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2. The effects of dichotomization on the diagnostic accuracy of hypothesis tests: How avoiding dichotomization is in a researcher’s self-interest

Author

Decoster, J, Gallucci, M, Iselin, A, Decoster J., Gallucci M., Iselin A. -M. R., Decoster, J, Gallucci, M, Iselin, A, Decoster J., Gallucci M., and Iselin A. -M. R.

Abstract

Although researchers have valued dichotomization because it can simplify conducting and presenting analyses, statisticians have criticized the general use of this procedure because it reduces power and can lead to invalid results. Despite this, researchers continue to regularly dichotomize continuous measures, as evidenced by the presence of median splits and other forms of artificial categorization in the published literature. This suggests that researchers do not find the currently presented arguments against dichotomization compelling enough to avoid using the procedure. In response, this article provides a new, more pragmatic examination of the effects of dichotomization focused on how this practice can impede the pursuit of researchers’ professional and personal goals. Specifically, we present an examination of the effects of dichotomization phrased in terms of the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of hypothesis tests, showing that dichotomization makes it more likely researchers will publish false results and reduces their ability to detect true findings in their data.

Published
2022

3. Affective wellbeing moderates the association between polygenic risk score for neuroticism and change in neuroticism

Author

Bahbouhová, J., primary, Cade, M. V., additional, De Sadeleer, A. T., additional, Dibbets, C., additional, Herrmann, L.-Q., additional, Hovens, P. O. F., additional, Jakson, B. M., additional, Reising, R. C., additional, Menne-Lothmann, C., additional, Decoster, J., additional, van Winkel, R., additional, Collip, D., additional, Delespaul, P., additional, De Hert, M., additional, Derom, C., additional, Thiery, E., additional, Jacobs, N., additional, Wichers, M., additional, van Os, J., additional, Rutten, B. P. F., additional, Gülöksüz, S., additional, and Klingenberg, B., additional

Published
2023
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4. Differential associations of childhood adversity subtypes and psychopathology in men and women

Author

Prachason, T., primary, Mutlu, I., additional, Fusar-Poli, L., additional, Menne-Lothmann, C., additional, Decoster, J., additional, van Winkel, R., additional, Collip, D., additional, Delespaul, P., additional, De Hert, M., additional, Derom, C., additional, Thiery, E., additional, Jacobs, N., additional, Wichers, M., additional, van Os, J., additional, Rutten, B. P. F., additional, Pries, L.-K., additional, and Gülöksüz, S., additional

Published
2023
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5. The effects of dichotomization on the diagnostic accuracy of hypothesis tests: How avoiding dichotomization is in a researcher’s self-interest

Author

Decoster J., Gallucci M., Iselin A. -M. R., Decoster, J, Gallucci, M, and Iselin, A

Subjects
Dichotomization, Method, Hypothesis test, Diagnostic accuracy, Statistic
Abstract

Although researchers have valued dichotomization because it can simplify conducting and presenting analyses, statisticians have criticized the general use of this procedure because it reduces power and can lead to invalid results. Despite this, researchers continue to regularly dichotomize continuous measures, as evidenced by the presence of median splits and other forms of artificial categorization in the published literature. This suggests that researchers do not find the currently presented arguments against dichotomization compelling enough to avoid using the procedure. In response, this article provides a new, more pragmatic examination of the effects of dichotomization focused on how this practice can impede the pursuit of researchers’ professional and personal goals. Specifically, we present an examination of the effects of dichotomization phrased in terms of the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of hypothesis tests, showing that dichotomization makes it more likely researchers will publish false results and reduces their ability to detect true findings in their data.

Published
2022

6. Lower Emotional Complexity as a Prospective Predictor of Psychopathology in Adolescents From the General Population

Author

Schreuder, Marieke J., Wichers, M., Hartman, C.A., Menne-Lothmann, C., Decoster, J., van Winkel, R., Delespaul, P., De Hert, M., Derom, C., Thiery, E., Rutten, B.P.F., Jacobs, N., van Os, J., Wigman, J.T.W., Schreuder, Marieke J., Wichers, M., Hartman, C.A., Menne-Lothmann, C., Decoster, J., van Winkel, R., Delespaul, P., De Hert, M., Derom, C., Thiery, E., Rutten, B.P.F., Jacobs, N., van Os, J., and Wigman, J.T.W.

Abstract

Emotional complexity (EC) involves the ability to distinguish between distinct emotions (differentiation) and the experience of a large range of emotions (diversity). Lower EC has been related to psychopathology in cross-sectional studies. This study aimed to investigate (a) whether EC prospectively predicts psychopathology and (b) whether this effect is contingent on stressful life events. To further explore EC, we compared the effects of differentiation and diversity. Adolescents from the general population (N = 401) rated 8 negatively valenced emotions 10 times a day for 6 consecutive days. Further, they completed the Symptom Checklist-90 (baseline and 1-year follow-up) and a questionnaire on past year's life events at follow-up. Logistic regression analyses tested whether EC-reflected by emotion differentiation (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]) and diversity (diversity index [DI])-predicted prognosis (good: remitting or lacking symptoms vs. bad: worsening or persisting symptoms). EC predicted prognoses but only when based on the ICC (OREC.ICC = 1.42, p = .02). An ECICC 1 SD above average increased the probability of good prognosis from .67 to .74. This effect was not related to stressful life events (OREC x Life events = 1.03, p = .86) and disappeared when emotion intensity (mean level) was taken into account (OREC = 1.20, p = .20). Predicting future prognosis does not necessitate complex measures of emotional experience (ICC, DI) but rather might be achieved through simpler indices (mean). The discrepant effects of the ICC and DI on prognosis suggest that impaired emotion representation (ICC) plays a more important role in vulnerability to mental ill health than does low diversity of emotions (DI).

