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This work intends to evaluate whether an increase in the operating pressure may improve the behavior of this material, taking into account the ilmenite kinetic parameters together with the fluid dynamics of the system. In addition, the evaluation of pressurized CLC for the energy use of natural gas is herein proposed considering the dual circulating fluidized bed reactor (DCFB) configuration and internally circulating fluidized bed reactor (ICR), in which the fuel reactor would be a fluidized bed reactor in the turbulent or bubbling regime, respectively.

For the design of the pressurized Chemical Looping Plant to be coupled to a gas turbine the following steps have to be undertaken: 1. Firstly the power capacity of the gas turbine is considered and based on this the air mass flow is calculated, using Aspen Plus and assuming an excess air value which is iteratively optimized trying to reduce fuel consumption and maintaining a Turbine Inlet Temperature constant at 1200 ◦C; 2. Then from the stoichiometric air flow the fuel consumption is calculated (and it is used iteratively to optimize excess air consumption); 3. From the optimization process the air reactor and fuel reactor specification are deter- mined, which are used to calculate the mass and energy balances of the air reactor and fuel reactor; 4. Then from the box delimited with red dotted lines which is about mass and energy balances optimization we pass to the box delimited with blue dotted lines which is instead on the hydrodynamics optimization we want in fact that both the air reactor and the fuel reactor are close to the fast fluidization regime which allows us to reduce the inventory and so also the operating costs of the plant. This is done by drawing the Grace diagram as it will be shown in the last paragraphs of this paper. In this paper, we don’t design the whole plant, but focus only on the design of the air reactor which is one half of the total chemical looping combustor. The aim of the study is to explore the impact of all the main factors affecting the design of Pressurized Air Reactors to be coupled with a turbo expander.

In this deliverable we present tests with glycerol and pyrolysis oil in a continuous Chemical Looping Plant, equipped to work with liquid fuels. Bio-oil is the main product of fast pyrolysis of biomass, and it has a higher volumetric energy density than the raw biomass. Glycerol is the waste product of biodiesel supply chain.

The project GTCLC-NEG foresaw a secondment with Baker Hughes Company production site in Florence. The foreseen activities were: - a model of the CLC combustor with biofuels will be integrated with the NOVA LT16 gas turbine in BHGE (during the secondment). - a technical analysis using BHGE proprietary models, to optimize turbine working conditions using hot air instead of exhaust combustion gases. This work ended up with guidelines to design and optimize a combustor for gas turbines based on CLC technology. Main results are proposed in the next paragraphs.

The particle modeling of the oxygen carriers produced and characterized in WP 1 is based on two publications realized at the Instituto de Carboquimica, CSIC. These works are based also on the theory developed by Levenspiel when speaking of reactions catalyzed by solids and the pore diffusion resistance combined with surface kinetics. While developing the particle model in this project we focused on the most interesting oxygen carrier that we have tested, which is NiO18 loaded on alpha alumina. This is recognized to have a plate like geometry.

The objective of the GTCLC-NEG MSCA-IF project is to evaluate the potential of the pressurized chemical looping combustion (PCLC) to produce electricity with CO2 capture by integrating the PCLC unit with a gas turbine. In order to achieve high energy efficiency, the PCLC unit should operate at elevated temperature, in the range of 1000-1200 °C. One of the critical issues related to the development of the PCLC process is to be confident on the oxygen carrier performance at such high temperatures. This work was focused on the evaluation of oxygen carrier materials during their redox cycling at suitable temperatures for the PCLC process. These materials were based on iron and nickel, which were selected from results in previous deliverables.

To couple a CLC reactor with a gas turbine, pressurized conditions are needed in the reactors and conditions of high temperature. What are the oxygen carriers (OCs) preparation methods which can better perform in these conditions? Obviously a great part is played by the materials themselves, which will be analyzed in a specific database, but also the preparation method can play a significant role. As per literature review [1] we see again that the classification of the OCs is made on the base of the metal type, which is contained in them. But what it the role of the preparation technique? To analyze this aspect the following workpackage has collected both experimental and literature data, during the Marie Curie IF project GTCLC-NEG. The main method taken into account for the preparation of the oxygen carriers are: mechanical mixing, spray drying, granulation, impregnation, solgel, coprecipitation, flash combustion. Solgel, coprecipitation and flash combustion are not used in the Instituto de Carboquimica (CSIC). Particular attention has to be put on the scalability of the process if we want the CLC technology to be performed at the scale and capacity of the targeted gas turbine plants, which is about 12-16 MWe

Work presented at the 14th International Conference on Applied Energy - ICAE2022, Aug. 8-11, 2022, Bochum, Germany., Carbon Capture and Storage is a technology of paramount importance for Sustainable Development Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and Sustainable Development Goal 13 (Climate Action). The European Union is moving rapidly towards low carbon technologies, see the Energy Union Strategy. Coupling biofuels and carbon capture and storage to decarbonize the power and the industrial sector can be done through the development of BECCS (Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage). However there are some technical barriers to the development of this technology. If a Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) plant has to be coupled with a gas turbine, it has to work in pressurized conditions. The effect of pressure on chemical reactions and fluidized bed hydrodynamics, at the moment, is not clear. The aim of this paper is to present a model for the dimensioning of an air reactor to be coupled to a gas turbine of the power of about 14 MW. Based on the air mass flow requirements to produce such a power. The fluidized bed is designed choosing geometry parameters and making a sensitivity analysis of the influence of the turbine inlet temperature on final plant efficiency. It can be seen from the analysis presented in this paper that the diameter of the fluidized bed is mainly influenced by the mass flow of the air in the reactor, while the height of the reactor is mainly influenced by elutriation and transport disengaging height calculations., This work has been funded by the GTCLC-NEG project that has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska- Curie grant agreement No. 101018756.

The particle modeling of the oxygen carriers produced and characterized in WP 1 is based on two publications realized at the Instituto de Carboquimica, CSIC.

After having prepared the 6 oxygen carriers presented in the Deliverable D1.1, in this deliverable we present their characterization.