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ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS - Taurine improves eye development in golden rabbitfish larvae - Enhanced growth performance with taurine-enriched rotifers - Taurine positively impacts fish eye and body growth ABSTRACT Golden rabbitfish (Siganus guttatus) is an emerging species for aquaculture industry, despite constrains faced on commercial scale of seed production due to the high mortality during the first-feeding stage. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of taurine through enrichment of rotifers as live-feed on eye development and growth performance of larval golden rabbitfish. Observation of eye development was carried out by measuring eye diameter of the larva and development of the retina based on histology assessment. Growth performance was measured for absolute growth and fin development of the larvae and survival rate. The results showed that taurine-enriched rotifer generally provided better performances for eye development and growth of larval golden rabbitfish compared with control (without taurine). Increase of taurine dose up to 0.050 g/L resulted in an increase of eye diameter, absolute growth, fin development and survival rate. Further increased increment of the taurine tended to decrease the values of the measured parameters. The eye diameter of larval golden rabbitfish fed with 0.050 g/L taurine-enriched rotifer was significantly wider (106.1±9.8 µm) (P < 0.05) compared with control (58.2±14.3 µm), but did not significantly differ from other doses of taurine (P > 0.05). Body width of larvae fed with 0.050 g/L taurine-enriched rotifer was significantly higher (127.3±14.6 µm) (P < 0.05) compared with control (98.8±18.3 µm). In regard to eye development, growth performances (total length, fin development and survival rate), dose of taurine for rotifer enrichment fed to larval golden rabbitfish Siganus guttatus was 0.050 g/L.

This study aimed to evaluate the growth performance and carbohydrate metabolism of Pacific whiteleg shrimp after feeding with different cinnamaldehyde concentrations and protein-energy ratios. The study used a completely randomized design with six treatments in triplicates. The treatments were S003213; treatment S053213; treatment S052814; treatment S102814; treatment S052815; and treatment S102815. The study was conducted for 56 days in a 76 L volume aquarium using shrimps with 1.38 ± 0.01 g at 200 individuals/m3. The results showed that the S053213 treatment was significantly different (P

Cinnamaldehyde is an active organic compound and an aromatic aldehyde substance found in cinnamon oil. It is a new feed supplement for animals that can improve growth, nutrient digestion and absorption, lipid use, and immunity. The present study evaluated the effects of dietary trans-cinnamaldehyde 98 % (CIN) on nutrient utilization, antioxidant capacity, and growth performance in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Juveniles used was weighing at about 19.77 ± 0.10 g received dietary CIN at different doses (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 g/kg feed). The fish were maintained in a glass aquarium of 95 × 45 × 35 cm3 in size at a stocking density of 20 fish per aquarium and fed three times a day to clear satiation. Dietary carbohydrate digestion and absorption were significantly improved in fish fed 0.75 g/kg CIN, as indicated by increased amylase activity and glucose tolerance test. The latter was subsequently confirmed by increases in relative ir, glut4, hx and gs expression that indicated the increase in glucose absorption led to an increase in glucose utilization as an energy source and the synthesis of glycogen as an energy reserve. Interestingly, dietary CIN supplementation also resulted in the downregulation of fas, which facilitates the conversion of glucose to fatty acids, and the upregulation of cpt1a and hsl, indicating increased fatty acid oxidation for energy. CIN at a range of 0.5–0.75 g/kg improved the antioxidant status in the liver, as illustrated by elevated glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities (both P < 0.05). Final weight, feed consumption, the specific growth rate, feed efficiency, and protein retention increased were significantly in all CIN groups, with the highest values reached in the 0.5 g/kg CIN (all P < 0.05). Based on a polynomial orthogonal analysis of the fish-specific growth rate, the optimum dosage of CIN inclusion is 0.42 g/kg.

Interest has recently grown in the research of humic substances (HS) as a potential aquaculture feed additive, resulting in a growing number of publications. However, previous studies have shown varying results. Therefore, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the effects of HS, a quantitative analysis conducted through a meta-analysis is required. This study employed a meta-analysis approach to evaluate the effect of HS as a feed additive on the specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of fish aquaculture. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) method was used to collect the data. Multiple databases were searched to identify relevant articles from scholarly journals. Ultimately, 18 publications that met the requirements were included in the analysis using OpenMEE software. The results revealed an effect size (comparing the control and the HS-supplemented groups) of 0.154 (95 % CI, P < 0.001) for SGR. Additionally, there was a notable improvement in FCR with an effect size of -0.220 (95 % CI, P < 0.001). However, it is important to note that the analysis showed high heterogenicity (I2 values of 98.87 % and 97.91 % for SGR and FCR, respectively). In conclusion, HS supplementation may significantly improve fish growth and reduce FCRs in aquaculture. This meta-analysis contributes valuable insight into the use of HS as a beneficial feed additive in aquaculture practices.

Selenium is an essential micromineral that the body needs in modest amounts (0.2–12 mg/kg), yet it has important effects on the antioxidant defense, immune system, and digestive performance of aquatic species. This study aimed to analyze the growth of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) supplemented with feed additives containing selenium peptide through the coating method on feed. There were four different treatments, namely K (feed without feed additive), and feed with additive supplementation: A (3 g/kg feed), B (6 g/kg feed), and C (9 g/kg feed). A total of 15 catfish at an initial weight of 21.80 ± 0.29 g were reared in a 90×40×45 cm3 aquarium filled with water at a volume of 108 L, for 45 days. Fish were fed three times a day at satiation. Water quality management was carried out by the use of simple filtration in the container and water replacement to ensure optimum water quality values for catfish growth. The results showed that the final biomass of catfish fed with selenium peptide was significantly different (p

This study aimed to evaluate the dietary supplementation of α-lipoic acid (ALA) on the growth performance, antioxidative capacity, and protein-sparring effect of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) fingerling. The striped catfish (individual weight of 1.4 ± 0.0 g) were stocked in 25 cages at 2x1x1.5 m size in a 200-m pond at 50 fish. Fish were fed formulated diets with ALA supplementation, namely: diet A (27% protein: 390 kcal), diet B (27% protein: 390 kcal +ALA 8 g/kg), diet C (27% protein: 400 kcal), diet D (27% protein: 400 kcal +ALA 8 g/kg), and diet E (30% protein: 390 kcal). Feeding was performed until apparent satiation for 60 days. The ALA supplementation significantly produced higher final individual weight, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio, followed by a lower feed conversion ratio on the 27:390+ALA diet treatment (P

Cultivation of Moina sp is still constrained by its quality, productivity, and sustainability. The alternative solution is the use of cultivation media materials that have high nutritional content and easily available in large quantities to support the quality and productivity of Moina sp. and meet the needs of live feed. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of various culture medium on the productivity and nutritional quality of Moina sp.. Five culture media were tested in laboratory scale, i.e. organic ingredient (BO), Chlorella sp. (Ch), Chlorella sp. + organic ingredients (ChBO), biofloc (BF) and biofloc + organic ingredients (BFBO). While in mass scale, four culture media were tested, i.e. Chlorella sp. (Ch), Chlorella sp. + Organic Ingredients (ChBO), Biofloc (BF) and Biofloc + Organic Ingredients (BFBO). The peaks of Moina sp. density in different treatments were achieved in different days. ChBO treatments significantly had higher productivity (P

This study was aimed to evaluate the utilization of hydrolyzed Indigofera zolingeriana by celullase enzyme as the feed ingredient of gourami fish. This study used a completely randomized design which contained three steps, whereas each step contained four treatments and four replications. The first step performed by evaluating the Indigofera leaf meal (ILM) added with cellulase enzyme of 0 g/kg (control), 0.4 g/kg, 0.8 g/kg, and 1.2 g/kg. The second step was the digestibility test of ILM on gourami seeds. The third step was feed evaluation added with ILM as much as 0% (control), 15%, 30%, and 45% against the growth performance on gourami seeds. The gourami seeds used in the second and third steps with a weight of 13.65 ± 0.39 g/seed and 5.95 ± 0.15 g/seed, respectively. The addition of 0.8 g/kg and 1.2 g/kg cellulase enzyme could significantly decrease the crude fiber of ILM with 43.33%, besides having the best value of total, ingredient, protein, lipid, and energy digestibility. The growth performance of gourami seeds given 15% ILM added feed had the best value and insignificantly different from the control feed without ILM addition based on the specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), and feed efficiency (FE). Keywords: Cellulase, feed, hydrolyze, Indigofera zolingeriana, Osphronemus gouramy. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pemanfaatan daun Indigofera zolingeriana yang dihidrolisis enzim selulase sebagai bahan baku pada pakan benih ikan gurami. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap yang terdiri atas tiga tahap, dimana masing-masing tahap terdiri dari empat perlakuan dan empat ulangan. Pada tahap pertama dilakukan evaluasi tepung daun Indigofera (TDI) yang ditambahkan enzim selulase sebesar 0 g/kg (kontrol), 0.4 g/kg, 0.8 g/kg, dan 1.2 g/kg. Pada tahap kedua dilakukan uji kecernaan bahan TDI pada benih ikan gurami. Pada tahap ketiga dilakukan evaluasi pakan yang ditambahkan TDI sebesar 0% (kontrol), 15%, 30% dan 45% terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan pada benih ikan gurami. Benih ikan gurami yang digunakan pada penilitian tahap kedua dengan bobot 13.65 ± 0.39 g/ekor dan 5.95 ± 0.15 g/ekor. Penambahan enzim selulase pada dosis 0.8 g/kg dan 1.2 g/kg secara signifikan mampu menurunkan serat kasar TDI sebesar 43.33 % dan memberikan nilai terbaik terhadap nilai kecernaan total, kecernaan bahan, kecernaan protein, kecernaan lemak dan kecernaan energi. Kinerja pertumbuhan benih ikan gurami yang diberikan pakan yang ditambahkan TDI sebesar 15% memilki nilai terbaik dan tidak berbeda nyata terhadap pakan kontrol tanpa TDI dari aspek laju pertumbuhan spesifik (LPS), retensi protein (RP) dan efisiensi pakan (EP). Kata kunci: Hidrolisis, Indigofera zolingeriana, Osphronemus gouramy, pakan, selulase.