Published
2022

8. Polygenic liability for schizophrenia and childhood adversity influences daily-life emotion dysregulation and psychosis proneness

Author

TN groep Adan, Neurogenetica, Brain, Hersenen-Medisch 1, Pries, L-K, Klingenberg, B, Menne-Lothmann, C, Decoster, J, van Winkel, R, Collip, D, Delespaul, P, De Hert, M, Derom, C, Thiery, E, Jacobs, N, Wichers, M, Cinar, O, Lin, B D, Luykx, J J, Rutten, B P F, van Os, J, Guloksuz, S, TN groep Adan, Neurogenetica, Brain, Hersenen-Medisch 1, Pries, L-K, Klingenberg, B, Menne-Lothmann, C, Decoster, J, van Winkel, R, Collip, D, Delespaul, P, De Hert, M, Derom, C, Thiery, E, Jacobs, N, Wichers, M, Cinar, O, Lin, B D, Luykx, J J, Rutten, B P F, van Os, J, and Guloksuz, S

Published
2020

9. Polygenic liability for schizophrenia and childhood adversity influences daily‐life emotion dysregulation and psychosis proneness

Author

Pries, L.‐K., primary, Klingenberg, B., additional, Menne‐Lothmann, C., additional, Decoster, J., additional, van Winkel, R., additional, Collip, D., additional, Delespaul, P., additional, De Hert, M., additional, Derom, C., additional, Thiery, E., additional, Jacobs, N., additional, Wichers, M., additional, Cinar, O., additional, Lin, B. D., additional, Luykx, J. J., additional, Rutten, B. P. F., additional, van Os, J., additional, and Guloksuz, S., additional

Published
2020
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10. CONGENITAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY: LAMA2

Author

Foley, A., primary, Leach, M., additional, Averion, G., additional, Hu, Y., additional, Yun, P., additional, Neuhaus, S., additional, Saade, D., additional, Arévalo, C., additional, Fink, M., additional, DeCoster, J., additional, Mendoza, C., additional, Mayer, O., additional, Hausmann, R., additional, Petraki, D., additional, Cheung, K., additional, and Bönnemann, C., additional

Published
2019
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11. An open, large-scale, collaborative effort to estimate the reproducibility of psychological science

Author

Alexander, A, Barnett Cowan, M, Bartmess, E, Bosco, F, Brandt, M, Carp, J, Chandler, J, Clay, R, Cleary, H, Cohn, M, DeCoster, J, Dunn, E, Eggleston, C, Estel, V, Farach, F, Feather, J, Fiedler, S, Field, J, Foster, J, Frank, M, Frazier, R, Fuchs, H, Galak, J, Galliani, E, Garcia, S, Giammanco, E, Gilbert, E, Giner Sorolla, R, Goellner, L, Goh, J, Goss, R, Graham, J, Grange, J, Gray, J, Gripshover, S, Hartshorne, J, Hayes, T, Jahn, G, Johnson, K, Johnston, W, Joy Gaba, J, Lai, C, Lakens, D, Lane, K, LeBel, E, Lee, M, Lemm, K, Mackinnon, S, May, M, Moore, K, Motyl, M, Muller, S, Munafo, M, Nosek, B, Olsson, C, Paunesku, D, Pitts, M, Ratliff, K, Renkewitz, F, Rutchick, A, Sandstrom, G, Saxe, R, Selterman, D, Simpson, W, Smith, C, Spies, J, Strohminger, N, Talhelm, T, van 't Veer, A, Vianello, M., COSTANTINI, GIULIO, PERUGINI, MARCO, Alexander, A, Barnett Cowan, M, Bartmess, E, Bosco, F, Brandt, M, Carp, J, Chandler, J, Clay, R, Cleary, H, Cohn, M, Costantini, G, Decoster, J, Dunn, E, Eggleston, C, Estel, V, Farach, F, Feather, J, Fiedler, S, Field, J, Foster, J, Frank, M, Frazier, R, Fuchs, H, Galak, J, Galliani, E, Garcia, S, Giammanco, E, Gilbert, E, Giner Sorolla, R, Goellner, L, Goh, J, Goss, R, Graham, J, Grange, J, Gray, J, Gripshover, S, Hartshorne, J, Hayes, T, Jahn, G, Johnson, K, Johnston, W, Joy Gaba, J, Lai, C, Lakens, D, Lane, K, Lebel, E, Lee, M, Lemm, K, Mackinnon, S, May, M, Moore, K, Motyl, M, Muller, S, Munafo, M, Nosek, B, Olsson, C, Paunesku, D, Perugini, M, Pitts, M, Ratliff, K, Renkewitz, F, Rutchick, A, Sandstrom, G, Saxe, R, Selterman, D, Simpson, W, Smith, C, Spies, J, Strohminger, N, Talhelm, T, van 't Veer, A, Vianello, M, Department of Social Psychology, and Human Technology Interaction

