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This study investigated the effects of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus (PTCC 1643) (LA) and a commercial yeast cell wall prebiotic (Immunogen®) (IM) on immunoantioxidant, growth, and digestive status, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Cyprinus carpio juveniles. The fish were fed in five treatments including control (T1), LA1.5 (T2): 1.5 (× 10^8 CFU/g of LA)/kg diet, LA3 (T3): 3 (× 10^8 CFU/g of LA)/kg diet, IM1 (T4): 1 g of IM/kg diet, and IM2 (T5): 2 g of IM/ kg diet. After 60 days, the function of growth and intestinal protease and amylase showed a significant increase in IM treatments. Serum levels of total protein and superoxide dismutase in LA3 treatment, as well as albumin, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in LA3 and IM2 treatments were significantly increased. Serum level of malondialdehyde in LA and IM treatments, as well as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in LA treatments, alanine aminotransferase in LA and IM2 treatments, and lactate dehydrogenase in LA3 treatment was significantly decreased. Serum levels of all the immune parameters in LA3 treatment, as well as alternative complement pathway hemolytic and nitroblue tetrazolium in IM2 treatment were significantly improved. Mucosal level of protease in LA3 and IM2 treatments, total immunoglobulin, and lysozyme in LA and IM2 treatments, as well as ALP and peroxidase in LA3 treatment was significantly increased. Cumulative mortality rate in LA and IM treatments was significantly decreased compared to control after the 14-day challenge with A. hydrophila. It is recommended to include IM2 in the diet of C. carpio juveniles with regard to its beneficial effects on growth and immunity status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus (PTCC 1643) (LA) and a commercial yeast cell wall prebiotic (Immunogen ® ) (IM) on immunoantioxidant, growth, and digestive status, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Cyprinus carpio juveniles. The fish were fed in five treatments including control (T1), LA1.5 (T2): 1.5 (× 10^8 CFU/g of LA)/kg diet, LA3 (T3): 3 (× 10^8 CFU/g of LA)/kg diet, IM1 (T4): 1 g of IM/kg diet, and IM2 (T5): 2 g of IM/ kg diet. After 60 days, the function of growth and intestinal protease and amylase showed a significant increase in IM treatments. Serum levels of total protein and superoxide dismutase in LA3 treatment, as well as albumin, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in LA3 and IM2 treatments were significantly increased. Serum level of malondialdehyde in LA and IM treatments, as well as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in LA treatments, alanine aminotransferase in LA and IM2 treatments, and lactate dehydrogenase in LA3 treatment was significantly decreased. Serum levels of all the immune parameters in LA3 treatment, as well as alternative complement pathway hemolytic and nitroblue tetrazolium in IM2 treatment were significantly improved. Mucosal level of protease in LA3 and IM2 treatments, total immunoglobulin, and lysozyme in LA and IM2 treatments, as well as ALP and peroxidase in LA3 treatment was significantly increased. Cumulative mortality rate in LA and IM treatments was significantly decreased compared to control after the 14-day challenge with A. hydrophila. It is recommended to include IM2 in the diet of C. carpio juveniles with regard to its beneficial effects on growth and immunity status., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Institutional review board statement: All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. All experiments were performed following the protocol approved by the committee of ethics of the Baharavaran Nastaran Agricultural Applied Scientific Training Center, Applied Scientific University, Qom, Iran (1087; 2023). Informed consent: Not applicable., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Three different bio-elicitors viz. BE 1, BE 2 and BE 3 were formulated fromFusarium oxysporumf. sp.lycopersici.All three elicitors were screened for defence regulating capacity in anex vivosystem whereLycopersicum esculentumwas used as a model host plant. Application of bio-elicitors on detached leaves showed varied degrees of defence induction and antioxidative enzymes and total phenol accumulation after 24 h incubation. Among all, BE 3 (2%) was found to be the most effective. Furthermore, production of nitric oxide (NO) was measured in treated leaves, and concurrently, the extent of oxidative damage was evaluated by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline and total chlorophyll content. All bio-elicitors except BE 3, which was effective at concentrations as low as 2%, showed enhanced production of MDA and proline and reduction in total chlorophyll at higher concentrations. These results suggest that among three elicitors tested, BE 3 (2%) can be used as a potential bio-elicitor in organic tomato farming. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article reports on the rice plants' pseudomonas-induced defence molecules against leaffolder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) pest. In relation, evaluation of the fluorescent pseudomonad strains Pf1, PY15 and TDK1 individually and in combination were conducted. An overview of the various treatments used is offered. It also demonstrates the induction of defense-related molecules. High accumulation of defense molecules such as proteinase and chitinase inhibitors were observed with a combined TDK1, Pf1 and PY15 treatment compared with all other treatments. As a result of the study, a combination of fluorescent pseudomonad strains affects the development of leaffolder pest by inducing defense molecules in rice plants which in turn enhance resistance to leaffolder attack is revealed.