This study was aimed to evaluate the use of corn steep powder (CSP) as a plant protein source in Oreochromis niloticus diet. A commercial feed with 28% protein content and 368 kcal/g energy was used as reference diet, while the test feed consisting of various CSP content, namely 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% and feed containing soybean meal (SBM) at the level of 20% and 30%. Tilapia were used in the trial with the initial body weight of 6.44 ± 0.29 g, and reared for thirty days in the aquarium at the density of fifteen and fed 3 times daily at a satiation level. All diets were supplied by 0.5% of Cr2O3 as an indicator for digestibility measurement. This study applied the completely randomized design experimental method containing six diet treatments and four replications. The result showed that CSP contains 40.27% protein, 26.10% lactic acid, and minerals. CSP is low in crude fiber and anti-nutritional factors. This study results that increasing the level of CSP significantly decreased feed acidity (P

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the optimum level of Zinc (Zn) enrichment in Artemia sp. nauplii as a live feed to improve bone formation and growth of climbing perch Anabas testudinieus larvae. The study consisted of four different Zn enrichment levels (0.0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 mg/mL) in Artemia sp.nauplii. The enrichment was performed for 12 hours with the nauplii density of 1 ind/mL. Climbing perch larvae with an average initial length of 1.65 ± 0.15 mm were fed four times daily with the enriched nauplii. For the first 5 days, all larvae were fed with rotifer followed by feeding with enriched Artemia nauplii ad libitum. The results showed that the application of Artemia sp. enrichment at 0.1 mg Zn/mL influenced the bone formation, increased the growth, and improved the fish survival of climbing perch larvae. Feeding with 0.1 mg/mL Zn enriched Artemia nauplii could be recommended as a strategy to improve the bone formation and growth performance of climbing perch larvae. Keywords: Anabas testudineus, Artemia sp., climbing perch, live feed, zinc ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan dosis optimum pengayaan seng (Zn) pada naupli Artemia sp. terhadap pembentukan tulang dan peningkatan pertumbuhan larva ikan betok. Penelitian dilakukan selama 18 hari dengan empat dosis pengayaan Zn yang berbeda (0, 0,05, 0,1, dan 0,15 mg/mL) pada naupli Artemia. Pengayaan dilakukan selama 12 jam dengan kepadatan naupli 1 ind/mL. Larva ikan betok dengan ukuran panjang awal rata-rata 1.65 ± 0.15 mm diberi pakan naupli yang diperkaya sebanyak 4 kali sehari. Pada lima hari pertama, semua larva diberi pakan rotifer, diikuti dengan pemberian naupli Artemia yang diperkaya secara ad libitum. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa pengayaan naupli Artemia sp. dengan Zn 0,1 mg/mL berpengaruh terhadap pembentukan tulang belakang dan dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan serta meningkatkan kelangsungan hidup larva ikan betok. Pemberian naupli Artemia dengan Zn sebanyak 0.1 mg Zn/mL dapat direkomendasikan untuk perbaikan pembentukan tulang dan pertumbuhan larva ikan betok. Kata kunci: Naupli Artemia sp., ikan betok, pakan alami, seng

The present study aims to evaluate the effect of dietary fulvic acid supplementation on the accumulation of Pb and Cd and the growth performance of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed with diets containing green mussel with high Cd and Pb content. Nile tilapia juveniles with a mean body weight of 8.9 ± 0.6 g were randomly distributed into 15 aquarium units (100 L, 17 fish per aquarium). Five experimental diets were formulated to contain 10% mussel meal with high Pb and Cd concentrations, and five levels of fulvic acid, i.e. 0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg kg−1 and fed to the fish to the satiation level for 60 days of culture. The consumption of diets containing Pb and Cd resulted in the accumulation of these heavy metals in the fish, however, fulvic acid dietary supplementation could reduce the accumulation of the heavy metals. Furthermore, the dietary supplementation of fulvic acid up to 400 mg kg−1 had significantly improved the fish growth performance and feed utilization. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of fulvic acid of 200 mg kg−1 could be recommended to prevent Pb and Cd accumulation and to enhance the growth of Nile tilapia fed with diet containing heavy metals.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate sago pulp fermentation method and its effect on crude fiber content, digestibility, and utilization of sago pulp as a feed raw material for Nile tilapia. Fermentation was done using three different fermenters, i.e. yeast tapai and baker’s yeast with five doses of 10 g/kg, 20 g/kg, 50 g/kg,70 g/kg,100 g/kg, respectively, and sheep rumen liquid with five doses of 100 mL/kg, 200 mL/kg, 300 mL/kg, 500 mL/kg and 1000 mL/kg. The incubation time was 0, 24, 72, and 96 hours. In the digestibility test, tilapia (25 g) was stocked at a density of 7 fish/aquarium. Three different diets were applied in quadruplicate, i.e. reference diet (100% reference diet), unfermented sago pulp (AS), and fermented sago pulp (ASF). Three different dietary treatments (in quadruplicate) containing different carbohydrate sources were tested, i.e. cassava flour as a comparion (G), unfermented sago pulp (AS), and fermented sago pulp (ASF). Fermentation of sago pulp with tapai yeast at a dose of 50 g/kg at 72 hours incubation time could reduce crude fiber by 35.76%, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) by 32.68%, and hemicellulose by 60.39%. Fermentation with yeast tapai could significantly increase sago pulp dry matter digestibility by 34% and carbohydrate digestibility by 21%, as well as increase glucose absorption. The growth experiment showed that the use of ASF diets resulted in higher specific growth rate (3.31 ± 0.12%/ day), protein retention (47.34 ± 5.23%) and fat retention (85.58 ± 5.44%) than those of AS dietary. In conclusion, fermentation of sago pulp using yeast tapai at a dose of 50 g/kg at 72 hours incubation could reduce crude fiber content and increase dry matter and carbohydrate digestibilities, so that it can be used as a source of carbohydrates in tilapia diet. Keywords : carbohydrate, digestibility, fermentation, fiber, Nile tilapia, sago pulp ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi metode fermentasi ampas sagu dan pengaruhnya terhadap kandungan serat kasar, kecernaan, dan pemanfaatan ampas sagu sebagai bahan baku pakan ikan nila. Fermentasi dilakukan dengan penambahan tiga perlakuan bahan fermentor yaitu ragi tape dan ragi roti ditambahkan dengan dosis masing-masing sebanyak 10 g/kg, 20 g/kg, 50 g/kg, 70 g/kg, 100 g/kg, dan cairan rumen domba yang ditambahkan dengan dosis 100 mL/kg, 200 mL/kg, 300 mL/kg, 500 mL/kg, dan 1000 mL/kg. Lama waktu inkubasi 0, 24, 72, dan 96 jam. Pada uji kecernaan digunakan ikan nila (25 g) yang dipelihara dengan kepadatan tujuh ekor per akuarium. Pada uji ini dilakukan tiga perlakuan pakan dengan empat ulangan, yaitu pakan acuan, ampas sagu tanpa fermentasi (AS), dan ampas sagu fermentasi (ASF). Percobaan dilakukan dengan tiga perlakuan pakan (4 ulangan) dengan tiga sumber karbohidrat yang berbeda yaitu gaplek (G) sebagai pembanding, ampas sagu (AS), dan ampas sagu fermentasi (ASF). Fermentasi ampas sagu dengan menggunakan ragi tape sebanyak 50 g/kg dengan lama inkubasi 72 jam dapat menurunkan serat kasar tertinggi sebanyak 35.76%, dan menurunkan fraksi serat neutral detergent fiber (NDF) dan hemisellulosa masing-masing sebanyak 32.68% dan 60.39%. Perlakuan fermentasi ampas sagu dapat meningkatkan nilai kecernaan bahan sebesar 34%, kecernaan karbohidrat sebesar 21%, serta penyerapan glukosa. Hasil uji pertumbuhan menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan ASF memberikan nilai laju pertumbuhan spesifik (3.31 ± 0.12%/hari), retensi protein (47.34 ± 5.23%) dan retensi lemak (85.58 ± 5.44%) yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan perlakuan AS (P

Internet of Things (IOTs) is an evolution of the concept of internet use that aims to expand the benefits of internet connectivity that is connected continuously with the ability to control remotely (remote control), share data (data sharing), carry out continuous monitoring (real time monitoring) and current (up to date). This research related to the cultivation of microalgae as a source of food and energy of the future, in the design of photobioreactors that are integrated with IoT, so that it can be monitored continuously, controlled and used as a model for the development of greater microalgae cultivation technology. Cultivation in this study was a closed system photobioreactor, will produce microalgae that are not contaminated by external contaminants, growth analysis can be done based on the parameters that influence it, including the cultivation room temperature, lighting level (luminance), and the color of water in the photosynthesis process of microalgae, and also control of water circulation. Visualization of controlled parameters includes, temperature parameters, light intensity, water color changes. The observed parameters will be displayed in a graphical user interface (GUI) in real time using the internet. The advantages of this system can see the growth of microalgae in detail over time, and obtained raw data that can be processed for various research purposes.

ABSTRACT The study aimed to evaluate the utilization of seaweed Caulerpa racemosa as feed ingredient for tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. This research consisted of two different stages, i.e. digestibility and growth test. Tiger shrimp with average body weight of 5.70 ± 0.42 g was reared during digestibility test. The measured parameters were total protein, calsium, magnesium, and energy digestibility. The growth test was managed by using a completely randomized design consisted of four different treatments (in triplicates) of dietary C. racemosa meal addition levels, i.e. 0 (control), 10, 20, and 30%. Tiger shrimp with an average body weight of 0.36 ± 0.02 g were cultured for 42 days in plastic containers (70×45×40 cm) with a stocking density of 15 shrimp/container. Apparent dry matter, protein, calcium, magnesium, and energy digestibilities of C. racemosa were 51.82, 88.67, 68.44, 16.39, 60.30%, respectively. The results presented that the growth performance of tiger shrimp fed with diet containing 10% of C. racemosa was not significantly different with the control (P>0.05). However, the growth performance of the shrimp fed with diet containing more than 20% of C. racemosa decreased. The enzyme activitity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased with the higher level of dietary addition of C. racemosa. It can be concluded that C. racemosa was possibly applied up to 10% in the feed formulation for tiger shrimp. Keywords: Caulerpa racemosa, Penaeus monodon, digestibility, growth performance, shrimp ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pemanfaatan rumput laut Caulerpa racemosa sebagai bahan baku pakan udang windu Penaeus monodon. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan dua tahap, yaitu uji kecernaan C. racemosa dan uji pertumbuhan udang. Udang windu yang digunakan pada uji kecernaan berbobot 5,70 ± 0,42 g. Parameter uji yang diukur meliputi kecernaan total, protein, kalsium, magnesium, dan energi. Uji pertumbuhan dilakukan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan empat perlakuan dan tiga ulangan, yaitu penggunaan tepung C. racemosa sebesar 0 (kontrol), 10, 20, dan 30%. Udang windu dengan bobot 0,36 ± 0,02 g dipelihara dalam wadah kontainer plastik ukuran 70×45×40 cm (volume air sebanyak 90 L) dengan kepadatan 15 ekor tiap wadah selama 42 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kecernaan total C. racemosa pada udang windu 51,82%, kecernaan protein 88,67%, kecernaan kalsium 68,44%, kecernaan magnesium 16,39%, dan kecernaan energi 60,30%. Penelitian tahap kedua pada kinerja pertumbuhan udang yang mengonsumsi pakan mengandung 10% C. racemosa, tidak memberikan nilai yang berbeda nyata dengan udang yang mengonsumsi pakan kontrol. Namun, kinerja pertumbuhan udang menurun setelah mengonsumsi pakan yang mengandung C. racemosa di atas 20%, sedangkan aktivitas enzim superoxide dismutase (SOD) meningkat. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penambahan C. racemosa ke dalam formula pakan sampai 10% dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku pakan udang windu. Kata kunci: Caulerpa racemosa, Penaeus monodon, kecernaan, kinerja pertumbuhan, udang

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the profile of 17ß-estradiol (E2) and vitellogenin (Vtg) in plasma and egg diameter during gonad maturity process of striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Blood samples were collected from immature striped catfish, male and female with different stage of gonad maturity (stage I, II, III, and IV) to measure the concentrations of E2 and Vtg. Gonad maturity development of striped catfish was observed based on egg diameter. Result showed that E2 concentrations were the highest (843.65 pg/mL) on female with maturity stage III, the lowest on the male (26.34 pg/mL), and immature female fish (29.37 pg/mL). The protein band of Vtg was obtained on the plasma of the mature female (stage I, II, III and IV) with a molecular weight (MW) between 140−180 kDa, but it was not obtained on immature female dan male striped catfish. The highest concentration of Vtg was found in the plasma of the female fish with maturity stage III (87.34 mg/mL), then on the stage II (74.83 mg/mL), I (68.58 mg/mL), and IV (33.45 mg/mL). It showed that egg yolk formation occurred in the female mature. The average egg diameter was 0.107 ± 0.052 mm, 0.318 ± 0.086 mm, 0.864 ± 0.099 mm, and 1.041 ± 0.058 mm on the maturity stage I, II, III, and IV respectively. The increase of egg diameter along with development of gonad maturity stage indicated that egg development occurred due to the process of vitellogenesis and the addition of egg yolk on oocyte. Keywords : egg diameter, gonad maturity, striped catfish , 17ß–estradiol, vitellogenin ABSTRAK Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi profil estradiol-17β (E2), vitelogenin (Vtg) dalam plasma dan diameter telur pada proses pematangan gonad ikan patin siam (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Sampel darah untuk pengukuran konsentrasi E2 dan Vtg plasma diperoleh dari ikan patin siam betina yang belum matang gonad, ikan jantan, ikan betina dengan tahap kematangan gonad yang berbeda (tahap I, II, III dan IV). Perkembangan kematangan gonad ikan patin siam diamati berdasarkan diameter telur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi E2 tertinggi (843,65 pg/mL) pada ikan betina dengan kematangan tahap III, terendah pada ikan jantan (26,34 pg/mL), dan ikan betina tidak matang gonad (29,37 pg/mL). Pita protein Vtg pada sampel plasma diperoleh dari betina matang gonad (tahap I, II, III dan IV) dengan berat molekul antara 140-180 kDa, tetapi tidak diperoleh pada ikan patin siam betina yang belum dewasa dan jantan. Nilai konsentrasi tertinggi Vtg ditemukan dalam plasma darah ikan betina dengan tingkat kematangan III (87,34 mg/mL) kemudian pada tahap II (74,83 mg/mL), I (68,58 mg/mL) dan IV (33,45 mg/mL). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pada ikan betina dewasa terjadi proses pembentukan kuning telur (vitelogenesis). Rata-rata diameter telur adalah 0,107 ± 0,052 mm, 0,318 ± 0,086 mm, 0,864 ± 0,099 mm dan 1,041 ± 0,058 mm pada tingkat kematangan I, II, III dan IV secara berurutan. Peningkatan nilai diameter telur seiring dengan perkembangan tahap kematangan gonad menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan telur terjadi karena proses vitelogenesis dan penambahan bahan kuning telur pada oosit. Kata kunci : diameter telur, 17ß-estradiol, kematangan gonad, patin siam, vitelogenin

