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Agriculture has been completely transformed by Deep Learning (DL) techniques, which allow for quick object localization and detection. However, because weeds and crops are similar in color, form, and texture, weed detection and categorization can be difficult. Advantages in object detection, recognition, and image classification can be obtained with deep learning (DL), a vital aspect of machine learning (ML). Because crops and weeds are similar, ML techniques have difficulty extracting and choosing distinguishing traits. This literature review demonstrates the potential of various DL methods for crop weed identification, localization, and classification. This research work investigates the present status of Deep Learning based weed identification and categorization systems. The majority of research employs supervised learning strategies, polishing pre-trained models on sizable, labeled datasets to achieve high accuracy. Innovations are driven by the need for sustainable weed management methods, and deep learning is demonstrating encouraging outcomes in image-based weed detection systems. To solve issues like resource scarcity, population increase, and climate change, precision agriculture holds great promise for the integration of AI with IoT-enabled farm equipment.

Hybridization of basalt fibers with carbon and aramid fibers enhances the mechanical properties such as toughness, impact resistance, and strength, widening their applicability across various industries. This study investigates the effect of carbon-Kevlar intraply surface layers on the mechanical and vibrational properties of basalt/epoxy composites. Three layers of basalt sandwiched between surface intraply layers were fabricated using a compression molding process. The specimens were subjected to tensile, flexural, and Charpy impact tests to measure their mechanical properties. Impact hammer and sound transmission loss tests were conducted to determine the vibrational characteristics of the composites. The acquired results were examined and compared with those of composite specimens made entirely of basalt. Results showed that tensile and flexural strengths were improved by 27.40% and 30.87% compared to basalt laminates. The highest impact strength of 136.25 kJ/m2 was observed in hybrid laminates, which is 24.4% higher than that of basalt composites, indicating improved impact toughness due to the addition of surface intraply layers. The damping ratio and stiffness coefficient of the hybrid composite are observed to be 0.215 and 1.868 N/m, respectively. The sound transmission loss was found to be enhanced by 54.71% in the hybrid specimens compared with basalt specimens. The tensile and impact-fractured specimens were analyzed for failure modes using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Brittle failure was observed in basalt composites without significant plastic deformation, whereas hybrid specimens exhibited fiber pull-out, matrix deformation, and fiber bridging, indicative of heightened toughness and enhanced energy absorption capabilities.

AbstractThe open hole tensile and flexural test of composites holds immense importance in aerospace and structural engineering. These tests provide critical insights into how composites perform under real-world conditions, allowing for the development of materials that meet rigorous standards, thereby ensuring the safety and durability of aircraft and other applications. This study investigates the influence of hole size on the open hole tensile (OHT) and flexural properties (OHF) of plain weave aramid/epoxy (AFRP), basalt/epoxy (BFRP), and aramid-basalt/epoxy (ABFRP) inter-ply hybrid laminates. Laminates were fabricated using hand layup followed by the compression molding method. The specimens were cut according to ASTM D5766 and ASTM D7264 to analyze OHT and OHF performance for three different hole sizes viz., 4, 6, and 8 mm. Results indicated that the ABFRP inter-ply layup composite significantly enhanced the mechanical performance of when compared to AFRP laminates. However, the decline in mechanical properties was observed in all the composites with the increase in hole size. BFRP laminates showed higher hole sensitivity under tensile loading due to its brittle fracture mechanism while AFRP exhibited higher hole sensitivity under flexural loading which can be attributed to its the poor compressive strength. The effect of hole size on the damage mechanism has also been highlighted through scanning electron microscope (SEM). The fibre fracture was observed to be dominant failure mechanism in large hole specimens while matrix cracking and delamination were found to be dominant failure mechanism in small holes.