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Peanut stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is the most common disease of peanut worldwide and has become increasingly serious in recent years. This study is aimed at obtaining peanut endophytic bacteria with high antagonistic/protective effects against peanut stem rot. In total, 45 bacterial strains were isolated from healthy peanut plants from a severely impacted area. Of these, 6 exhibited antagonistic activity against S. rolfsii, including F-1 and R-11 with the most robust activity with an inhibition zone width of 20.25 and 15.49 mm, respectively. These two were identified as Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp., respectively, based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequencing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the Burkholderia sp. antagonistic effect on S. rolfsii as a biological control agent for peanut stem rot. Their culture filtrates potently inhibited the hyphal growth, sclerotial formation, and germination of S. rolfsii. Also, the strain-produced volatile compounds inhibited the fungal growth. Pot experiments showed that F-1 and R-11 significantly reduced the peanut stem rot disease with the efficacy of 77.13 and 64.78%, respectively, which was significantly higher compared with carbendazim medicament (35.22%; P Bacillus sp. F-1 and Burkholderia sp. R-11, with a strong antagonistic effect on S. rolfsii, can be potential biocontrol agents for peanut stem rot.

Due to the large area and small population of Canada, the efficiency of logistics enterprises is low, and each logistics enterprise needs to cooperate to save energy and reduce emissions. Considering that each logistics enterprise can realize the maximization of its own benefit by controlling the distribution volume and the input of facilities. In this article, the differential game model of individual distribution, coordinated distribution and paid introduction of customers for each logistics enterprise is constructed, the balanced distribution volume, capital input and social welfare functions of each logistics enterprise under the three modes are obtained, and the applicable conditions of various distribution cooperation channels are compared. The research results show that if the organizational cost between logistics enterprises is greater than the communication cost, the benefits of large-scale logistics enterprises under the introduction customer mode are greater than those under the collaborative distribution mode. However, only the communication cost and organizational cost are relatively small, and the profit of small-scale logistics enterprises under the introduction of the customer mode is smaller than that under the collaborative distribution mode.

Taking new energy vehicle (NEV) listed enterprises from 2010 to 2018 as a research sample, this paper empirically analyzes the innovative impact of VC on NEV enterprises by applying the difference-in-difference (DID) model. The results indicate that the intervention of VC has a positive and significant impact on the green technological innovation in NEV enterprises, an impact which is reflected in a significant increase in the number of green invention and green utility model patent applications. Compared with state-owned NEV enterprises, VC plays a more significant role in promoting the green technological innovation of private and foreign NEV enterprises. In the NEV industry chain, VC has significantly promoted green technological innovation of upstream and midstream NEV enterprises. From the perspective of VC, it also finds that, compared with independent and local VC, it is the syndicated and non-local VC that have a more positive and significant impact on green technological innovation in the NEV enterprises. Besides, the high-reputation of VC has not had an “incubating” effect on green technological innovation in NEV enterprises.

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are growth-promoting phytohormones that can efficiently function by exogenous application at micromolar concentrations or by endogenous fine-tuning of BR-related gene expression, thus, precisely controlling BR signal strength is a key factor in exploring the agricultural potential of BRs. BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), a BR receptor, is the rate-limiting enzyme in BR signal transduction, and the phosphorylation of each phosphorylation site of SlBRI1 has a distinct effect on BR signal strength and botanic characteristics. We recently demonstrated that modifying the phosphorylation sites of tomato SlBRI1 could improve the agronomic traits of tomato to different extents, however, the associated agronomic potential of SlBRI1 phosphorylation sites in tomato has not been fully exploited. In this research, the biological functions of the phosphorylation site threonine-825 (Thr-825) of SlBRI1 in tomato were investigated. Phenotypic analysis showed that, compared with a tomato line harboring SlBRI1, transgenic tomato lines expressing SlBRI1 with a nonphosphorylated Thr-825 (T825A) exhibited a larger plant size due to a larger cell size and higher yield, including a greater plant height, thicker stems, longer internodal lengths, greater plant expansion, a heavier fruit weight, and larger fruits. Molecular analyses further indicated that the autophosphorylation level of SlBRI1, BR signaling, and gibberellic acid (GA) signaling were elevated when SlBRI1 was dephosphorylated at Thr-825. Taken together, the results demonstrated that dephosphorylation of Thr-825 can enhance the functions of SlBRI1 in BR signaling, which subsequently activates and cooperates with GA signaling to stimulate cell elongation and then leads to larger plants and higher yields per plant. These results also highlight the agricultural potential of SlBRI1 phosphorylation sites for breeding high-yielding tomato varieties through precise control of BR signaling.