The supply of land-based agricultural products as aquafeed raw materials is challenged by limitations on space and water, and by environmental damage. Marine environments offer a vast opportunity for the expansion of aquaculture, including the production of feed raw materials. Besides fishmeal and fish oil, which are generated from capture fisheries, the use of marine-based feed raw materials from aquaculture production is not yet in common practice. Here, we discuss the potential of underutilized marine organisms that can be cultured by extracting nutrients from their environment and are nutritionally compatible for use as alternative feed materials in aquaculture. We identify marine organisms such as blue and green mussels, Ulva spp., and microbial floc that are nutritionally suitable as aquafeed raw material and may further act as bioremediators. However, environmental factors that affect productivity and the risk of pollutant accumulations, which would potentially reduce the safety of aquaculture products for human consumption, may pose challenges to such applications of extractive organisms. Therefore, the development of pretreatment and processing technologies will be critical for improving the nutritional quality and safety of these raw materials for aquafeed production.

ABSTRACT Carotenoids were known as pigment sources, the precursor of vitamin A, potential antioxidant and can improve the health status of fish. Furthermore, there are also studies that reveal the role of carotenoids in bone formation and metabolism. This study was conducted to determine the effect of different carotenoids at two different doses in the feed on growth, pigmentation, vitamin A conversion, blood profile, antioxidant activity, and calcium bone of the rainbow fish. Twenty-one aquariums with a volume of 20 L each stocked with 20 fish (1.08 ± 0.03 g of body weight and 4.56 ± 0.07 cm of body length). The experiment applied seven experimental diets (in triplicates) consisted of three types of carotenoids were astaxanthin (AS), canthaxanthin (CS), and lutein (LS) and two doses (130 and 260 mg/kg), i.e. AS-130, AS-260, CS-130, CS-260, LS-130, LS-260 and basal (without carotenoids) as the control. The fish were fed for 56 days of experimental period. The results showed that carotenoid diets were able to increase growth, total carotenoids, percentages of chromatophores, vitamin A conversion, erythrocyte, leukocytes, packed cell volume (PCV), neutrophils, and hemoglobin (Hb) compared to the control. Fish fed dietary astaxanthin at a level of 260 mg/kg was superior compared to other diets. Dietary carotenoids were also capable of decreasing the endogenous antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malonyl dialdehyde (MDA) and increased the calcium level in fish bone than basal diet. Keywords: carotenoids, growth, health status, Melanotaenia parva, pigmentation ABSTRAK Karotenoid diketahui sebagai sumber pigmen, prekursor vitamin A, antioksidan potensial dan dapat meningkatkan status kesehatan ikan. Selain itu, karotenoid juga memiliki peran dalam formasi dan metabolism tulang. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh jenis dan dosis karotenoid yang berbeda terhadap pertumbuhan, pigmentasi, konversi vitamin A, gambaran darah, aktifitas antioksidan dan kalsium tulang ikan rainbow Kurumoi. Sebanyak 20 ekor ikan (bobot tubuh rata-rata 1,08 ± 0,03 g dan panjang total rata-rata 4,56 ± 0,07 cm) dan diberi makan pakan yang mengandung karotenoid. Pakan uji terdiri atas tiga jenis karotenoid dengan tiga ulangan yaitu astaksantin (AS), cantaksantin (CS), dan lutein (LS) dan dua dosis (130 dan 260 mg/kg) dikodekan dengan AS-130, AS-260, CS-130, CS-260, LS-130, LS-260 dan basal (tanpa karotenoid) sebagai kontrol. Ikan diberi makan selama 56 hari pemeliharaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karotenoid dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan, total karotenoid, persentase kromatofora, konversi vitamin A, eritrosit, leukosit, hematokrit, neutrofil, dan hemoglobin dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Ikan yang diberi pakan mengandung astaksantin 200 mg/kg lebih baik dibandingkan denga pakan uji lainnya. Pakan yang mengandung karotenoid juga mampu menurunkan antioksidan endogenus superoxide dismutase (SOD) dan malonyl dialdehyde (MDA), serta meningkatkan kalsium tulang ikan dibandingkan pakan kontrol. Keywords: Melanotaenia parva, karotenoid, pertumbuhan, pigmentasi, status kesehatan.

ABSTRACT The study proposed to discover the optimum protein content and energy-protein ratio in practical diet for snakehead, Channa striata. The experiment applied complete randomized design, consisted of six treatments with four replications on each treatment. The treatments were: A (32.5%; 11.82 kcal GE/g), B (32.5%; 13.32 kcal GE/g), C (37.17%; 10.64 kcal GE/g), D (37.33%; 12.07 kcal GE/g), E (43.08%; 10.02 kcal GE/g), and F (42.88%; 10.66 kcal GE/g). Snakehead with average weight of 6.21 ± 0.03 g were reared for 8 weeks. The treatments showed significant results. Increased protein dietary level had increased the growth rate and treatment with high energy-protein ratio at the same protein dietary level provided better growth performance. However, increased energy-protein ratio at E and F treatments caused a decline in growth performance. The improvement of energy-protein dietary ratio had positive correlation with the level of lipid and protein content in fish body. Similar finding was found in liver and muscle glycogen. The results also showed that the increament of energy-protein dietary ratio was significantly and positively correlated with cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, glucose, and albumin, yet it had no significant effect on LDL. It can be concluded that excellent growth performance was achieved by protein dietary level of 37.33% and energy-protein ratio of 12.07 kcal GE/g. Keywords: energy-protein ratio, growth, snakehead ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh kadar protein dan rasio energi-protein pakan buatan yang optimum bagi performa pertumbuhan ikan gabus. Penelitian ini mengaplikasikan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 6 perlakuan, yaitu: A (32,78%;11,82 kkal GE/g), B (32,56%;13,32 kkal GE/g), C (37,17%:10,64 kkal GE/g), D (37,33%:12,07 kkal GE/g), E (43,08%:10,02 kkal GE/g), dan F (42,88%:10,66 kkal GE/g) dan masing-masing terdiri 4 ulangan. Bobot rata-rata ikan gabus yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu 6,21 ± 0,03 g dan dipelihara selama 8 minggu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan kadar protein pakan meningkatkan laju pertumbuhan, dan perlakuan dengan rasio energi-protein tinggi pada level protein pakan yang sama memberikan kinerja pertumbuhan yang lebih baik. Namun demikian, pada perlakuan E dan F, peningkatan rasio energi-protein menyebabkan penurunan kinerja pertumbuhan. Peningkatan rasio energi-protein pakan berkorelasi positif terhadap kadar lemak dan protein tubuh ikan. Hal yang sama juga terjadi pada glikogen hati dan otot. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan rasio energi-protein pakan berpengaruh nyata (P0.05). Kesimpulan yang didapat adalah kinerja pertumbuhan optimal dihasilkan oleh kadar protein pakan 37,33% dan rasio energi protein pakan 12,07 kkal GE/g. Kata kunci: albumin, energi, ikan gabus, pertumbuhan, protein

ABSTRACTThis study was conducted to evaluate stress responses of transportation on red tilapia Oreochromis sp. which given feed containing chromium. Three isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental feeds were prepared, these diets were control (without chromium), CrPic 1 mg/kg, and CrYst 2 mg/kg supplementation in feed, all group were arranged triplicate. Satiation feeding was done three times a day. After a 60-day feeding experiment, the experimental fishes were fasted and distributed in polyethylene bags (N=60 fish/bag) containing 3 L of water, subjected to condition of transport simulation for 13 hours. Survival rate, levels of plasma cortisol, blood glucose, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) enzyme were observed at before transportation, after transportation, one day, and two days after transportation. The result showed that chromium supplementation reduced the levels of plasma cortisol before and after transportation, one day, and two days after transportation. Also, it decreased blood glucose compared with control significantly before transportation and one day after transportation. The SOD enzyme concentration increased significantly after fish was fed with feed containing chromium for 30 days, while the MDA enzyme concentration increased significantly after two days of transportation. However, there was no significant difference in the survival of red tilapia between treatments. The best result was obtained in the treatment of fish which fed with feed containing chromium. CrPic supplementation 1 mg/kg and CrYst 2 mg/kg increased the body resistance in red tilapia by decreasing the negative effect of stress while transportation. Keywords: stress, transportation, red tilapia, chromium ABSTRAKPenelitian dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi respons stres transportasi ikan nila merah Oreochromis sp. yang diberikan pakan yang mengandung kromium. Pada penelitian ini digunakan tiga jenis pakan, terdiri atas pakan tanpa suplementasi kromium (kontrol), pakan bersuplementasi kromium pikolinat (CrPic 1 mg/kg), dan kromium yeast (CrYst 2 mg/kg), semua perlakuan diulang sebanyak tiga ulangan. Pemberian pakan sebanyak tiga kali sehari dan dilakukan secara at satiation. Setelah 30 hari pemeliharaan, ikan uji dipuasakan dan didistribusikan dalam plastik polietilen (N=60 ekor ikan/kantong plastik) yang berisi 3 L air, dilakukan dengan simulasi transportasi selama 13 jam. Parameter yang diamati pada penelitian ini adalah kelangsungan hidup, kortisol, glukosa darah, enzim superoksida dismustase (SOD), dan malondialdehida (MDA) saat sebelum transportasi, sesaat setelah transportasi, sehari, dan dua hari setelah transportasi. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah suplementasi kromium menurunkan konsentrasi kortisol secara signifikan sebelum transportasi, sesaat, sehari, dan dua hari setelah transportasi. Suplementasi kromium menurunkan glukosa darah secara signifikan pada saat sebelum transportasi dan sehari setelah transportasi. Konsentrasi enzim SOD meningkat secara signifikan setelah pemberian pakan bersuplementasi kromium selama 30 hari, sedangkan konsentrasi enzim MDA meningkat secara signifikan setelah dua hari transportasi pada ikan yang diberi pakan bersuplementasi kromium. Namun, tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan pada kelangsungan hidup ikan nila merah antarperlakuan. Hasil terbaik diperoleh pada perlakuan ikan dengan suplementasi kromium. Suplementasi 1 mg/kg CrPic dan 2 mg/kg CrYst dapat meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh pada budidaya ikan nila merah dengan menurunkan pengaruh negatif stres akibat transportasi. Kata kunci: stres, transportasi, nila merah, kromium