Subjects
Reproducibility, Psychological science, Open, Methodology, Replication, Replicate, Reproducibility Project, Multiple methods, Data science, Incentive, reproducibility, methodology, Scale (social sciences), psychological science, Replication (statistics), Psychology, Social psychology, General Psychology
Abstract

Reproducibility is a defining feature of science. However, because of strong incentives for innovation and weak incentives for confirmation, direct replication is rarely practiced or published. The Reproducibility Project is an open, large-scale, collaborative effort to systematically examine the rate and predictors of reproducibility in psychological science. So far, 72 volunteer researchers from 41 institutions have organized to openly and transparently replicate studies published in three prominent psychological journals in 2008. Multiple methods will be used to evaluate the findings, calculate an empirical rate of replication, and investigate factors that predict reproducibility. Whatever the result, a better understanding of reproducibility will ultimately improve confidence in scientific methodology and findings.

Published
2012
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12. Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science

Author

Aarts, A, Anderson, J, Anderson, C, Attridge, P, Attwood, A, Axt, J, Babel, M, Bahník, Š, Baranski, E, Barnett Cowan, M, Bartmess, E, Beer, J, Bell, R, Bentley, H, Beyan, L, Binion, G, Borsboom, D, Bosch, A, Bosco, F, Bowman, S, Brandt, M, Braswell, E, Brohmer, H, Brown, B, Brown, K, Brüning, J, Calhoun Sauls, A, Callahan, S, Chagnon, E, Chandler, J, Chartier, C, Cheung, C, Cd, Cillessen, L, Clay, R, Cleary, H, Cloud, M, Cohn, M, Cohoon, J, Columbus, S, Cordes, A, Costantini, G, Cramblet Alvarez, L, Cremata, E, Crusius, J, Decoster, J, Degaetano, M, Della Penna, N, den Bezemer, B, Deserno, M, Devitt, O, Dewitte, L, Dobolyi, D, Dodson, G, Donnellan, M, Donohue, R, Dore, R, Dorrough, A, Dreber, A, Dugas, M, Dunn, E, Easey, K, Eboigbe, S, Eggleston, C, Embley, J, Epskamp, S, Errington, T, Estel, V, Farach, F, Feather, J, Fedor, A, Fernández Castilla, B, Fiedler, S, Field, J, Fitneva, S, Flagan, T, Forest, A, Forsell, E, Foster, J, Frank, M, Frazier, R, Fuchs, H, Gable, P, Galak, J, Galliani, E, Gampa, A, Garcia, S, Gazarian, D, Gilbert, E, Giner Sorolla, R, Glöckner, A, Goellner, L, Goh, J, Goldberg, R, Goodbourn, P, Gordon McKeon, S, Gorges, B, Gorges, J, Goss, J, Graham, J, Grange, J, Gray, J, Hartgerink, C, Hartshorne, J, Hasselman, F, Hayes, T, Heikensten, E, Henninger, F, Hodsoll, J, Holubar, T, Hoogendoorn, G, Humphries, D, Hung, C, Immelman, N, Irsik, V, Jahn, G, Jäkel, F, Jekel, M, Johannesson, M, Johnson, L, Johnson, D, Johnson, K, Johnston, W, Jonas, K, Joy Gaba, J, Kappes, H, Kelso, K, Kidwell, M, Kim, S, Kirkhart, M, Kleinberg, B, Kneževic, G, Kolorz, F, Kossakowski, J, Krause, R, Krijnen, J, Kuhlmann, T, Kunkels, Y, Kyc, M, Lai, C, Laique, A, Lakens, D, Lane, K, Lassetter, B, Lazarevic, L, Lebel, E, Lee, K, Lee, M, Lemm, K, Levitan, C, Lewis, M, Lin, L, Lin, S, Lippold, M, Loureiro, D, Luteijn, I, Mackinnon, S, Mainard, H, Marigold, D, Martin, D, Martinez, T, Masicampo, E, Matacotta, J, Mathur, M, May, M, Mechin, N, Mehta, P, Meixner, J, Melinger, A, Miller, J, Miller, M, Moore, K, Möschl, M, Motyl, M, Müller, S, Munafo, M, Neijenhuijs, K, Nervi, T, Nicolas, G, Nilsonne, G, Nosek, B, Nuijten, M, Olsson, C, Osborne, C, Ostkamp, L, Pavel, M, Penton