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Głównym celem przeprowadzonych badań była identyfikacja siły i tendencji wpływu prawa i polityki UE na planowanie przestrzenne i zarządzanie terytorialne państw członkowskich w zakresie wybranych kwestii środowiskowych oraz próba określenia występujących prawidłowości. Uszczegóławiając, pierwszy cel dotyczył wpływu ustawodawstwa, drugi -- znaczenia głównych dokumentów UE w odniesieniu do ekologicznych kwestii polityki przestrzennej, trzeci -- oceny siły i tendencji oddziaływania środowiskowych priorytetów UE w zakresie: (1) wzmacniania struktur ekologicznych i zasobów kulturowych jako wartości dodanej dla rozwoju, (2) zrównoważonego wzrostu w zakresie promowania bardziej zasobooszczędnej, zielonej (przyjaznej środowisku) i bardziej konkurencyjnej gospodarki. Najwięcej uwagi poświęcono odgórnemu wpływowi UE na planowanie przestrzenne i zarządzanie terytorialne. Podsumowując wyniki badań m.in. sformułowano rekomendacje dotyczące bardziej efektywnego powiązania polityki spójności z planowaniem przestrzennym i zarządzaniem terytorialnym w zakresie ochrony i wzmacniania dziedzictwa naturalnego i kulturowego, wynikające głównie z analizy studiów przypadku w tym zakresie. Stwierdzono, że odgórny wpływ nadal stanowi determinantę oddziaływania prawa i polityki ekologicznej UE na planowanie przestrzenne państw członkowskich w zakresie kwestii środowiskowych. Wpływ prawa zidentyfikowano jako silny, a polityki i dyskursu jako umiarkowany. Artykuł wykonano głównie na podstawie wyników uzyskanych w trakcie realizacji projektu ESPON COMPASS (Comparative Analysis of Territorial Governance and Spatial Planning Systems in Europe). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this theoretical work is to systemize and synthesize selected issues related to the approach to landscape. Presented here are: 1) selected holistic approaches to the cultural landscape, with particular attention paid to the added value of the current approach; 2) the rationale behind the devastated landscape being assigned to a separate category, rather than considered under the "cultural landscape" heading - and the essence of the associated typological separateness, as a logical inference from the interaction of the anthropogenic and natural systems in the formation of landscape properties, which emphasises the disappearance of cultural patterns as a devastated landscape is created; 3) an outline of research themes pertaining to landscape connectivity and permeability, as well as inter-penetration, with parallel depiction of substantive premises underpinning a somewhat different treatment of these properties. It is ascertained here that the current approach to the cultural landscape represents a degree of renewal, but above all a significant deepening and updating (in the last 20 years especially), with significant added value brought to the way in which the landscape is researched and perceived. According to this article's authors, such key changes in the perception of the cultural landscape include: 1) the landscape coming to be treated as a very important element to the wellbeing of society as a whole, as well as its individual members; 2) the person being transformed in role from observer either uninvolved or engaged consciously to only a limited extent, into the human being inherent to landscape creation; 3) the cultural landscape being incorporated into the legal system and policies; 4) a more holistic approach being taken to protection and management, with traditional and common landscapes taken more account of; 5) broad consideration being extended to the interaction between the physical landscape and the sensory space present in that landscape's perception and 6) the extension of the interdisciplinary approach by the transdisciplinary. Given the progressive withdrawal of the term natural landscape, and also taking account of the category of cultural landscape and the level of anthropogenic pressure, the authors propose the division of the landscape into 3 categories: primary, cultural and devastated. This denotes an intentional separation and distinguishing of the devastated landscape, with the addition of this category justified in terms of the disappearance of cultural patterns that the formation of such a landscape entails. Within the cultural landscape, it is proposed that there be a division into the quasi-natural, semi-natural and transformed sub-types. Despite objections arising in regard to the holistic approach to the understanding of such a complex matter as the cultural landscape, the solutions referred to have to be seen as ones in use worldwide, with the transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary nature ensuring that results yield a very wide spectrum of information. In the coming years, rapid transformation of space will combine with further demographic development, climate change, and inevitably increased pressure on the environment, to ensure a further development of interest in the landscape. There would thus be a need for even more in-depth, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research into complex interactions ongoing within the landscape system, with many scientific disciplines having to be integrated to that end. This will enforce even more precise valorisation of resources and potentials as well as less complicated and hence easier to use audit methodologies. Current landscape audit of the Polish space can be considered as the first stage, very important from the point of view of landscape policy, of application activities and an innovative tool inter alia providing for strengthened social participation. For inherent in landscape protection, the landscape economy, and landscape management and planning are rights enjoyed by each person as creator of the landscape - as well as associated obligations - with these inter alia arising as landscape is treated as a material and immaterial good that each society has as its natural and cultural heritage; and with its key role to play in improving quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of ecosystem services can contribute to improving the quality of life in cities, but it has to be operationalized before being implemented in spatial planning. The study aim is to present methodological solutions to assess and map urban ecosystem services on a nationwide scale, including methods for constructing and characterizing indicators. The selected examples cover all three sections from the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES): provisioning, regulating and cultural, as well as the three most frequently assessed aspects of services: potential, use and unmet demand. Sample indicators were calculated for all 20 functional urban areas (FUAs) with the metropolitan status in Poland, i.e. with population >250,000: as a whole and broken down into city core and commuting zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]