ABSTRACT The high composition of import raw material of fish diet in Indonesia causes feed price expensively and should be replaced using local materials such as green macro algae. It is, therefore, this study aimed to evaluate effect of diet containing the Caulerpa lentillifera, as feed ingredient in the diet of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. This study consisted of two experiments which were C. lentillifera digestibility test for raw material feed for tilapia and growth performance test of tilapia. C. lentillifera digestibility test was done by using Cr2O3 as indicators and analysis of faecal tilapia. The second experiment is growth performance test using a completely randomised design with four diets were formulated at variuos rates of C. lentillifera meal of 0 (control), 10, 20, and 30%. A number of 240 tilapia fingerlings of 3.41±0.10 g in mean weight were randomly stocked in 12 aquaria and fed on diet test for growth performanced of rearing period. C. lentillifera digestiility test result showed a good value as a raw material feed tilapia, the digestibility of C. lentiliifera and protein digestibility amounted to 68.81% and 86.31%. Growth performance parameters showed the use of 10% and 20% is not significantly different from the control (P>0.05), to the final body weight, protein efficiency ratio, protein retention, specific growth rate, and feed efficiency. But, the diet test at 30% performed the lowest growth performance and feed utilization as well of tilapia fingerlings. This study, therefore, concludes that C. lentillifera meal could be used up to 20% in the tilapia diet. Keywords: Caulerpa lentillifera, Nile tilapia, feed utilization, growth performance ABSTRAK Tingginya jumlah bahan baku impor dalam pakan ikan di Indonesia menyebabkan harga pakan yang tinggi dan harus diganti menggunakan bahan alternatif lokal seperti makro alga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengunaan dari pakan yang mengandung Caulerpa lentillifera sebagai bahan baku pakan ikan nila Oreochromis niloticus. Tahapan penelitian terdiri atas uji kecernaan C. lentillifera sebagai bahan baku dan uji kinerja pertumbuhan ikan nila. Metode uji kecernaan menggunakan Cr2O3 sebagai indikator pakan dan analisis feses ikan nila. Tahap penelitian kedua adalah kinerja pertumbuhan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan pakan diformulasikan dengan inklusi 0 (kontrol), 10, 20, dan 30% tepung C. lentillifera. Ikan nila sebanyak 240 ekor, dengan berat rata-rata 3,41±0,1g dibagi kedalam 12 akuarium dan diberi pakan perlakuan untuk melihat kinerja pertumbuhan. Hasil uji kecernaan C. lentillifera menunjukkan nilai yang baik sebagai bahan baku pakan ikan nila, yaitu kecernaan bahan sebesar 68,81% dan kecernaan protein sebesar 86,31%. Parameter kinerja pertumbuhan menunjukkan perlakuan penambahan 10% dan 20% tepung C. lentillifera tidak berbeda nyata (P>0,05) dengan kontrol, yang terdiri atas: bobot tubuh akhir, pertumbuhan mutlak, protein efisiensi rasio, retensi protein, laju pertumbuhan spesifik dan efisiensi pakan. Namun, pakan perlakuan 30% menghasilkan kinerja pertumbuhan dan efisiensi pakan yang lebih rendah pada ikan nila. Penelitian ini memberikan hasil, penggunaan tepung C. lentillifera dapat digunakan sampai 20% dalam pakan ikan nila. Kata kunci: Caulerpa lentillifera, nila, pemanfaatan pakan, kinerja pertumbuhan

ABSTRACT Moina macrocopa culture density can be improved by optimizing the fecundity, and somatic growth through the regulation of quality and quantity of feed. The purpose of this study were to determined how to use effectively the rice bran and cassava bran Manihot utilisima suspension on Moina, based on population, neonates production, adult percentage, biomass, metabolisme and nutritional state. In this study, Moina were cultured for eighth days using four concentrations of rice bran suspension and three concentrations of cassava suspension. This research found that M. macrocopa culture with rice bran suspension has higher population, neonates production, adult percentage and biomass than its culture with cassava bran suspension (P Keywords: suspension, rice bran, cassava, population, ratio RNA/DNA ABSTRAK Kepadatan populasi dalam budidaya Moina macrocopa dapat ditingkatkan dengan mengoptimalkan fekunditas dan pertumbuhan somatik melalui pengaturan kualitas dan kuantitas pakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektifitas pengunaan pakan suspensi dedak dan tepung ketela pohon Manihot utilisima dalam budidaya M. macrocopa terhadap populasi, produksi anak per induk, persentase dewasa, biomasa, FCR, dan metabolismenya (asam amino, DNA, RNA, dan RNA/DNA). Di dalam penelitian ini, M. macrocopa dibudidayakan selama delapan hari menggunakan empat konsentrasi suspensi dedak dan tiga konsentrasi suspensi tepung ketela pohon. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa, budidaya M. macrocopa dengan pakan suspensi dedak menghasilkan populasi, produksi anak/induk, persentase dewasa dan biomasa yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan budidaya Moina dengan pakan suspensi ketela pohon (PM. macrocopa dengan pakan suspensi dedak juga menghasilkan total RNA, total DNA dan nisbah RNA/DNA, konsentrasi protein, dan asam amino yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan Moina dengan pakan suspensi ketela pohon. Perlakuan D dengan pakan suspensi dedak awal 0,2 mL/L dan meningkat mulai hari kedua dengan konsentrasi hari kedelapan 1,2 mL/L menghasilkan puncak populasi tertinggi pada hari ketujuh sebanyak 17.975 ind/L, berat basah biomasa hari kedelapan kultur 439 mg/L, dan FCR yang rendah yaitu 0,94. Kata kunci: suspensi, dedak, ketela pohon, populasi, nisbah RNA/DNA

ABSTRACT This study was aimed to perform depuration of Pb contained in tilapia body. The experiments were conducted in aquarium using compost of Gliricidia sepium leaf at a concentration of 10g/L, 20 g/L, 30 g/L, 40 g/L, and 0 g/L (control). The result showed that Pb level in fish muscle immersed with compost of Gliricidia leaf at a dose of 30 g/L for five days successfully decreased to a safe limit for human consumption (G. sepium leaves can be used as the material for depuration of Pb in the body of tilapia Keywords: humic acid, fulvic acid, depuration, Gliricidia leaves, lead, red tilapia ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendepurasi Pb yang terkandung di tubuh ikan nila. Percobaan dilakukan di dalam akuarium menggunakan kompos daun gamal pada konsentrasi 10 g/L, 20 g/L, 30 g/L, 40 g/L, dan 0 g/L (kontrol). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, Pb di daging ikan yang direndam dengan kompos daun gamal pada konsentrasi 30 g/L selama lima hari, kadarnya menurun hingga batas aman untuk dikonsumsi manusia ( Kata kunci: asam humat, asam fulvik, depurasi, daun gamal, timbal, nila merah

Although it contains heavy metals, the highly nutritious green mussel Perna viridis is used as a fish meal replacement in fish diet. Fortunately, humic acid (HA) has the ability to chelate heavy metals in animal feeds. Its addition in fish feed formulation is, therefore, needed to prevent the accumulation of heavy metals in the fish body. Hence, an experiment using the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 replications was conducted to evaluate the performance and feed efficiency of Asian seabass Lates calcarifer juveniles on the addition of HA on its green mussel diet containing heavy metal cadmium (Cd).  Five experimental diets were formulated with different dosages of HA addition at 0, 400, 800, 1200, and 1600 mg Kg-1of feed as treatments A, B, C, D and E, respectively. The experimental diets were given to triplicate group of 15 Asian seabass juveniles with initial body weights of 4.30 ± 0.60 g in a 70-day cultivation period of feeding until satiation. The results showed that feed comsumption, feed digestibility, protein retention, growth performance and feed eficiency were significantly affected by HA addition in the fish diet. Among all treatments, HA addition of 1600 mgKg-1 produced the best biological response from the Asian Seabass. This indicated that the humic acid addition in the diet formulation can improve the utilization of feed for fish growth. The heavy metal cadmium (Cd) in the flesh of Asian seabass is still under the limit set in the food safety standard, hence, the fishes are still considered safe for human consumption. Therefore, the green mussel meal, with HA addition as an alternative source of protein, has potential as feed additive for the diet contaminated Cd of Asian seabass juveniles.

ABSTRACT This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of different Artemia feeding period on the size variation of catfish Clarias sp. larvae. One thousand two days post hatched larvae with an average body length of 0.7±0.03 cm were randomly distributed into 25 L round plastic tanks. The treatment conducted for 13 days with four treatment; without Artemia, given Artemia 1, 2, or 3 days in the first culture period. The results showed that 15 days old fish has the same survival rate in all treatments; and has two size distribution i.e. the small size (S) and medium size (M). Increasingly the period of administration of Artemia, the percentage of the amount of M-size fish increases, thereby giving Artemia were able to increase growth of larvae. Feeding catfish with Artemia for two days has shown producing better growth. Keywords: catfish, Artemia, size variation, growth performance ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh perbedaan periode pemberian pakan Artemia terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan larva ikan lele Clarias sp. Seribu ekor larva lele yang berumur dua hari dengan panjang rata-rata 0,7±0,03 cm ditebar dalam wadah dengan volume air 25 L. Budidaya ikan dilakukan selama 13 hari dengan empat perlakuan, yaitu perlakuan tanpa pemberian Artemia, pemberian Artemia selama satu, dua, atau tiga hari di awal masa budidaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ikan umur 15 hari memiliki sintasan yang sama di semua perlakuan, serta memiliki dua sebaran ukuran, yakni ukuran kecil (S) dan ukuran sedang (M). Semakin lama periode pemberian Artemia, persentase jumlah ikan ukuran M meningkat, sehingga pemberian Artemia pada larva ikan lele mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan. Pemberian Artemia selama dua hari memberikan pertumbuhan yang lebih baik. Kata kunci: ikan lele, Artemia, keragaman ukuran, kinerja pertumbuhan

This research was conducted to evaluate the digestibility and growth performance of catfish Pangasius hypopthalmus fed on Cinnamomum burmannii leaf powder and extract. Ten catfish with an average body weight of 0.02 ± 11.24 g were stocked into the 40 × 50 × 35 cm aquarium. Fish were fed on the diet contained of 0.1% cinnamon extract, 1% cinnamon powder and without cinnamon leaf. Fish were fed on those diets at satiation with times a day. Fish were cultured for 60 days. The results showed the bacterial total number in the gut of fish fed diet contained 0.1% cinnamon leaf extract was 7.8 x 107 cfu/g, greater than other treatments. Protein digestibility in 0.1% cinnamon extract increase 4.12% and body protein 58.72%. The whole body of fish fed on cinnamon leaf extract contained higher protein and lower fat. There was no different result in the growth of catfish

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cinnamon Cinnamomum burmannii leaves extract addition with different doses in diet for the lipid muscle content of catfish Pangsianodon hypophthalmus. The cinnamon leaves extract was mixed in to the diet with five doses i.e: 0 (control); 0.5; 1; 2; and 4 g/kg diet. Catfish (7.43±0.01 g) were reared in 15 aquariums (160 L volume) with density of 30 fishes in each aquarium for 60 days. Fish were fed until apparent satiation three times daily at 08.00, 12.00, 16.00 WIB. The addition of cinnamon leaves extract at 1 g/kg of diet showed the optimal dose because it could lower flesh fat content, cholesterol, and triglycerides of catfish. Keywords: Pangasianodon hypopthalmus, Cinnamomum burmannii, fat, flesh ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh penambahan ekstrak daun kayu manis Cinnamomum burmannii dengan dosis berbeda pada pakan terhadap kandungan lemak daging ikan patin Pangsianodon hypopthalmus. Ekstrak daun kayu manis dicampurkan ke dalam pakan dengan lima dosis yaitu: 0 (kontrol); 0,5; 1; 2; dan 4 g/kg pakan. Ikan patin (7,43±0,01 g) dipelihara dalam 15 akuarium (volume 160 L) dengan kepadatan 30 ekor/akurium selama 60 hari. Ikan diberi pakan secara at satiation sebanyak tiga kali sehari pada pukul 08.00, 12.00, dan 16.00 WIB. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan ekstrak daun kayu manis sebanyak 1 g/kg pakan memberikan hasil yang optimal karena dapat menurunkan kandungan lemak daging, kolesterol, dan trigliserida ikan patin. Kata kunci: Pangasianodon hypopthalmus, Cinnamomum burmannii, lemak, daging