Voak, I, Perna, O, Pernet, C, Perugini, M, Pipitone, N, Pitts, M, Plessow, F, Prenoveau, J, Rahal, R, Ratliff, K, Reinhard, D, Renkewitz, F, Ricker, A, Rigney, A, Rivers, A, Roebke, M, Rutchick, A, Ryan, R, Sahin, O, Saide, A, Sandstrom, G, Santos, D, Saxe, R, Schlegelmilch, R, Schmidt, K, Scholz, S, Seibel, L, Selterman, D, Shaki, S, Simpson, E, Sinclair, H, Skorinko, J, Slowik, A, Snyder, J, Soderberg, C, Sonnleitner, C, Spencer, N, Spies, J, Steegen, S, Stieger, S, Strohminger, N, Sullivan, G, Talhelm, T, Tapia, M, te Dorsthorst, A, Thomae, M, Thomas, S, Tio, P, Traets, F, Tsang, S, Tuerlinckx, F, Turchan, P, Valášek, M, van 't Veer, A, Van Aert, R, van Assen, M, van Bork, R, van de Ven, M, van den Bergh, D, van der Hulst, M, van Dooren, R, van Doorn, J, van Renswoude, D, van Rijn, H, Vanpaemel, W, Vásquez Echeverría, A, Vazquez, M, Velez, N, Vermue, M, Verschoor, M, Vianello, M, Voracek, M, Vuu, G, Wagenmakers, E, Weerdmeester, J, Welsh, A, Westgate, E, Wissink, J, Wood, M, Woods, A, Wright, E, Wu, S, Zeelenberg, M, Zuni, K, Aarts, AA, Anderson, JE, Anderson, CJ, Attridge, PR, Bosco, FA, Bowman, SD, Brandt, MJ, Brown, BT, Callahan, SP, Chartier, CR, Cheung, Christopherson, CD, Cloud, MD, COSTANTINI, GIULIO, Cramblet Alvarez, LD, DeCoster, J, DeGaetano, MA, Deserno, MK, Dobolyi, DG, Dodson, GT, Donnellan, MB, Dore, RA, Dunn, EW, Errington, TM, Farach, FJ, Field, JG, Fitneva, SA, Forest, AL, Foster, JD, Frank, MC, Frazier, RS, Galliani, EM, Goh, JX, Goodbourn, PT, Grange, JA, Humphries, DJ, Hung, COY, Irsik, VC, Johnson, LG, Johnson, DJ, Johnson, KM, Johnston, WJ, Joy Gaba, JA, Kappes, HB, Kidwell, MC, Kim, SK, Kolorz, FM, Kossakowski, JJ, Krause, RM, Kunkels, YK, Kyc, MM, Lai, CK, Lane, KA, Lazarevic, LB, LeBel, EP, Lee, KJ, Levitan, CA, Lin, Lin, Mainard, HN, Marigold, DC, Martin, DP, Masicampo, EJ, Miller, JK, Möschl,M, Müller, SM, Neijenhuijs, KI, Nosek, BA, Nuijten, MB, Penton Voak, IS, PERUGINI, MARCO, Prenoveau, JM, Rahal, RM, Ratliff, KA, Ricker, AA, Rivers, AM, Rutchick, AM, Ryan, RS, Sandstrom, GM, Selterman, DF, Simpson, EB, Sinclair, HC, Skorinko, JLM, Snyder, JS, Spies, JR, Sullivan, GB, Thomas, SL, van 't Veer, AE, van Renswoude, DR, Wagenmakers, EJ, Westgate, EC, Zuni, K., Aarts, A, Anderson, J, Anderson, C, Attridge, P, Attwood, A, Axt, J, Babel, M, Bahník, Š, Baranski, E, Barnett Cowan, M, Bartmess, E, Beer, J, Bell, R, Bentley, H, Beyan, L, Binion, G, Borsboom, D, Bosch, A, Bosco, F, Bowman, S, Brandt, M, Braswell, E, Brohmer, H, Brown, B, Brown, K, Brüning, J, Calhoun Sauls, A, Callahan, S, Chagnon, E, Chandler, J, Chartier, C, Cheung, C, Cd, Cillessen, L, Clay, R, Cleary, H, Cloud, M, Cohn, M, Cohoon, J, Columbus, S, Cordes, A, Costantini, G, Cramblet Alvarez, L, Cremata, E, Crusius, J, Decoster, J, Degaetano, M, Della Penna, N, den Bezemer, B, Deserno, M, Devitt, O, Dewitte, L, Dobolyi, D, Dodson, G, Donnellan, M, Donohue, R, Dore, R, Dorrough, A, Dreber, A, Dugas, M, Dunn, E, Easey, K, Eboigbe, S, Eggleston, C, Embley, J, Epskamp, S, Errington, T, Estel, V, Farach, F, Feather, J, Fedor, A, Fernández Castilla, B, Fiedler, S, Field, J, Fitneva, S, Flagan, T, Forest, A, Forsell, E, Foster, J, Frank, M, Frazier, R, Fuchs, H, Gable, P, Galak, J, Galliani, E, Gampa, A, Garcia, S, Gazarian, D, Gilbert, E, Giner