Government subsidies (GSs) have triggered a remarkable increase in the production capacity of photovoltaic (PV) electricity in China. However, the lack of core technologies has limited PV enterprises’ competitiveness in the global market. This research investigates the impacts of R&D subsidies and non-R&D subsidies on the innovation in PV enterprises. With samples of Chinese listed PV enterprises from 2010 to 2019, this study finds R&D subsidies exert a notable positive impact on the innovation in PV enterprises. In small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and enterprises without state-owned shares, both R&D subsidies and non-R&D subsidies have positive impacts on the innovation. Considering the policy orientation, R&D subsidies granted under demand-orientation policies promote the innovation in PV enterprises. The government should increase the amount of R&D subsidies, optimize the R&D subsidies’ evaluation mechanism, and reasonably grant R&D subsidies from the demand side.

The direct and rapid construction of carbazoles was achieved via the reaction of 2-methyl-indole-3-carbaldehydes with enals promoted by LiCl/DBU in a single operation. This mild and green reaction proceeds through a [4 + 2] cycloaddition/dehydration/oxidative aromatization cascade to generate carbazoles in good to excellent yields. The reaction features mild reaction conditions, a broad substrate scope, and excellent functional group tolerance, using O2 (1 atm) as the sole oxidant and affording H2O as the only by-product. More importantly, 4-fluoroquinocarbazole, a significant bioactive compound, was generated in 80% yield in only one step from the obtained carbazole.

Oxotryptamines were firstly used as flexible four-atom synthons in an NHC-catalyzed formal [4+3] annulation, providing a novel enantioselective method to access structurally diverse spiro-ϵ-lactam oxindoles with excellent enantioselectivities. This metal-free reaction features a broad substrate scope, excellent functional-group tolerance and proceeds under mild reaction conditions. Importantly, enantiopure privileged hexahydropyrroloindoles could be easily constructed by a one-pot process from the resulting spiro-ϵ-lactam oxindoles.

Complex disasters have the evolutionary features developed from natural disasters to social crises. Moreover, complex disaster management involves serious social conflicts among multiple stakeholders including the polluting enterprise, nearby residents and local government. In this paper, we follow the holism paradigms to analyze complex environmental catastrophes from the viewpoint of disaster cycle, which is described as the three-phase dynamic game model. The paper reveals some important insights on complex disaster management. Whether the problematic enterprise takes the informational disclosure strategy or not depends on the nearby residents’ actual protest behavior. For risk-averse residents, the local government has to provide larger environmental compensations as risk premium. The increasing residents’ protest input should help to improve the compensation and to increase the cleaner production investment. The problematic enterprise’s global optimal production investment shall decrease considering the environmental tax. Thus, the global optimal solution in complex environmental catastrophes is completely different from the local optimal solution in the perspective of reductionism.

Direct and rapid construction of carbazoles has been successfully developed via carbene-catalyzed oxidative formal [4 + 2] annulation of enals with 2-methyl-3-oxoacetate indoles. This metal-free reaction features a broad substrate scope, features good functional-group tolerance, proceeds under mild conditions, and can be easily scaled up.

Chinese rural labor transfer is characterized by acquaintance introduction and is mainly composed of young people, consistent with the bounded rationality hypothesis in evolutionary games. The paper first applies evolutionary game theory combined with scenario analysis for the quantitative prediction of long term trends in rural labor transfer in China. First, it discusses the evolutionary mechanism of the general replicator dynamic model in rural labor transfer. In particular, we use evolutionary games to build a causality prediction model forecasting the long term trends in rural labor transfer, where the residuals of the forecasting model, after removing the economic payoff differences, are considered as the social factors, i.e., the employment barriers in the urban sectors, affecting the transfer decision-making. Based on the historical time series data of income and population distribution of rural employment in various sectors, the paper builds a time series forecasting model of employment barriers of different urban sectors. Given the future uncertainties in economic factors, i.e., the urban–rural income gaps which affect the rural labor transfer, we introduce scenario analysis into the evolutionary game forecasting model. We consider three scenarios of the urban–rural income differences: (1) the average situation – no change in the current urban–rural income differences, (2) the pessimistic situation – the income differences fall into the middle-income trap, and (3) the optimistic situation – the income gap approaches the level in developed countries, to forecast the long term trends in the rural labor transfer in China.

While earlier studies have extensively evidenced the path-dependent character of technological evolution - whereby the rise of new technologies is heavily constrained by the portfolio of preexisting technologies in a certain city, surprisingly little is known about the local variations in the degree of path-dependency and the factors underlying this spatial heterogeneity. Based on a case study of transmission and digital information technology (H04L patents) in China, we perform a geographically and temporally weighted regression to unveil the local variations in regional technological path-dependency. To explain these variations, we further dissect the extent to which local actors may dislodge regional economy from path-dependent technological regimes, and the extent to which their path-breaking capabilities may diverge geographically. The model reveals that while all cities in China are subject to path-dependency in the development of H04L technology, the effect of technological relatedness is especially pronounced in the southern coastline, where industrial innovation enables a much larger impact of technological relatedness on H04L technological progress. By contrast, the technological path-dependency withers in the vicinity of eastern coastline, particularly in the Jing-Jin-Ji area, Yangtze River Delta and their western hinterlands, where university innovation exerts a relatively higher degree of path-breaking effect on H04L technology. Additionally, local governmental support is also conducive to inducing H04L technological discontinuities for latecomers by dislodging them from path-dependent technological regimes.