ABSTRACT As stocking density is known as a stress factor in fish. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary astaxanthin supplementation on growth performance and antioxidant status in giant gourami under normal (100 fish/m3) and high (400 fish/m3) stocking density. Addition of astaxanthin in the feed was done by coating method. The experimental fish used were giant gourami with average body weight of 3.0±0.12 g. Fish were reared for 60 days in 100×50×50 cm3-sized-aquariums containing 150 L of water. Feed was given at satiation method twice a day at 09.00 and 17.00 pm. Results showed that fish reared in high stocking density and fed on the diet supplemented with astaxanthin 100 mg/kg diet produced the best growth performance. Addition of astaxanthin did not affect the antioxidant activity of giant gourami. Keywords: giant gourami, astaxanthin, growth performance, antioxidant status ABSTRAK Padat tebar tinggi merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat menyebabkan stres pada ikan budidaya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh penambahan astaxanthin melalui pakan terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan dan status antioksidan ikan gurami pada pemeliharaan kepadatan normal (100 ekor/m3) dan kepadatan tinggi (400 ekor/m3). Penambahan astaxanthin pada pakan dilakukan dengan metode pelapisan (coating). Ikan uji yang digunakan adalah benih ikan gurami berukuran bobot rata-rata 3,0±0,12 g. Ikan dipelihara selama 60 hari dalam akuarium berukuran 100×50×50 cm3 berisi air 150 L. Pakan diberikan secara at satiation dengan frekuensi pemberian pakan sebanyak dua kali sehari pada pukul 09.00 dan 17.00 WIB. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ikan yang dipelihara pada kepadatan tinggi dan diberi pakan dengan penambahan astaxanthin sebesar 100 mg/kg pakan menghasilkan kinerja pertumbuhan yang optimal. Penambahan astaxanthin sebesar 100 dan 200 mg/kg pakan tidak mempengaruhi status antioksidan pada ikan gurami. Kata kunci: ikan gurami, astaxanthin, pertumbuhan, status antioksidan

ABSTRACT In this study, tambaqui Colossoma macropomum juvenile were given feed supplemented with clove oil Syzygium aromaticum at a dose of 0 and 100 mg/100 g diet. This study purposed to assessment the effect of clove oil supplementation at high dose (100 mg/100 g diet) on growth performance and health status of freshwater tambaqui. As many as 25 fishes with initial body weight 7.62±0.44 g maintained in 15 aquariums for 45 days. Each treatment consisted of three replications. Data were analyzed by t-test. The results showed that tambaqui growth performance on both treatments were not significantly different. However, supplementation of high doses 100 mg clove oil/100 g diet showed reduce on the blood parameters and declining the abundant of intestinal microflora in tambaqui gut, but the types seen more diverse. The observation of fish liver histology showed that hepatocyte cells in the treatment of 100 mg clove oil become smaller and dense compared with 0 mg clove oil treatment. The use of high doses of clove oil does not interfere with the tambaqui growth performance despite the downturn in the physiological responses were observed. Keywords: clove oil, Syzygium aromaticum, Colossoma macropomum, growth performance ABSTRAK Di dalam penelitian ini, benih ikan bawal tawar Colossoma macropomum dipelihara dengan pemberian pakan yang ditambah minyak cengkeh Syzygium aromaticum pada kadar 0 dan 100 mg/100 g pakan. Tujuannya untuk melihat pengaruh penambahan minyak cengkeh di dalam pakan pada dosis tinggi (100 mg/100 g pakan) terhadap performa pertumbuhan dan respons fisiologis ikan bawal. Sebanyak 25 ekor ikan bawal dengan bobot individu awal 7,62 ± 0,44 g dipelihara pada 15 akuarium selama 45 hari. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan uji komparasi t-test antar dua perlakuan dengan tiga ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh dari kedua perlakuan terhadap parameter pertumbuhan. Namun, pemberian pakan yang mengandung minyak cengkeh dosis tinggi 100 mg/100 g pakan mempengaruhi respons fisiologis berupa rendahnya kisaran nilai gambaran darah serta menurunnya jumlah mikroflora di usus ikan bawal, meski jenisnya lebih beragam. Hasil pengamatan histologi hati ikan pada perlakuan 100 mg minyak cengkeh menunjukkan bahwa sel hepatosit berukuran lebih kecil dan terlihat rapat dibandingkan dengan perlakuan 0 mg minyak cengkeh. Penggunaan minyak cengkeh dosis tinggi tidak menganggu performa pertumbuhan ikan bawal meskipun terjadi penurunan pada respons fisiologis yang diamati. Kata penting: minyak cengkeh, Syzygium aromaticum, Colossoma macropomum, performa pertumbuhan

ABSTRACT This experiment was conducted to improve the quality of rubber seed meal fermented using sheep rumen liquor based diet (RSMF) with amino acid supplementation for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. This experiment consisted of five treatments with three replications. The treatments were 0% protein from RSMF as control; 50% RSMF; 50% RSMF with lysine; 75% RSMF and 75% RSMF with lysine. Tilapia with an initial body weight of 6.29±0.12 g were reared for 40 days and the fish were fed three times daily at satiation level (8.00 am, 12.00 pm and 16.00 pm). The data were statistically analysed by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using software SPSS version 16.0 at 95% (p

Pembenihan ikan kerapu dihadapkan pada rendahnya sintasan, terutama fase awal hidupnya. Rendahnya sintasan diduga berhubungan dengan belum berkembangnya organ pencernaan larva dan tidak tersedianya pakan yang siap diserap tubuh. Pemberian asam amino bebas seperti taurin dan glutamin melalui rotifer diharapkan dapat meningkatan ketersediaan nutrien yang dapat diserap dengan cepat oleh larva, sehingga sintasan larva tinggi dan dapat tumbuh lebih cepat. Penelitian bertujuan mengukur pengaruh glutamin atau taurin terhadap sintasan dan pertumbuhan larva kerapu bebek Cromileptes altivelis. Larva umur 1 hari (10 ekor.L-1) dipelihara dalam bak fiberglass volume 500 L yang diisi air laut sampai 330 L. Larva diberi pakan rotifer diperkaya 0,5 g glutamin, 0,5 g taurin, atau tanpa glutamin dan taurin. Larva dipelihara selama 16 hari dengan pemberian pakan 2 kali per hari. Satu jam setelah pemberian pakan dilakukan pengamatan terhadap jumlah rotifer dalam saluran pencernaan larva ikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jumlah rotifer dalam saluran pencernaan larva meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya umur. Namun, jumlah rata-rata rotifer yang dikonsumsi larva pada perlakuan 0,5 g glutamin atau 0,5 g taurin lebih banyak dibanding perlakuan tanpa taurin dan glutamin. Larva yang diberi rotifer hasil pengkayaan dengan 0,5 g glutamin atau 0,5 g taurin memiliki sintasan yang tidak berbeda (P>0,05), masing-masing 19,2±2,25%, dan 24,5±1,20%, dan secara signifikan lebih banyak dibanding larva di perlakuan tanpa glutamin dan taurin yang nilainya 13,0±1,70%. Larva yang diberi rotifer hasil pengkayaan dengan 0,5 g taurin secara signifikan lebih panjang (5,5±0,18 mm) dari ikan di perlakuan 0,5 g glutamin (5,3±0,12 mm). Demikian juga, larva di perlakuan glutamin lebih panjang dari pelakuan tanpa glutamin dan taurin (5,0±0,16 mm). Pengkayaan rotifer menggunakan asam amino bebas taurin atau glutamin dapat meningkatkan sintasan dan pertumbuhan larva kerapu bebek. Namun, taurin lebih baik dibanding glutamin karena memberi efek ke pertumbuhan ikan yang lebih cepat. Kata kunci: taurin, glutamin, kerapu bebek, Cromileptes altivelis. The hatchery production of grouper faced to the problem of low surival rate, especially during the first feeding period. During this period, the digestive organ of larvae was underdeveloped, and the nutrient in live food was not readily absorbed by larvae. Feeding on free amino acids, such as taurine or glutamine, enriched rotifer would be enhanced the nutrient readily absorbed thereby resulting to the improvement of growth and survival rate of larvae. A duplicate experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of rotifer enriched with free amino acid of glutamine or taurine, on the growth and survival rate of larval grouper Cromileptes altivelis. One day old larvae were cultured in 500 l fiberglass containing 330 l of sea water with a density of 10 ind.L-1. Larvae were fed on rotifer enriched with either 0.5 g glutamine, 0.5 g taurine, or without glutamine nor taurine. Larvae were fed on rotifer twice a day at 08.00 and 14.00, and cultured for 16 days. One h after feeding, rotifer content in the gut of larvae were observed. Results showed that larvae fed on rotifer enriched with 0.5 g taurine or 0.5 g glutamie had higher rotifer content in the gut than that in the other group. Larvae fed on rotifer enriched with 0.5 g glutamine or 0.5 g taurine had the same survival rate (P>0.05), 19.2±2.25% and 24.5±1.20%, respectively; these values were significantly higher than that in the other group which was 13.0±1.70%. The total length of larvae fed on rotifer enriched with 0.5 g taurine (5.5±0.18 mm) significantly was the biggest compared than others; while those fed on rotifer enriched with 0.5 g glutamine (5.3±0.12 mm) was bigger than fish fed on rotifer without glutamine nor taurine (5.0±0.16 mm). Thus, it can be concluded that survival rate and growth of larvae were improved when feeding on rotifer enriched with taurine or glutamine. Nevertheless, taurine was more efective than glutamine due to its effect resulted the highest growth performance of larval grouper. Keywords: taurine, glutamine, grouper, Cromileptes altivelis

ABSTRACT This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of different combination of feeding frequency of Tubifex (C) and artificial diet (P) on survival and growth rate of larval yellow tail catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Newly hatched larvae (d0) with total length of 0.44±0.04 cm were cultured for 14 days in 30×20×20 cm3 aquarium. Water volume in each aquarium was 9 L. At d5, larvae were fed on five different feeding frequencies either 6C+0PB, 5C+2PB, 3C+3PB, 2C+5PB, dan 0C+6PB. Feeding method used in this research was ad libitum. Results showed that survival and total length of d14 old larvae fed on 0C+6PB was lower than the groups fed on either 6C+0PB or three combinations of C+PB. Lipase activity tend to be increase in line with the increasing amount of artificial feed. On the other hand, larvae fed on 6C+0PB and 0C+6PB had the lowest protease activity. Therefore, larval catfish can be fed by combination of Tubifex and artificial feed. Keywords: artificial diet, lipase activity, protease activity, sludge worm, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus ABSTRAK Penelitian ini mengevaluasi pengaruh perbedaan frekuensi pemberian pakan harian cacing sutra (C) dan pakan buatan (PB) terhadap sintasan dan pertumbuhan larva ikan patin Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Larva ikan patin yang baru menetas berukuran 0,44±0,04 cm dipelihara dalam akuarium kaca berukuran 30×20×20 cm3 yang diisi air setinggi 15 cm selama 14 hari. Mulai dh5, larva diberi lima perlakuan frekuensi pemberian pakan, yaitu 6C+0PB, 5C+2PB, 3C+3PB, 2C+5PB, dan 0C+6PB. Pemberian pakan dilakukan secara ad libitum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa larva yang diberi 6C+0PB dan kombinasi C+PB memiliki tingkat kelangsungan hidup dan panjang akhir yang tidak berbeda nyata. Namun larva yang diberi 0C+6PB, menghasilkan tingkat kelangsungan hidup dan panjang akhirnya terendah. Semakin banyak porsi sering frekuensi pemberian PB yang diberikan menunjukkan tren aktivitas lipase yang cenderung meningkat. Tetapi pada aktivitas protease pada pemberian 6C+0PB dan 0C+6PB lebih rendah dari ketiga perlakuan kombinasi C+PB. Dengan demikian, larva ikan patin dapat dibudidaya dengan menggunakan kombinasi cacing sutra dan pakan buatan. Kata kunci: pakan buatan, aktivitas lipase, aktivitas protease, cacing sutra, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

