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Introduction: There is diverse evidence regarding the maternal and fetal effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in pregnancy. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of COVID-19 in mother and fetus during pregnancy. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during the second wave of COVID-19 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital from April 3 to July 3, 2021. All pregnant women admitted in the antenatal ward were sent real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The patients with RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled in the study and followed up until discharged. Results: The COVID-19 positivity rate was 18.0%.The mean age was 24.38 years. Majority of the patients were asymptomatic (79.7%) Among symptomatic patients, 73.3% had fever and respiratory symptoms and 95.9% of women didn't give any history of contact with COVID-19 patients. After confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, all pregnant women were immediately shifted to COVID ward, another COVID hospital or advised home isolation. Only one patient had pre-existing hypertension. Among the pregnancy complications, preterm labour was seen in 12.2% followed by premature rupture of membranes in 6.8 %, fetal distress in 5.4%, and still birth in 2.7% of the pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The minimum days of hospital stay was one and maximum days of hospital stay were 29 days. Average days of hospital stays was 2.24 days. Only 5.4% of patients who had severe disease required an intensive care unit (ICU) and one patient needed a mechanical ventilator. There was one maternal mortality due to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Conclusion: Symptom, clinical course and severity of COVID-19 in pregnancy is comparable with non-pregnant women with COVID-19 but associated with increases the risk of Preterm labour, Premature rupture of membranes, foetal distress and stillbirth.

Introduction: Non-stress test (NST) in pregnancy helps to detect fetuses which are at risk of developing hypoxia. In general, reassuring NST indicates good fetal outcome while non-reassuring NST may result in abnormal perinatal outcome. Objectives: The objective of this study is to detect the fetal outcome among term uncomplicated pregnancies with Non-reactive NST in Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital. Methodology: A cross-sectional study conducted for 6 months in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital. Singleton pregnancies with longitudinal lie and cephalic presentation between 37 to 42 weeks Period of gestation were included in the study. All participants were advised for a NST as an institutional protocol for 20 minutes at the time of admission. Participants with Non-reactive NST were counselled and planned for emergency LSCS as per hospital protocol. Participants were followed up for intraoperative findings such as colour of liquor and umbilical cord abnormality and outcome of fetus were assessed for APGAR score and need for NICU. The collected data was entered in Microsoft Excel and analyzed by using SPSS version 22. Results: Out of 115 pregnant women, the mean age and standard deviation of 24.93±4.68 years. Decelerations was found in 35(30.4%), Decreased baseline variability was found in 33(28.7%), Persistent fetal tachycardia was found in 23(20%) and Decreased baseline fetal heart was found in 24(20.9%). Intraoperative meconium-stained liquor was found in 39(33.9%) of patients. All babies born were shown APGAR score > 7 at 5 minutes. 14(12.2%) babies were admitted to the Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Correlation of admission NST was not found statistically significant with fetal outcome. Conclusion: LSCS for abnormal NST does not show adverse fetal outcome.