Sorolla, R, Glöckner, A, Goellner, L, Goh, J, Goldberg, R, Goodbourn, P, Gordon McKeon, S, Gorges, B, Gorges, J, Goss, J, Graham, J, Grange, J, Gray, J, Hartgerink, C, Hartshorne, J, Hasselman, F, Hayes, T, Heikensten, E, Henninger, F, Hodsoll, J, Holubar, T, Hoogendoorn, G, Humphries, D, Hung, C, Immelman, N, Irsik, V, Jahn, G, Jäkel, F, Jekel, M, Johannesson, M, Johnson, L, Johnson, D, Johnson, K, Johnston, W, Jonas, K, Joy Gaba, J, Kappes, H, Kelso, K, Kidwell, M, Kim, S, Kirkhart, M, Kleinberg, B, Kneževic, G, Kolorz, F, Kossakowski, J, Krause, R, Krijnen, J, Kuhlmann, T, Kunkels, Y, Kyc, M, Lai, C, Laique, A, Lakens, D, Lane, K, Lassetter, B, Lazarevic, L, Lebel, E, Lee, K, Lee, M, Lemm, K, Levitan, C, Lewis, M, Lin, L, Lin, S, Lippold, M, Loureiro, D, Luteijn, I, Mackinnon, S, Mainard, H, Marigold, D, Martin, D, Martinez, T, Masicampo, E, Matacotta, J, Mathur, M, May, M, Mechin, N, Mehta, P, Meixner, J, Melinger, A, Miller, J, Miller, M, Moore, K, Möschl, M, Motyl, M, Müller, S, Munafo, M, Neijenhuijs, K, Nervi, T, Nicolas, G, Nilsonne, G, Nosek, B, Nuijten, M, Olsson, C, Osborne, C, Ostkamp, L, Pavel, M, Penton Voak, I, Perna, O, Pernet, C, Perugini, M, Pipitone, N, Pitts, M, Plessow, F, Prenoveau, J, Rahal, R, Ratliff, K, Reinhard, D, Renkewitz, F, Ricker, A, Rigney, A, Rivers, A, Roebke, M, Rutchick, A, Ryan, R, Sahin, O, Saide, A, Sandstrom, G, Santos, D, Saxe, R, Schlegelmilch, R, Schmidt, K, Scholz, S, Seibel, L, Selterman, D, Shaki, S, Simpson, E, Sinclair, H, Skorinko, J, Slowik, A, Snyder, J, Soderberg, C, Sonnleitner, C, Spencer, N, Spies, J, Steegen, S, Stieger, S, Strohminger, N, Sullivan, G, Talhelm, T, Tapia, M, te Dorsthorst, A, Thomae, M, Thomas, S, Tio, P, Traets, F, Tsang, S, Tuerlinckx, F, Turchan, P, Valášek, M, van 't Veer, A, Van Aert, R, van Assen, M, van Bork, R, van de Ven, M, van den Bergh, D, van der Hulst, M, van Dooren, R, van Doorn, J, van Renswoude, D, van Rijn, H, Vanpaemel, W, Vásquez Echeverría, A, Vazquez, M, Velez, N, Vermue, M, Verschoor, M, Vianello, M, Voracek, M, Vuu, G, Wagenmakers, E, Weerdmeester, J, Welsh, A, Westgate, E, Wissink, J, Wood, M, Woods, A, Wright, E, Wu, S, Zeelenberg, M, Zuni, K, Aarts, AA, Anderson, JE, Anderson, CJ, Attridge, PR, Bosco, FA, Bowman, SD, Brandt, MJ, Brown, BT, Callahan, SP, Chartier, CR, Cheung, Christopherson, CD, Cloud, MD, COSTANTINI, GIULIO, Cramblet Alvarez, LD, DeCoster, J, DeGaetano, MA, Deserno, MK, Dobolyi, DG, Dodson, GT, Donnellan, MB, Dore, RA, Dunn, EW, Errington, TM, Farach, FJ, Field, JG, Fitneva, SA, Forest, AL, Foster, JD, Frank, MC, Frazier, RS, Galliani, EM, Goh, JX, Goodbourn, PT, Grange, JA, Humphries, DJ, Hung, COY, Irsik, VC, Johnson, LG, Johnson, DJ, Johnson, KM, Johnston, WJ, Joy Gaba, JA, Kappes, HB, Kidwell, MC, Kim, SK, Kolorz, FM, Kossakowski, JJ, Krause, RM, Kunkels, YK, Kyc, MM, Lai, CK, Lane, KA, Lazarevic, LB, LeBel, EP, Lee, KJ, Levitan, CA, Lin, Lin, Mainard, HN, Marigold, DC, Martin, DP, Masicampo, EJ, Miller, JK, Möschl,M, Müller, SM, Neijenhuijs, KI, Nosek, BA, Nuijten, MB, Penton Voak, IS, PERUGINI, MARCO, Prenoveau, JM, Rahal, RM, Ratliff, KA, Ricker, AA, Rivers, AM, Rutchick, AM, Ryan, RS, Sandstrom, GM, Selterman, DF, Simpson, EB, Sinclair, HC, Skorinko, JLM, Snyder, JS, Spies, JR, Sullivan, GB, Thomas, SL, van 't Veer, AE, van Renswoude, DR, Wagenmakers, EJ, Westgate, EC, and Zuni, K.