ABSTRACT This research was performed to evaluate growth performance and meat quality at different feeding period of striped catfish Pangasianodon hypopthalmus fed on cinnamon leaves Cinnamomum burmanni enriched diet. Twenty fishes at the average body weight of 21.24±2.39 g were distributed into 100×40×50 cm3 of aquarium. Fish were fed on the diet contained C. burmanni leaves of either 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, or 1.5% respectively for 60 days. Fish were fed on those diets three times a day at satiation. Fish meat quality was evaluated by organoleptic test and proximate analysis at day-20, 40, and 60. The result showed that until day-40, fish fed on the diet contained 0.0%, 0.5%, and 1.0% cinnamon leaves had no significant difference on growth, hence still showed higher growth than fish fed at the dose of 1,5%. Meanwhile at day-60, fish fed on the diets contained either 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% cinnamon leaves significantly had lower growth than that fed on 0.0% cinnamon leaves. In accordance to the growth response, diet contained 0.5% cinnamon leaves given for 40 days has shown the best texture and the highest protein content of fish meat. Keywords: cinnamon leaves, striped catfish, growth, meat texture ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pertumbuhan dan kualitas daging ikan patin Pangasianodon hypopthalmus yang diberi pakan mengandung tepung daun kayu manis Cinnamomum burmanni dengan dosis berbeda. Sebanyak 20 ekor ikan patin berukuran 21,24±2,39 g dipelihara dalam akuarium berukuran 100×40×50 cm3. Ikan diberi empat jenis pakan yang mengandung daun kayu manis masing-masing sebesar 0,0%, 0,5%, 1,0%, dan 1,5% selama 60 hari. Pemberian pakan dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali sehari secara at satiation. Kualitas daging ikan diuji melalui uji organoleptik dan analisis proksimat pada hari ke-20, 40, dan 60. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa sampai hari ke-40 pemeliharaan, pertumbuhan ikan yang diberi pakan mengandung 0,0%, 0,5%, dan 1,5% daun kayu manis menunjukkan kinerja pertumbuhan yang tidak berbeda nyata, tetapi bernilai lebih tinggi daripada ikan yang diberi dosis 1,5%. Berbeda halnya dengan kinerja pertumbuhan ikan pada hari ke-60, ikan yang diberi pakan 0,5%, 1,0%, dan 1,5% secara signifikan memiliki pertumbuhan yang lebih rendah dari ikan yang diberi pakan 0,0%. Sesuai dengan respons pertumbuhan, ikan yang diberi pakan 0,5% daun kayu manis selama 40 hari memiliki tekstur daging yang terbaik dan protein tertinggi. Kata kunci: daun kayu manis, ikan patin, pertumbuhan, tekstur

ABSTRACT The research was conducted to evaluate effect of the administration of Artemia enriched with vitamin C on the survival, total body length, and average body weight of Pangasionodon sp. larvae. Artemia were enriched with either 0, 50, 100, or 150 mg/L vitamin C immersed in the culture medium for 13 hours. Two days old larvae were fed on enriched Artemia 12 times/day for seven days. At the end of feeding experiment, it was found that fish fed on Artemia enriched with 100 mg/L culture medium had the highest survival, total length and body weight, respectively 76.17±12.78%, 1.63±0.34 cm, and 20.6±3.8 mg. Keywords: survival, growth, Artemia, vitamin C, catfish, Pangasionodon sp. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Artemia yang diperkaya dengan vitamin C dosis berbeda terhadap kelangsungan hidup, panjang total, dan bobot tubuh larva ikan patin Pangasionodon sp. Pada penelitian ini, Artemia diperkaya dengan vitamin C dosis 0, 50, 100, atau 150 mg/L media pengayaan. Larva yang berumur dua hari diberi pakan Artemia hasil pengayaan sebanyak 12 kali sehari selama tujuh hari masa pemeliharaan. Pada akhir percobaan, didapatkan bahwa larva ikan yang diberi Artemia diperkaya vitamin C dosis 100 mg/L media pengayaan memberikan kelangsungan hidup 76,17±12,78%, panjang total 1,63±0,34 cm, dan bobot tubuh paling tinggi 20,6±3,8 mg. Kata kunci: kelangsungan hidup, pertumbuhan, Artemia, vitamin C, ikan patin, Pangasionodon sp.

ABSTRACT Sludge worm (Tubifex sp.) as natural feed on catfish (Pangasionodon sp.) larvae rearing is available in limited amount especially during rainy season. It becomes a constraint factor for larvae rearing sector. This research was conducted to evaluate the appropriate initial age of catfish larvae to get artificial feed as sludge worm replacement. Evaluation was conducted on the growth and survival of catfish larvae in 14 days of culture. There were four treatments of feeding in triplicates i.e. larvae were given natural feed without artificial feed, given artificial feed started from d3, d6, and d9) with three replications. The results showed that larvae fed on artificial feed on d3 had the lowest growth compared to the other treatments, whereas the survival was not significantly different (P>0.05) among the treatments. As a conclusion, artificial feed could be used to replace natural feed for catfish larvae started at the age of nine days. Keywords: sludge worm, catfish larvae, artificial feed ABSTRAK Cacing sutra (Tubifex sp.) tersedia dalam jumlah terbatas terutama pada musim penghujan sebagai pakan alami dalam usaha pembenihan ikan patin (Pangasionodon sp.). Ini menjadi kendala dalam usaha pembenihan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi umur larva ikan patin yang tepat untuk mulai diberi pakan buatan menggantikan cacing sutra. Evaluasi dilakukan pada pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup larva ikan patin umur 14 hari. Selama pemeliharaan, larva diberi pakan dengan empat perlakuan; pemberian pakan alami tanpa pakan buatan, pemberian pakan buatan mulai d3, d6, dan d9 dengan tiga ulangan untuk masing-masing perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan pemberian pakan buatan mulai d3 memiliki pertumbuhan panjang yang terkecil dibandingkan perlakuan lain, sedangkan tingkat kelangsungan hidup larva tidak berbeda nyata (P>0,05) antarperlakuan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pakan buatan dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti pakan alami mulai larva ikan patin umur sembilan hari. Kata kunci: cacing sutra, larva ikan patin, pakan buatan

ABSTRACT This research was conducted as a preliminary study on utilization of RBO for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) diet by also evaluating its effect on growth the performance. This research used SULTANA strain at average initial body weights of 8.33±0.07 g/ind. Experimental design was set in completely randomized design. Each treatment was done in triplicates. The treatments were various additions of RBO to replace corn oil in the diet, which were 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Feeding rate, feed efficiency, protein retention, fat retention, specific growth rate, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL (high-density lipoprotein), and hematology were used as evaluating parameters. The results showed that the growth performance, blood chemistry and hematology of fish decreased as the increasing of RBO level in the diet. These are caused by feed intake decreased significantly, which were 583.5 g to 145.6 g of treatments 0% to 100% RBO. Blood glucose, haemoglobin and specific growth of fish in the treatment of 0–100% RBO were 48.7–22.2 mg/dL, 7.6–5.4%, and 3.5–0.8%, respectively. The lowest survival was observed in fish fed 100% RBO (66.7%). Fish growth performance of 0% RBO was the best, so RBO could not be utilized yet as a source of fatty acid or corn oil replacement in tilapia diet. Keywords: free radical, HCN, Oreochromis sp., rubber seed oil ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan sebagai studi awal pemanfaatan minyak biji karet (MBK) untuk pakan ikan nila dan mengevaluasi pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan ikan nila. Ikan uji yang digunakan adalah ikan nila strain SULTANA dengan bobot awal rata-rata 8,33±0,07 g/ind. Penelitian didesain dalam rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan lima perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Perlakuan yang diuji berbagai sumbangan MBK untuk mengganti minyak jagung dalam pakan, yaitu 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, dan 100%. Selama pemeliharaan, beberapa parameter yang diukur adalah jumlah konsumsi pakan, efisiensi pakan, retensi protein, retensi lemak, laju pertumbuhan spesifik, glukosa, kolesterol, trigliserida, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), dan gambaran darah. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kinerja pertumbuhan, kimia darah dan gambaran darah ikan semakin menurun seiring dengan penambahan MBK dalam pakan. Hal ini disebabkan semakin menurunnya jumlah konsumsi pakan secara signifikan, yaitu 583,5 g menjadi 145,7 g dari perlakuan 0% ke 100% MBK. Glukosa darah, hemoglobin dan laju pertumbuhan spesifik ikan pada perlakuan 0–100% MBK masing-masing adalah 48,7–22,2 mg/dL, 7,6–5,4% dan 3,5–0,8%. Sintasan ikan terendah terjadi pada perlakuan 100% MBK, yaitu 66,7%. Kinerja pertumbuhan pada perlakuan 0% MBK adalah yang paling baik sehingga MBK belum dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber lemak menggantikan minyak jagung pada pakan ikan nila. Kata kunci: radikal bebas, HCN, Oreochromis sp., minyak biji karet

ABSTRACT This research was aimed to examine the growth performance and non-specific immune response of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed on the diet supplemented with β-(1,3) glucan (BG) and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) as feed additives. Shrimp juvenile at an initial body weight of 2.06±0.03 g was randomly distributed into 12 units of aquaria at a density of 20 shrimps/tank and reared for 42 days. The treatments applied in this study were control (without feed additives), 1.5 g/kg BG, 10 g/kg PHB and 1,5 g/kg BG+10 g/kg PHB. Results showed that shrimp fed on 1.5 /kg BG-supplemented feed had significantly higher growth performance and non-specific immune response. Keywords: growth, shrimp, non-specific immune response, Litopenaeus vannamei ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji kinerja pertumbuhan dan respons imun nonspesifik udang vaname Litopenaeus vannamei yang diberi pakan dengan penambahan feed additive berupa β-(1,3) glukan (BG) dan poli-β-hidroksibutirat (PHB). Juvenil udang 2,06±0,03 g dipelihara pada 12 unit akuarium dengan empat perlakuan dan tiga ulangan, serta padat tebar 20 ekor/tank selama 42 hari pemeliharaan. Perlakuan yang diberikan dalam penelitian ini yaitu penambahan BG (1,5 g/kg), PHB (10 g/kg), dan BG (1,5 g/kg)+PHB (10 g/kg), serta kontrol (tanpa penambahan feed additive). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa udang yang diberi 1,5 g/kg BG memiliki kinerja pertumbuhan dan respons imun nonspesifik yang terbaik. Kata kunci: pertumbuhan, udang, respons imun nonspesifik, Litopenaeus vannamei

ABSTRACTThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of by product of corn ethanol industry, DDGS (distiller dried grain with soluble) and hominy as feed raw material on digestibility and the growth performance of humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis juvenile. Three experimental diets containing isoprotein (48%) but different in DDGS contain were used. Diet A containing 0% of DDGS and hominy while diet B and C containing 10.13% (6.13% of DDGS and 4% of hominy) and 19.05% (15.05% of DDGS and 4% of hominy). Reduce of fish meal level in the diet was happen as a consequence of balancing amino acid. For digestibility experiment and Cr2O3 at level of 0.05% was used as a tracer. The feces were daily collected 30‒60 minutes after feeding for 14 days. Dry matter and protein were used as digestibility parameters. Completely randomized design with three treatments and two replicates was used in this experiment. Humpback grouper with an average weight of 11‒14 g were reared at floating net cages (FNG) of 3×2×1.5 m3. The stocking density for each cage was 167 fish/FNG and reared for six months. For digestibility measurement 30 fish were held in cylindrical fiber tank filled with 800 L of sea water. Fish were fed three times daily at satiation level. For maintaining net in a clean condition net was changed in every ten days. Feed consumption, digestibility of protein and total, growth performance indicator i,e specific growth rate, feed efficiency protein and lipid retention were used as evaluating parameters. The results showed that the fish fed with diet containing DDGS (6.13%) dan hominy (4%), at the level of 10.13% (diet B), shows similar growth performance indicators with the fish fed diet A (0% of DDGS and hominy) and the growth performance indicator was higher when being compared to those fish fed diet C (containing 19.05% of DDGS (15.05%) and hominy (4%)) (pKeywords: digestibility, growth performance, DDGS, hominy, humpback grouper, Cromileptes altivelisABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pemanfaatan limbah jagung dari industri etanol dalam bentuk distillate dried grain with soluble (DDGS) dan homini sebagai bahan baku pakan terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan ikan kerapu bebek Cromiliptes altivelis. Ikan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah juvenil ikan kerapu bebek berukuran 11‒14 g. Ikan dipelihara dalam karamba jaring apung yang berukuran 3×1,5×2 m3 dengan kepadatan 167 ekor/jaring. Ikan diberi pakan sampai kenyang sebanyak dua kali sehari. Untuk menjaga agar jaring tetap bersih maka dilakukan pergantian jaring setiap satu sampai dua minggu sekali. Ikan dipelihara selama lima bulan dan setiap bulan dilakukan sampling. Tiga macam pakan digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan kadar protein 47% dan rasio energi protein 10 kkal/g protein. Pakan A adalah pakan yang tidak mengandung DDGS dan homini, pakan B mengandung DDGS 6,13% dan 4% (total 10,13%), dan pakan C mengandung DDGS 15,05% dan Homini 4% (total 19,5%). Untuk mengevaluasi ketercernaan nutrien maka kromium oksida (Cr2O3) digunakan sebagai penelusur. Penelitian ketercernaan dilakukan di laboratorium dengan menggunakan fiber dengan volume 800 L. Rancangan acak lengkap dengan tiga perlakuan dan dua ulangan digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai ketercernaan nutrien tidak berbeda sampai total kadar DDGS dan homini 10,13% (pakan B) dan peningkatan DDGS serta homini sampai 19,05% (pakan C) menurunkan nilai ketercernaan. Ikan yang diberi pakan dengan DDGS sebesar 10,13% (pakan B) memiliki nilai efisiensi pakan, sintasan, laju pertumbuhan spesifik, konsumsi pakan dan retensi protein yang sama dengan pakan tanpa DDGS (pakan A), akan tetapi nilai-nilai tersebut lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan ikan yang diberi pakan B (pKata kunci: pertumbuhan, ketercernaan, DDGS, homini, ikan kerapu bebek, Cromileptes altivelis

ABSTRACTThe objective of the present experiment was to study the most optimum taurine enrichment concentration of rotifers in improving Pacific white shrimp larva Litopenaeus vannamei survival and development. White shrimp larvae at sixth naupliar stage were reared in 12 units of 500 L fibre glass tanks with a stocking density of 125 ind/L. Starting from zoea two stage (Z-2), the larva was provided with rotifers with different taurine enrichment concentration according to the treatments, i.e. 0 mg/L enrichment medium (A), 25 mg/L (B), 50 mg/L(C), and 100 mg/L (D). The results show that different taurine concentration in the enrichment media increased taurine level in rotifers. Furthermore, the administration of taurine enriched rotifers up to 50 mg/L significantly improved larval survival and may accelerate larval development. The experimental results also concluded that a concentration of 50 mg/L is the most optimum taurine enrichment concentration of rotifers for the improvement of white shrimp larval survival and developmental stage.Keywords: taurine, rotifer, white shrimp, enrichmentABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji konsentrasi optimum taurin melalui pengayaan pada rotifera terhadap tingkat kelangsungan hidup dan perkembangan stadia larva udang vaname Litopenaeus vannamei. Larva udang vaname stadia naupli-6 dipelihara dalam 12 tangki fiberglass volume 500 L dengan kepadatan 125 ind/L. Dimulai sejak stadia zoea 2 (Z-2) larva diberi rotifera yang diperkaya dengan taurin dengan konsentrasi yang berbeda sesuai dengan perlakuan, yaitu 0 mg/L media pengkaya (A), 25 mg/L (B), 50mg/L (C), dan 100mg/L (D). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengayaan taurin pada konsentrasi yang berbeda menyebabkan peningkatan kandungan taurin rotifera. Sementara pemberian rotifera yang diperkaya taurin hingga 50 mg/L meningkatkan kelangsungan hidup dan mempercepat perkembangan stadia larva udang. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian rotifera yang diperkaya taurin dengan konsentrasi 50 mg/L menghasilkan tingkat kelangsungan hidup tertinggi (53,5%) dan perkembangan larva yang tercepat (pKata kunci: taurin, rotifera, udang vanname, pengayaan

African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is one of the economically valuable aquaculture fish species in Indonesia. This research was aimed to produce F0 transgenic catfish carrying masou salmon Δ6-desaturase-like (OmΔ6FAD) gene. The Δ6-desaturase enzyme is involved in highly unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Transgenic catfish was produced by sperm-mediated gene transfer using electroporation method. In this study, as the first step, sperms were electroporated with three different OmΔ6FAD concentration (25, 50, and 100 µg mL-1) to have the highest sperm viability after electroporation (125 V/cm, pulse frequency 5 times, pulse length 30 millisecond, pulse interval 0.1 second). The highest sperm viability and sperm carrying OmΔ6FAD were obtain at 100 µg mL-1. This concentration was then used to produce F0 transgenic catfish in the second step. Sperm motility, sperm viability, fertilization rate, hatching rate, and larval survival at 14 days after hatching were the same as the controls (p>0.05). Genomic DNA was extracted from caudal fin and then used as template to identify transgenic F0 by PCR method using specific primer for OmΔ6FAD gene. The PCR result showed that 53.84% of F0 carried OmΔ6FAD gene. The result of fatty acid analysis showed that EPA and DHA contents of F0 transgenic fish and non-transgenic fish were similar. Keywords: catfish, Δ6-desaturase-like gene, fatty acids, electroporation

This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of cinnamon leaf (Cinnamomun burmanni) as a suplement inthe diet due to growth performance and nutriet composition of patin (Pangasius hypothalamus). A triplicateexperiment was conducted using fish with an initial body weight of 7.27 ± 0.28 g. Fish were culture in aquaria 50 x40 x 35 cm at a density of 10 fish/aquaria. Fish were fed on the diet contained either 0, 0.5, 1; or 1.5% respectively.Fish fed on the diet at satiation for 30 days. The result shows that the suplementation of cinnamon leaf powder inthe diet 0 to 1.5% was insignificantly affected feed consumption, specific growth rate, and survival rate of fish.However, the addition of Cinnamomumn burmanni up to 1% was significantly increased the level of total feeddigestibility twice, the protein digestibility to 87.39%, and protein retention 1.5 higher than the control (withoutcinnamon leaf powder). On the other hand, the diet of 1% Cinnamomumn burmanni were the optimal result of thisresearch with the feed efficient, decrease 30% of fat and have more compact flesh texture.

ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of sheep rumen liquor enzyme addition on the reduction of cocoa-pod husk meal (CPHM) fiber content, and the digestibility of hydrolyzed CPHM for tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. In the first trial, sheep rumen liquor enzyme was added with various concentration, i.e. 0, 50, 100 and 150 mL/kg CPHM with three different incubation periods, namely 0, 12, and 24 hours. In the second trial, digestibility was determined by the addition of Cr2O3 as the indicator in both reference and experimental diets, i.e. feed with hydrolyzed CPHM and unhydrolyzed CPHM. Tilapia with an average body weight of 3.86±0.44 g were stocked at a density of 15 fish/aquarium and were maintained for 15 days. In the first trial, CPHM hydrolyzed with 150 mL/kg and incubated for 12 and 24 hour showed the lowest crude fiber content (21.38% and 21.67%). Apparent digestibility coefficient of hydrolyzed CPHM was 33.95%, which was higher than unhydrolyzed CPHM (10.97%). As conclusions sheep rumen liquor enzyme addition was effective to decrease crude fiber content of CPHM and improve the apparent digestibility coefficient of CPHM for tilapia diet. Keywords: sheep rumen liquor enzyme, cocoa-pod husk meal, digestibility, tilapia ABSTRAK Dua tahap penelitian dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi penambahan enzim cairan rumen domba dalam menurunkan kandungan serat kasar kulit buah kakao (KBK) dan mengevaluasi ketercernaan KBK yang telah dihidrolisis dengan enzim cairan rumen domba dalam pakan ikan nila Oreochromis niloticus. Pada penelitian tahap satu, enzim cairan rumen domba ditambahkan dengan konsentrasi yang berbeda yaitu 0, 50, 100, dan 150 mL/kg KBK dengan lama inkubasi yang berbeda yaitu 0, 12, dan 24 jam. Pada penelitian tahap dua, nilai ketercernaan ditentukan dengan menggunakan indikator Cr2O3 yang ditambahkan ke dalam pakan acuan dan pakan perlakuan, yaitu pakan dengan penambahan KBK yang telah dihidrolisis dengan dosis terbaik pada penelitian tahap satu (KBKe) dan kulit buah kakao tanpa hidrolisis (KBK). Ikan nila yang digunakan mempunyai bobot rata-rata 3,86±0,44 g ditebar dengan kepadatan 15 ekor/akuarium dan dipelihara selama 15 hari. Hasil penelitian tahap satu menunjukkan hidrolisis KBK dengan menggunakan cairan rumen 150 mL/kg dan lama waktu inkubasi 12 jam dan 24 jam mempunyai nilai serat kasar KBK terendah yaitu sebesar 21,38% dan 21,67%. Pada uji ketercernaan terlihat bahwa nilai ketercernaan bahan KBKe lebih tinggi (33,95%) dibandingkan dengan KBK (10,97%). Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penambahan enzim cairan rumen domba dapat menurunkan kandungan serat kasar kulit buah kakao dan meningkatkan ketercernaan kulit buah kakao pada pakan ikan nila. Kata kunci: enzim cairan rumen domba, kulit buah kakao, ketercernaan, ikan nila

This experiment was conducted to study the activity, protein retention, daily growth rate, and production of Dendronereis pinnaticirris cultured in different soil substrates. Forty tested worms with average body weight of 150 mg were adapted in laboratory for 30 days. Thereafter, worms were cultured for 30 days in the 13.6 L aquaria and equipped with aeration system. A triplicate experiment was conducted using 10 cm depth of sterilized soil substrate with particle diameter of either 63‒250 μm, 250‒500 μm, or without substrate. The results showed that (1) D. pinnaticirris always swims actively when cultured in the medium without substrate, thereby resulting into the mass mortality (96.7%); (2) the substrate with particle diameter of 63‒250 μm generated significantly higher daily growth rate, survival rate, and production of D. pinnaticirris, but protein retention and feed efficiency were insignificance with those cultured in the substrate of 250–500 μm.Keywords: substrate, protein retention, production, Dendronereis pinnaticirris