Background: The Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus. The Coronavirus transmitted between people through direct contact with infected people and indirect contact with infected surface and object. The practicing Doctor is at more risk of infection with COVID-19. The WHO declared the Coronavirus infection as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. COVID-19 pandemic is disrupting health services worldwide. The objective of this study was to assess COVID-19 preparedness on Obstetrics and Gynecology practices in Nepal. Methods: We conducted a web-based cross-sectional study from 5 July to 20 July 2020. We collected 136 responses from Obstetrics and Gynecology consultants practicing at different hospitals of Nepal through google forms. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 22. Results: Among 136 Obstetrics and Gynecology Consultants, most of participants were spacing ANC visits for low-risk pregnancy (86%), refer patients to Corona Centre if suspected of coronavirus infection (72.8 %), did not ask their patients for COVID-19 test before any procedures (69.04%) and triage and risk screening for COVID-19 for each patient (69.1 %). Proper personal protective measure was not available in most of the centers. Most of the centers has working guidelines for COVID-19. Most of the routine activities were resumed by most of the participants. Most of the hospitals had isolation wards (71.3 %) but most hospitals didn’t have isolated Labour rooms (61.8 %) and isolated operation theatres (62.5%). Only a few participants (15.4%) had received specific training regarding COVID-19. Conclusion: Proper personal protective equipment was available in few centers and very few participants had received special training for COVID-19. Most of the hospitals had working guidelines for COVID-19. Most participants didn’t test their patients for COVID-19 before any surgical procedures. Most of the participants follow the proper protective measures during practice.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the most common Gynaecological cancer in Nepal which is preventable if appropriate screening and prevention measures are employed. Considerable reduction in cervical cancer incidence and cervical cancer related deaths can be achieved by effective screening. However, lack of knowledge and awareness can result in underutilization of the preventive measures. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and attitude regarding cervical cancer screening in women visiting Obstetrics and Gynaecology OPD at tertiary care Hospital in Eastern Nepal. Methodology: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted in Obstetrics and Gynaecology outpatient department of Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019. Women were enrolled in the study by convenient sampling methods. Structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The collected data was entered in Microsoft excel and analyzed by using SPSS version 22. Results: Among 374 participants, the mean age was 31.13 years. More than three fourth (89.6%) of participants were literate. Regarding occupation, 89.8% of participants were housewives, and 82.9 % of participants were married. As per the findings, only 43.27 % of participants i.e. less than the mean, had adequate knowledge of cervical cancer and its screening. 65.50 % of participants had a negative attitude towards cervical cancer screening. Literate participants had good knowledge and positive attitude regarding cervical cancer screening than illiterate participants (P value less than 0.05). Conclusion Considerable proportions of participants had inadequate knowledge and negative attitude regarding cervical cancer screening in Gynaecological patients visiting tertiary care Hospital in Eastern Nepal.

Aims: To study the pattern of LUTS during diagnostic cystoscopy and to evaluate patient’s satisfaction using rigid cystoscopy with intra-urethral lignocaine gel. Methods: Hospital based cross-sectional observational study done in all patients attending Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology with LUTS. Diagnostic cystoscopy was performed after using intra-urethral lignocaine gel. Patients profile and indications for cystoscopy were recorded; and VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) was used to assess procedure related pain. Data stored in MS Excel and descriptive analysis performed using SPSS 21. Result: Forty-three patients were included in the study. The mean age of presentation was 45.77 years. Majority of the patients were pre-menstrual and with symptoms less than 5 year duration. Twenty-seven (62.8%) patients had urgency as indication for cystoscopy followed by cystitis and recurrent urinary infection each (16.3%). Only 2 patients had mixed urinary incontinence. Thirty- one (72.1%) had mild discomfort, seven (18.7%) moderate and 5(9.2%)severe in visual analogue scale. Conclusions: Urgency was found to be a frequent indication for diagnostic cystoscopy and use of rigid cystoscope using inra-urethral gel showed only mild discomfort to majority of patients.

Yeast infection (candidiasis) is a common and persistent threat to human health. Normally harmless, the fungus Candida albicans is present in 40-80% of normal human beings, but in immune-compromised individuals, it can proliferate and cause a variety of health problems including pneumonia, septicemia, or endo[[Unsupported Character - Codename ­]]carditis. The fundamental mechanism towards the control of candidiasis and other fungal infections involves understanding how human neutrophils interact with β-Glucan, a polysaccharide present in fungal cell walls, at the single cellu[[Unsupported Character - Codename ­]]lar level. We hypothesize that the complement receptor 3 (CR3), a member of the integrin family, can recog[[Unsupported Character - Codename ­]]nize the β-Glucan on the C. albicans hyphae, initiating neutrophil adhesion and caus[[Unsupported Character - Codename ­]]ing a respiratory burst. We test this hypothesis using a two-pipette micromanipulation technique to measure the adhesion force between a single neutrophil and a C. albicans hyphae. A micromanipulator attached to a suction pipette is used to trap a single C. albicans hyphae that is attached by a single neutrophil to a second, flexible pipette. The micromanipulator slowly pulls up on the hyphae, exerting an increasing force and causing the flexible pipette to bend until the hyphae detaches from the neutrophil. By measuring the deflection of the flexible pipette at the instant the hyphae detaches, Hooke's law can be used to calculate the adhesion force between the hyphae and the neutrophil. By measuring the average adhesion force of neutrophils from knock-out mice missing CR3 and compare with that from the wild type animals expressing CR3, we can determine the mechanical role the receptor plays in neutrophil adhesion.