determined over the range 19 °C–45 °C at a wavelength of 658 nm. This paper presents the experimental arrangement used for this purpose and the data obtained, for which a polynomial fit is provided. A formula is also suggested to help estimate the variation of the Kerr constant for water with both temperature and wavelength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of high-power applications require a transportable high-energy, high-current GW generator to drive a pulsed power system at the output. A first prototype, based on exploding wire technology and using an H-bridge circuit configuration, was developed at Loughborough University a few years ago and has been previously reported. The present stage of the work has necessitated the development of a more powerful and energetic source, and this is now based on inductive storage technology. A 400 kJ capacitor bank is connected by a high-Coulomb explosively driven closing switch with an air-cored 0.6 MV transformer, an exploding wire array, and a high-power diode based on a polarity-dependent spark-gap completing the arrangement. The GW generator, including the command and control module, is accommodated in two ISO containers. The various components of the generator are described in this paper, together with results obtained from full-scale tests. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

SPHINX is a microsecond linear transformer driver LTD, used essentially for implosion of Z-pinch loads in direct drive mode. It can deliver a 6-MA current pulse within 800 ns into a Z-pinch load. The dynamic load current multiplier concept enables the current pulse to be modified by increasing its amplitude while reducing its rise time before being delivered to the load. This compact system is made up of concentric electrodes (autotransformer), a dynamic flux extruder (cylindrical wire array), a vacuum convolute (eight postholes), and a vacuum closing switch, which is the key component of the system. Several different schemes are investigated for designing a vacuum switch suitable for operating the dynamic load current multiplier on the SPHINX generator for various applications, including isentropic compression experiments and Z-pinch radiation effects studies. In particular, the design of a compact vacuum surface switch and a multichannel vacuum switch, located upstream of the load are studied. Electrostatic simulations supporting the switch designs are presented along with test bed experiments. Initial results from shots on the SPHINX driver are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper is devoted to a detailed presentation of all aspects involved in a demonstration of a novel pulsed electric field (PEF) technique that does not generate neither conduction currents nor Joule effects. Details are given of both the experimental arrangement and the electro-optic Kerr-effect-based diagnostic used in the measurement of the intense PEFs in water. The results show unequivocally that the novel technique is effective in significantly reducing the initial concentration of Escherichia coli bacteria. Finally, a brief comment on the way ahead is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SPHINX is a microsecond linear transformer driver located at Atomic Energy Comission (CEA) Gramat (France), which can deliver a current pulse of 6 MA within 800 ns in a Z -pinch load. Using the concept of the dynamic load current multiplier (DLCM), which was proposed by Chuvatin, we expect to increase the load current above 6 MA, while decreasing its rise time to \sim300 ns. The DLCM developed by the CEA Gramat and International Technologies for High Pulsed Power (ITHPP) is a compact system made up of concentric electrodes (autotransformer), a dynamic flux extruder (cylindrical wire array), a vacuum convolute (eight post-hole rods), and a closing switch (compact vacuum surface switch). The latter is a key component of the system, which is used to prevent the current from flowing into the load until the inductance builds up due to the implosion of the wire array. This paper presents the design and testing of the DLCM surface switch, resulting from both electrostatic simulations and experiments on the SPHINX generator. These studies, carried out either with or without load (open circuit), were valuable for a first experimental evaluation of the DLCM scheme in a microsecond regime and provided detailed information on the surface switch behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article deals with the development of a technique to stimulate low-permeability reservoirs, a potential alternative to hydraulic fracturing. The practical objective is to increase the intrinsic permeability of rocks around the oil well by dynamic shock waves. Laboratory experiments were carried out on small hollow cylinder specimens under different confinements, which mimic in situ conditions. Shock waves are generated in water by Pulsed Arc Electrohydraulic Discharges (PAED), which then propagate in water and into the specimens. The specimen is damaged by the pressure waves and its permeability increases with the evolution of damage. Specimens were tested mechanically under three stress levels, corresponding to different depths underground. Then the overall permeability to gas of the specimens was measured and correlated to the electrical energy involved into the PAED. For each stress level, the threshold of energy was observed. From the threshold, the increase of permeability is linear. The thresholds of injected electrical energy increase with confinement level. The effect of repeated shocks on permeability is also considered. Tomography X ray scans have been used to analyze the evolution of the microstructure of representative specimens qualitatively. A good correlation is observed between the X-ray tomography results and the permeability. The evolution of cracking and damage due to dynamic mechanical loads are correlated with the intrinsic permeability of the material and with its microstructure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Nowadays, a broad range of modern defense applications requires compact pulsed power generators to produce high-power electromagnetic waves. In a conventional design, such generators consist of a primary energy source and an antenna, separated by a power-amplification system, such as a Marx generator or a Tesla transformer, which forwards the energy from the source to the antenna. The present system, however, uses a novel and very compact high-voltage resonant pulsed transformer to drive a dipole antenna. The complete pulsed power source, termed MOUNA (French acronym for “Module Oscillant Utilisant une Nouvelle Architecture”), is composed of a set of batteries, a dc/dc converter for charging four capacitors, four synchronized spark gap switches, a resonant pulsed transformer that can generate 555 kV/265 ns pulses, an oil peaking switch and, during preliminary testing, a dipole antenna. The paper not only provides design details for each system component, but also presents the mechanical arrangement of the complete pulsed power system and the electrical diagnostics, particularly those related to measurement of the resonant transformer output waveform, the line oscillations, and the radiated electric field. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]