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of phytase levels in the diet on the digestibility and growth performance of white shrimp Litopenaeus vanname. White shrimp were used in the trial with initial body weight of 3.8±0.01 g were reared in aquarium (60×40×50 cm3) and filled with 60L treated sea water at a density of ten individu. Experimental diet were formulated in isonitrogeneous (36% protein) and isocaloric (3960 kcal/kg) to contain four levels of phytase: 0 iu/kg (diet A), 500 iu/kg (diet B), 750 iu/kg (diet C), and 1000 iu/kg(diet D). All diets were supplied with 0.5% of Cr2O3 as an indicator for digestibility measurement shrimp fed three times daily at satiation levelfor how many days of rearing. A factorial completely randomized experimental design was selected consisted of four treatments and triplicates. The result showed that the phytase addition improved the digestibility of protein, calcium, and phosphor as well as improve growth performance of white shrimp. Based on evaluation of those parameters, it is concluded that phytase level of500 IU support the best growth performance ofjuvenile white shrimp. Keywords: phytase, feed digestibility, growth,Litopenaeus vannamei

Seahorse, (Hippocampus barbouri) is one of marine living resources having high commercial values and has commonly been traded especially as live ornamental aquarium fish, raw material of traditional medicine and as souvenirs. This expriment was conducted to determine the succces of spawning rate by replacing the broodstock pair of seahorse. This study was done experimentally with treatment of replacement of broodstock pair after spawning under control condition. The experiment was designed to apply completely randomize design by using the following treatments: Treatment A, without replacement neither male nor female. Treatment B, spawned female broodstock was being mated with her unpaired male broodstock. Treatment C, a male broodstock that still brood was being mated with his unpaired female broodstock. Treatment D, a spawned male broodstock that has released larva was being mated with his unpaired female broodstock. Results showed that under control condition the replacement of broodstock pairs of seahorse had significantly influenced the spawning interval, number of eggs released and number of juveniles produced (P0,05). It can be concluded that seahorse is not monogamous, either male or female after being spawned may accept other pair for the next spawning. Key words: pair replacement, broodstock, success spawning, Hippocampus barbouri ABSTRAK Kuda laut, (Hippocampus barbouri) merupakan salah satu sumberdaya hayati laut yang memiliki nilai komersial dan telah banyak diperdagangkan terutama sebagai ikan hias, bahan baku obat tradisional dan juga sebagai suvenir. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengkaji tingkat keberhasilan pemijahan dengan penggantian pasangan induk kuda laut pada wadah budidaya. Percobaan ini dilakukan secara ekperimental dengan perlakuan penggantian pasangan induk setelah pemijahan dalam wadah budidaya. Percobaan dirancang dengan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan perlakuan sebagai berikut: Perlakuan A, pemijahan sepasang induk kuda laut (tanpa pergantian). Perlakuan B, pemijahan induk betina yang telah memijah dengan induk jantan bukan pasangannya. Perlakuan C, pemijahan induk jantan yang telah memijah (mengerami telur) dengan induk betina bukan pasangannya. Perlakuan D, pemijahan induk jantan yang telah melahirkan dengan induk betina bukan pasangannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa penggantian pasangan induk pada wadah budidaya sangat berpengaruh terhadap interval pemijahan, jumlah telur yang dikeluarkan dan jumlah juwana yang dihasilkan (P0,05). Dari hasil penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa kuda laut, tidak bersifat monogami, artinya baik jantan maupun betina setelah memijah dapat menerima pasangan lain untuk pemijahan berikutnya. Kata kunci: induk, keberhasilan pemijahan, pergantian pasangan, Hippocampus barbouri

h is experiment was conducted to evaluate the eff ect of phytase supplemented to the diet on phosphorus (P) digestibility and growth performance of the green catfi sh Hemibagrus nemurus . Five kinds of experimental diets were used in this experiment, namely diets A, B, C, D and E. Diet A, as a control, was supplemented with inorganic P, without phytase supplementation. Diet B, C, D and E were supplemented with 0, 20, 40 and 60 mg phytase/100 g soybean meal (SBM), respectively, without inorganic P supplementation. Fifteen fi sh with initial body weight of 6.9 + 0.2 g were stocked into each 60-l aquarium. Fish were fed on the diets for 60 days. Results indicated that P digestibility increased from 64.5% to 87.0% as phytase supplement increased from 0 mg in diet B to 60 mg phytase/100 g SBM in diet E. P digestibility in diet E was higher than that in diet A (77.6%). h e daily growth rate and feed conversion ratio followed similar trend. P, Ca and Zn concentration in the whole body and bone of fi sh fed diet E were higher than the fi sh fed diet B, C and D, but were insignifi cant compared to the fi sh fed diet A. Nitrogen (N) and P loading by fi sh fed diet E were, respectively, 76% and 20% lower than those in fi sh fed the control diet. It is concluded that the inclusion of 60 mg phytase/100 g SBM in the diet of the green catfi sh could replace the utilization of inorganic P increase the digestibility of the diet thereby resulting in increased growth rate and reduced excretion of P and N into the waters.

A triplicate experiment was conducted to evaluate the addition of probiotic Bacillus sp. into the diet on feed convertion and growth of catfish Pangasius hypophthalmus. Twenty fish with an initial body weight of 1,85 ± 0,09 g were stocked in a 60-1 aquarium. During rearing period, fish were fed on the diet three times a day at satiation. Prior the feeding, probiotic (contained Bacillus sp. 4,2x106 CFU.ml-1) were added into the diet at a dosage of 0, 5, 15 or 25 ml.kg-1 diet. The probiotic were added once a day at the noon. The results showed that maximum protein retention, lipid retention, growth rate, and minimum feed convertion was found in the group of fish fed on the diet supplemented with 15 ml probiotic kg-1 diet. Irrespective to the dosage of probiotic, food consumption and survival rate of fish were the same among the treatments. Key words : Probiotic. Bacillus sp.. catfish Pangasius hypophthalmus. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dosis yang optimal dari probiotik Bacillus sp. yang ditambahkan pada pakan komersil terhadap konversi pakan dan pertumbuhan benih ikan patin Pangasius hypophthalmus. Dua puluh ekor ikan patin dengan bobot rata-rata 1.85 ± 0,09 g ditebar dalam setiap akuarium frekuensi 50x40x35 cm yang diisi air 60 1. Selama 40 had masa pemeliharaan. ikan diberi pakan buatan berkadar protein 27% dengan frekwensi tiga kali sehari, at satiation. Sebelum diberikan ke ikan, pakan tersebut ditambah produk probiotik (mengandung Bacillus sp. 4,2 x 106 CFU/ml) dengan dosis 0, 5, 15 atau 25 ml/kg pakan. Pakan yang mengandung probiotik hanya diberikan sekali setiap hari, yakni pada pukul 13.00. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa adanya penambahan probiotik dalam pakan sampai dosis 15 ml/kg pakan menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan retensi protein, retensi lemak dan laju pertumbuhan harian ikan, serta menurunkan konversi pakan. Penambahan probiotik lebih lanjut (25 ml/kg pakan) menurunkan kinerja pertumbuhan di atas. Sementara itu. kelompok ikan di setiap perlakuan mengkonsumsi pakan dalam jumlah yang tidak berbeda nyata, yaitu antara 132,43 g sampai 137,84 g. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa penambahan probiotik di dalam pakan tidak memberikan adanya perbedaan yang nyata terhadap tingkat kelangsungan hidup ikan, yaitu antara 98,3% - 100%. Kata kunci: Probiotik. Bacillus sp.. ikan patin Pangasius hypophthalmus

ABSTRACTThis experiment was conducted to evaluate best source of oil to enriched Daphnia sp. before fed it to Oreochromis niloticus larvae. Four treatments were used in this experiment; first, Daphnia sp. without encrichment, second Daphnia sp. enriched with fish oil, third Daphnia sp. enriched with corn oil and the fourth Daphnia sp. enriched with coconut oil. Three days old larvae fed on Daphnia sp. with size of £ 0,5 mm at the first week and 0,6 – 1,0 mm as the second week of this experiment. Larvae fed on Daphnia sp. 5 times daily, ad libitum, for 14 days. Larvae was reared in the small cages (2,25 l), and all cages was placed in the aquarium. Larvae density was 48 larvae/l. This experiment showed that the lipid level in Daphnia sp. enriched with oil was higher than that of no enrichment Daphnia sp. The highest n3- fatty acid level was found in Daphnia sp. enriched with fish oil, and the highest n6- fatty acid level was found in Daphnia sp. enriched with corn oil. Larvae fed on Daphnia sp. enriched with oil have a higher relative growth rate than that fed on Daphnia sp. without enrichment. The highest survival rate of larvae was found by feeding them with Daphnia sp. enriched with corn oil (p < 0,05).Key words : Daphnia sp., enrichment, larvae, Oreochromis niloticus ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi sumber minyak yang terbaik bagi pengkayaan Daphnia sp. sebelum diberikan ke larva ikan nila, Oreochromis niloticus. Ada 4 perlakuan dalam penelitian ini yaitu Daphnia sp. yang tidak diperkaya minyak; Daphnia sp. yang diperkaya minyak ikan; Daphnia sp. yang diperkaya minyak jagung; dan Daphnia sp. yang diperkaya minyak kelapa. Larva ikan nila, Oreochromis niloticus berumur 3 hari ditebar dalam hapa kecil (volume 2,25 l) sebanyak 48 ekor/l, dan seluruh hapa diletakkan dalam akuarium berukuran 100x50x40 cm. Daphnia sp. diperkaya terlebih dahulu dengan minyak sesuai perlakuan sebelum diberikan ke larva. Pada minggu pertama pemeliharaan larva, ukuran Daphnia sp. yang digunakan adalah £ 0,5 mm dan pada minggu ke dua 0.6 – 1.0 mm. Daphnia sp. diberikan sebanyak 5 kali dalam sehari secara ad libitum dan pemberian pakan dilakukan selama 14 hari. Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa kadar lemak Daphnia sp. yang diperkaya minyak lebih tinggi dari Daphnia sp. yang tidak diperkaya, dan hal ini berpengaruh pula pada kadar lemak tubuh larva. Kadar asam lemak –n3 tertinggi terdapat pada Daphnia sp. yang diperkaya minyak ikan dan kadar asam lemak –n6 tertinggi terdapat pada Daphnia sp. yang diperkaya minyak jagung. Larva yang diberi Daphnia sp. yang diperkaya dengan minyak mempunyai pertambahan bobot relatif dan tingkat kelangsungan hidup yang lebih tinggi dari larva yang diberi Daphnia sp. yang tidak diperkaya; dan tingkat kelangsungan hidup larva yang tertinggi dihasilkan oleh perlakuan pemberian Daphnia sp. yang diperkaya minyak jagung (P < 0,05), walaupun pertumbuhan bobot relatifnya sama dengan perlakuan lainnya (p > 0,05).Kata kunci : Daphnia sp., pengkayaan, larva, Oreochromis niloticus

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of phytase supplemented to the diet on phosphorus (P) digestibility and growth performance of the green catfish Hemibagrus nemurus. Five kinds of experimental diets were used in this experiment, namely diets A, B, C, D and E. Diet A, as a control, was supplemented with inorganic P, without phytase supplementation. Diet B, C, D and E were supplemented with 0, 20, 40 and 60 mg phytase/100 g soybean meal (SBM), respectively, without inorganic P supplementation. Fifteen fish with initial body weight of 6.9 + 0.2 g were stocked into each 60-l aquarium. Fish were fed on the diets for 60 days. Results indicated that P digestibility increased from 64.5% to 87.0% as phytase supplement increased from 0 mg in diet B to 60 mg phytase/100 g SBM in diet E. P digestibility in diet E was higher than that in diet A (77.6%). The daily growth rate and feed conversion ratio followed similar trend. P, Calcium (Ca) and Zinc (Zn) concentration in the whole body and bone of fish fed diet E were higher than the fish fed diet B, C and D, but were insignificant compared to the fish fed diet A. Nitrogen (N) and P loading by fish fed diet E were, respectively, 76% and 20% lower than those in fish fed the control diet. It is concluded that the inclusion of 60 mg phytase/100 g SBM in the diet of the green catfish could replace the utilization of inorganic P increase the digestibility of the diet thereby resulting in increased growth rate and reduced excretion of P and N into the waters. Â Keywords: Hemibagrus nemurus, phytase, soybean meal, phosphorus. Â