Abstract

Reproducibility is a defining feature of science, but the extent to which it characterizes current research is unknown. We conducted replications of 100 experimental and correlational studies published in three psychology journals using high-powered designs and original materials when available. Replication effects were half the magnitude of original effects, representing a substantial decline. Ninety-seven percent of original studies had statistically significant results. Thirty-six percent of replications had statistically significant results; 47% of original effect sizes were in the 95% confidence interval of the replication effect size; 39% of effects were subjectively rated to have replicated the original result; and if no bias in original results is assumed, combining original and replication results left 68% with statistically significant effects. Correlational tests suggest that replication success was better predicted by the strength of original evidence than by characteristics of the original and replication teams.

Published
2015

13. CONGENITAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES

Author

Foley, A.R., primary, Leach, M., additional, Averion, G., additional, Hu, Y., additional, Yun, P., additional, Neuhaus, S., additional, Saade, D., additional, Arevalo, C., additional, Fink, M., additional, DeCoster, J., additional, Mendoza, C., additional, Mayer, O., additional, Hausmann, R., additional, Petraki, D., additional, Cheung, K., additional, and Bönnemann, C., additional

Published
2018
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14. The reproducibility project: A model of large-scale collaboration for empirical research on reproducibility

Author

Stodden, V, Leisch, F, Peng, RD, Aarts, A, Alexander, A, Attridge, P, Bahník, Š, Barnett Cowan, M, Bartmess, E, Bosco, F, Brown, B, Brown, K, Chandler, J, Clay, R, Cleary, H, Cohn, M, Costantini, G, Crusius, J, Decoster, J, Degaetano, M, Donohue, R, Dunn, E, Eggleston, C, Estel, V, Farach, F, Fiedler, S, Field, J, Fitneva, S, Foster, J, Frazier, R, Galliani, E, Giner Sorolla, R, Goss, R, Graham, J, Grange, J, Hartshorne, J, Hayes, T, Hicks, G, Humphries, D, Jahn, G, Johnson, K, Joy Gaba, J, Goellner, L, Kappes, E, Lai, C, Lakens, D, Lane, K, Lebel, E, Lee, M, Lemm, K, Lewis, M, Lin, S, Mackinnon, S, Mainard, H, Mann, M, May, M, Motyl, M, Moore, K, Müller, S, Nosek, B, Olsson, C, Perugini, M, Pitts, M, Ratliff, K, Renkewitz, F, Rutchick, A, Sandstrom, G, Selterman, D, Simpson, W, Smith, C, Spies, J, Talhelm, T, van 't Veer, A, Vianello, M, Aarts, AA, Bosco, FA, Chandler, JJ, DeCoster, J, DeGaetano, M, Farach, FJ, Field, JG, Fitneva, S., Foster, JD, Frazier, RS, Galliani, EM, Goss, RJ, Grange, JA, Hayes, TB, Joy Gaba, JA, Kappes, EB, Lai, CK, Lane, KA, LeBel, EP, Lin, SC, Müller, SM, Nosek, BA, Rutchick, AM, Smith, CT, Spies, JR, Vianello, M., COSTANTINI, GIULIO, PERUGINI, MARCO, Stodden, V, Leisch, F, Peng, RD, Aarts, A, Alexander, A, Attridge, P, Bahník, Š, Barnett Cowan, M, Bartmess, E, Bosco, F, Brown, B, Brown, K, Chandler, J, Clay, R, Cleary, H, Cohn, M, Costantini, G, Crusius, J, Decoster, J, Degaetano, M, Donohue, R, Dunn, E, Eggleston, C, Estel, V, Farach, F, Fiedler, S, Field, J, Fitneva, S, Foster, J, Frazier, R, Galliani, E, Giner Sorolla, R, Goss, R, Graham, J, Grange, J, Hartshorne, J, Hayes, T, Hicks, G, Humphries, D, Jahn, G, Johnson, K, Joy Gaba, J, Goellner, L, Kappes, E, Lai, C, Lakens, D, Lane, K, Lebel, E, Lee, M, Lemm, K, Lewis, M, Lin, S, Mackinnon, S, Mainard, H, Mann, M, May, M, Motyl, M, Moore, K, Müller, S, Nosek, B, Olsson, C, Perugini, M, Pitts, M, Ratliff, K, Renkewitz, F, Rutchick, A, Sandstrom, G, Selterman, D, Simpson, W, Smith, C, Spies, J, Talhelm, T, van 't Veer, A, Vianello, M, Aarts, AA, Bosco, FA, Chandler, JJ, DeCoster, J, DeGaetano, M, Farach, FJ, Field, JG, Fitneva, S., Foster, JD, Frazier, RS, Galliani, EM, Goss, RJ, Grange, JA, Hayes, TB, Joy Gaba, JA, Kappes, EB, Lai, CK, Lane, KA, LeBel, EP, Lin, SC, Müller, SM, Nosek, BA, Rutchick, AM, Smith, CT, Spies, JR, Vianello, M., COSTANTINI, GIULIO, and PERUGINI, MARCO

Abstract

The goal of science is to accumulate knowledge that answers questions such as “How do things work?” and “Why do they work that way?” Scientists use a variety of methodologies to describe, predict, and explain natural phenomena. These methods are so diverse that it is difficult to define a unique scientific method, although all scientific methodologies share the assumption of reproducibility (Hempel and Oppenheim, 1948; Kuhn, 1962; Popper, 1934/1992; Salmon, 1989).

