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The relation between humanities and information technologies has in recent decades become so strong that it is no longer possible to see this relationship as a mere temporary phenomenon. A broad spectrum of interdisciplinary research united under the umbrella term "digital humanities" bears testimony to this. Together with massive digitalization of books, journals and other texts collected into extensive electronic libraries and hypertextual databases, it is now necessary to rethink and redefine not only the concept of reading but to specify new possibilities of how to analyse literary and specialized texts. The aim of this study is to point at new approaches to reading of large text collections in the light of Moretti's method of distant reading, as well as to delineate the history of close reading as a concept. As background for this consideration, the paper uses the methodological issues of relation between distant reading and Russian formalism. In the conclusion, the paper outlines the link between explanation of a text by means of distant reading, and interpretation of that text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Big changes are characteristic for current business situation. Companies try to survive in a competitive struggle. They want to be progressive and improve their status. It is also realized by the implementation of changes. However, they need to know what the situation was before, during and after the change. Target costing is important tool with potential of creation competitive advantage in manufacturing companies. The Target Cost Index (TCI) and Target Cost Control Diagram (TCCD) are tools associated with the Target costing methodology. These types of tools contribute to achieving the aim transformed in product that suits both sides - company as well as customer. The aim of this paper is to present this TCI and TCCD in the case study on production of wood toy (building blocks kits). In addition the questionnaire survey focusing on the new approaches in costing and budgeting (e.g. Target Costing) was carried out. Research results are presented in this paper as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pressure to the environment protection within the concept of sustainable development and many national initiatives is constantly rising. This is also reflected in the field of transport. Currently, the issue of electro mobility is often discussed. Acquisition of eco-friendly cars or electric buses has the potential for improving the environment and greenhouse gas production situation. However, the acquisition cost and the operating costs of the electric vehicles generate a certain cost structure that is different compared to the diesel vehicles. The amount of state aid as well as possibility of such aid for purchasing electric bus still remains uncertain. The aim of this paper is to highlight the possibility of using life cycle cost analysis to quantify the support for the acquisition of electric buses against diesel buses with respect to the different structure of costs and the time value of money. This difference was set at the level Difference set to 22%, which is a required level for the co-financing from the government, self-governance or EU structural funds. In monetary terms, that means the amount of 132 000 € for an electric bus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]