Published
2014

16. Reconciling questions about dichotomizing variables in criminal justice research

Author

Iselin, A, Gallucci, M, Decoster, J, DeCoster, J., GALLUCCI, MARCELLO, Iselin, A, Gallucci, M, Decoster, J, DeCoster, J., and GALLUCCI, MARCELLO

Abstract

Purpose: Despite accumulating evidence against the practice of artificial dichotomization, its continued use among criminal justice researchers indicates that there are still unresolved questions about its appropriateness. Farrington and Loeber (2000) provided a discussion of how these issues impact research on delinquency, and many researchers have cited their article as a justification for dichotomization within the field of criminal justice. In the current study, we examine the reasons why researchers have cited Farrington and Loeber as a mechanism for answering some unresolved questions about whether and when dichotomization may be justified. Methods: We used a forward citation search in PsycInfo to locate all articles citing Farrington and Loeber (2000) in support of dichotomization. Results: This search identified 126 articles which provided a total of 191 reasons supporting dichotomization. We explore these reasons, discussing whether they are consistent with evidence from simulation-based analyses and whether they are supported by existing statistical and methodological theory. Conclusions: Despite the large number of reasons for dichotomization provided by authors, we found very few that had empirical or theoretical support. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Published
2013

17. Congenital muscular dystrophy ascending multiple dose cohort study analyzing pharmacokinetics at three dose levels in children and adolescents with assessment of safety and tolerability of omigapil (CALLISTO) trial update

Author

Leach, M., primary, Foley, A., additional, Averion, G., additional, Hu, Y., additional, Yun, P., additional, DeCoster, J., additional, Arevalo, C., additional, Mendoza, C., additional, Mayer, O., additional, Hausmann, R., additional, Cheung, K., additional, and Bönnemann, C., additional

Published
2017
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18. A Conceptual and Empirical Examination of Justifications for Dichotomization

Author

Decoster, J, Iselin, A, Gallucci, M, DeCoster, J, Iselin, AMR, GALLUCCI, MARCELLO, Decoster, J, Iselin, A, Gallucci, M, DeCoster, J, Iselin, AMR, and GALLUCCI, MARCELLO

Abstract

Despite many articles reporting the problems of dichotomizing continuous measures, researchers still commonly use this practice. The authors’ purpose in this article was to understand the reasons that people still dichotomize and to determine whether any of these reasons are valid. They contacted 66 researchers who had published articles using dichotomized variables and obtained their justifications for dichotomization. They also contacted 53 authors of articles published in Psychological Methods and asked them to identify any situations in which they believed dichotomized indicators could perform better. Justifications provided by these two groups fell into three broad categories, which the authors explored both logically and with Monte Carlo simulations. Continuous indicators were superior in the majority of circumstances and never performed substantially worse than the dichotomized indicators, but the simulations did reveal specific situations in which dichotomized indicators performed as well as or better than the original continuous indictors. The authors also considered several justifications for dichotomization that did not lend themselves to simulation, but in each case they found compelling arguments to address these situations using techniques other than dichotomization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Published
2009

19. Identifying gene-environment interactions in schizophrenia: Contemporary challenges for integrated, large-scale investigations

Author

Van Os, J. Rutten, B.P. Myin-Germeys, I. Delespaul, P. Viechtbauer, W. Van Zelst, C. Bruggeman, R. Reininghaus, U. Morgan, C. Murray, R.M. Di Forti, M. McGuire, P. Valmaggia, L.R. Kempton, M.J. Gayer-Anderson, C. Hubbard, K. Beards, S. Stilo, S.A. Onyejiaka, A. Bourque, F. Modinos, G. Tognin, S. Calem, M. O'Donovan, M.C. Owen, M.J. Holmans, P. Williams, N. Craddock, N. Richards, A. Humphreys, I. Meyer-Lindenberg, A. Leweke, F.M. Tost, H. Akdeniz, C. Rohleder, C. Bumb, J.M. Schwarz, E. Alptekin, K. Üçok, A. Saka, M.C. Atbagoǧlu, E.C. Gülöksüz, S. Gumus-Akay, G. Cihan, B. Karadaǧ, H. Soygür, H. Cankurtaran, E.S. Ulusoy, S. Akdede, B. Binbay, T. Ayer, A. Noyan, H. Karadayi, G. Akturan, E. Ulaş, H. Arango, C. Parellada, M. Bernardo, M. Sanjuán, J. Bobes, J. Arrojo, M. Santos, J.L. Cuadrado, P. Solano, J.J.R. Carracedo, A. Bernardo, E.G. Roldán, L. López, G. Cabrera, B. Cruz, S. Mesa, E.M.D. Pouso, M. Jiménez, E. Sánchez, T. Rapado, M. González, E. Martínez, C. Sánchez, E. Olmeda, M.S. De Haan, L. Velthorst, E. Van Der Gaag, M. Selten, J.-P. Van Dam, D. Van Der Ven, E. Van Der Meer, F. Messchaert, E. Kraan, T. Burger, N. Leboyer, M. Szoke, A. Schürhoff, F. Llorca, P.-M. Jamain, S. Tortelli, A. Frijda, F. Vilain, J. Galliot, A.-M. Baudin, G. Ferchiou, A. Richard, J.-R. Bulzacka, E. Charpeaud, T. Tronche, A.-M. De Hert, M. Van Winkel, R. Decoster, J. Derom, C. Thiery, E. Stefanis, N.C. Sachs, G. Aschauer, H. Lasser, I. Winklbaur, B. Schlögelhofer, M. Riecher-Rössler, A. Borgwardt, S. Walter, A. Harrisberger, F. Smieskova, R. Rapp, C. Ittig, S. Soguel-Dit-Piquard, F. Studerus, E. Klosterkötter, J. Ruhrmann, S. Paruch, J. Julkowski, D. Hilboll, D. Sham, P.C. Cherny, S.S. Chen, E.Y.H. Campbell, D.D. Li, M. Romeo-Casabona, C.M. Cirión, A.E. Mora, A.U. Jones, P. Kirkbride, J. Cannon, M. Rujescu, D. Tarricone, I. Berardi, D. Bonora, E. Seri, M. Marcacci, T. Chiri, L. Chierzi, F. Storbini, V. Braca, M. Minenna, M.G. Donegani, I. Fioritti, A. La Barbera, D. La Cascia, C.E. Mulè, A. Sideli, L. Sartorio, R. Ferraro, L. Tripoli, G. Seminerio, F. Marinaro, A.M. McGorry, P. Nelson, B. Amminger, G.P. Pantelis, C. Menezes, P.R. Del-Ben, C.M. Tenan, S.H.G. Shuhama, R. Ruggeri, M. Tosato, S. Lasalvia, A. Bonetto, C. Ira, E. Nordentoft, M. Krebs, M.-O. Barrantes-Vidal, N. Cristóbal, P. Kwapil, T.R. Brietzke, E. Bressan, R.A. Gadelha, A. Maric, N.P. Andric, S. Mihaljevic, M. Mirjanic, T.

Abstract

Recent years have seen considerable progress in epidemiological and molecular genetic research into environmental and genetic factors in schizophrenia, but methodological uncertainties remain with regard to validating environmental exposures, and the population risk conferred by individual molecular genetic variants is small. There are now also a limited number of studies that have investigated molecular genetic candidate gene-environment interactions (G × E), however, so far, thorough replication of findings is rare and G × E research still faces several conceptual and methodological challenges. In this article, we aim to review these recent developments and illustrate how integrated, large-scale investigations may overcome contemporary challenges in G × E research, drawing on the example of a large, international, multi-center study into the identification and translational application of G × E in schizophrenia. While such investigations are now well underway, new challenges emerge for G × E research from late-breaking evidence that genetic variation and environmental exposures are, to a significant degree, shared across a range of psychiatric disorders, with potential overlap in phenotype. © 2014 The Author.

Published
2014

21. Central neural blockade in patients with a drug-induced alteration of coagulation. Third edition of the belgian Association for Regional Anaesthesia (BARA) Guidelines.

Author

Vandermeulen, E, Decoster, J, Dewandre, Pierre Yves, Ickx, Brigitte, Vercauteren, Martine, Verhamme, P, Vandermeulen, E, Decoster, J, Dewandre, Pierre Yves, Ickx, Brigitte, Vercauteren, Martine, and Verhamme, P

Abstract

0, Journal Article, Practice Guideline, SCOPUS: re.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2011

22. On the inexplicability of the implicit: differences in the information provided by implicit and explicit tests

Author

DeCoster, J., Banner, M.J., Smith, E.R., Semin, G.R., DeCoster, J., Banner, M.J., Smith, E.R., and Semin, G.R.

Abstract

Implicit measures are often preferred to overt questioning in many areas of psychology. Their covert nature allows them to circumvent conscious expectations and biases, theoretically providing more objective indicators of people's true attitudes and bel iefs. However, we argue that implicit and explicit measures tap into different memory systems, so that the interpretation of implicit measures is not as straightforward as the interpretation of explicit measures. We conducted an experiment investigating the relation between implicit and explicit measures of person impressions. The results demonstrate that a single stimulus can have opposite effects on implicit and explicit measures, supporting the theory that the measures reflect the contents of different memory systems. We suggest that implicit measures reflect simple associations stored in a "slow-learning" memory system, while explicit measures reflect a combination of these associations with contextually dependent memories stored in a "fast-binding" memory system.

Published
2006
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37. A meta-analysis of the factor structure of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): the effects of language.

Author

Kim G, Decoster J, Huang CH, Bryant AN, Kim, Giyeon, DeCoster, Jamie, Huang, Chao-Hui, and Bryant, Ami N

Abstract

Background: Given the lack of consensus on the factor structure of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), as well as the fact that the GDS factor structure appears to vary across diverse cultural and/or language groups, the present meta-analysis examined whether the factor structure of the GDS varies by language.Methods: A total of 26 published studies using exploratory factor analysis (14,669 participants; 10 languages) were included in the meta-analysis. The factor structure of the GDS was assessed in the overall sample as well as in each language that had been examined in at least two different studies.Results: The analysis of the full sample resulted in a four-factor structure, whereas analyses of the individual languages produced structures with 4 to 6 factors. The mean variable cosines between languages ranged from 0.612 to 0.839, suggesting that the different languages produced distinct factor structures. The three factors of dysphoria, social withdrawal-apathy-cognitive impairment, and positive mood were commonly observed across different languages. Of these, the positive mood factor was the most similar across the languages.Conclusions: These results provide strong evidence of language differences in the factor structure of the GDS. The findings suggest a need for researchers and clinicians to be careful when administering the GDS in different languages, as well as a need to take structural differences into account when interpreting results of the GDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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45. Contents

Author

Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro, Bauer, Brian S., Smith, Vania, and Decoster, Jean-Jacques

Published
2007

46. Title Page, Copyright

Author

Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro, Bauer, Brian S., Smith, Vania, and Decoster, Jean-Jacques

Published
2007

47. Preface

Author

Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro, Bauer, Brian S., Smith, Vania, and Decoster, Jean-Jacques

Published
2007

49. Acknowledgments

Author

Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro, Bauer, Brian S., Smith, Vania, and Decoster, Jean-Jacques

Published
2007

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