The concept of zero emission contributes significantly to sustainable development. China is planning to build a circular economy pilot area with zero emissions in the Western Qaidam Basin. The paper discusses some theoretical and practical issues in the regional planning. In particular, the paper proposes a constructivism scenario evolutionary analysis based on the bargaining games among the involved stakeholders, which embodies the harmonic society criteria in regional plannings. Then, the paper applies the scenario evolutionary analysis method to the multi-objective programming model of the Qaidam Circular Economy Pilot Area, where the objective of environmental pollution minimization can be converted into constraint conditions. Therefore, the problem is converted into the a single objective mixed-integral programming model of the maximal profit under various constraint conditions including natural resources, environment capacity, and social and economic factors, etc. Furthermore, the model provides solutions to the optimal expected output levels of main chemical products and minimal quantity of pollution treatment facilities according to the optimal scenario evolutionary path which embodies the self-purification emission with moderate resource exploitation. The results of the paper will have important policy implications to the regional development planning in China.

Two evolutionary mechanisms of mass contingency events are discussed, which are the cognition structure and the social network structure of the vulnerable groups and also the important problem in public security engineering of developing country. The paper analyzes the developing process of social network driven by conflict. Because the abundant participants share the expensive protest cost, the opinion leaders or sponsors organize the social network in the vulnerable group to maintain their legitimate rights and interests. The theoretical research shows that the protest strategy is feasible as soon as the social network reaches the minimal numbers. The CHAM strike event in 2010 provides an excellent case to explain the three-phase developing process of mass contingency events and the hiberarchy social network driven by the conflict. Lastly, it makes the simulation analysis about the social network of the CHAM strike under the Netlogo platform, where the simulating result is in accordance with the theoretical analysis.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand the root cause of a large number of quality problems in the current Chinese construction market.Design/methodology/approachInformation economics theory is used to analyze the cause of construction quality problems related to the specific case of the Wenchuan earthquake of China.FindingsThe single low price competition in the construction tender market leads to the serious adverse selection and moral hazard behavior of bidding firms. The main solution to this problem is the introduction and improvement of an independent inspection/supervision mechanism.Originality/valueThe paper systematically analyzes the evaluation method of the lowest price winning bidding policy, which is the fundamental cause of adverse selection and moral hazard problems in the Chinese construction market.

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. enzyme, respiration intensity, cultivation, Pleurotus ostreatus SUMMARY. We investigated a practical method for immobilizing liquid spawn of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) to prolong the storage time and provide convenient transportation of liquid spawn of edible mushrooms. The method was based on the mycelial pellets of liquid spawn adsorbed in carriers. Selected carriers were similar to cultivation substrates, and the best carrier was a mixture of cottonseed hull, corn core, and wheat bran with a ratio of 4.5:4.5:1 by weight. Immobilized spawn were prepared by mixing the pellets from liquid spawn with carriers using a ratio of 1:8 by weight. Within the first 15 days of storage at 20‐25 � C, the immobilized spawn grew strongly, respiration intensity and cellulase activitiesroserapidly,andthecountandbrightnessoftheisozymebandsofesterase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase increased remarkably as well. From days 30 to 60, the cellulase activities fell and the brightness of the peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase bands gradually decreased, whereas the respiration intensity and the band count of esterase and peroxidase remained constant. After 60 days, the cultivated characteristics of the immobilized spawn were same as the fresh conventional solid cottonseed hull spawn. The results showed that immobilized spawn on the basis of the mycelial pellets of liquid spawn adsorbed in carrier can be used to extend the storage time and simplify transportation of liquid spawn of edible mushroom.

Along with information revolution and economy globalization, innovation assets becomes the core ability for shipping enterprises that could obtain the persistence competition dominance under the complex international shipping market. The paper puts forward the knowledge management performance evaluation index system for Chinese shipping enterprises based on the innovation assets, where includes technological innovation, organizational innovation and management innovation. The paper makes the questionnaire combining the open financial data choosing six typical shipping enterprises. At last, the paper uses DEA method to make the demonstration analysis. The result of principal component analysis and DEA analysis are beautifully validating the shipping enterprises competition evaluation index system based innovation assets.

We considered a type of game problem in which one player is full-rational individual, and the other is bounded rational population. Despite many social economy problems can be described by this game model between dissymmetrical players in the pyramidal social structure, the existing game theories have nothing to resolve this problems, because the existing game theory is divided into two branches, traditional game theory and evolutionary game theory, based on the playerpsilas characteristic and rational degree. In this paper we built a new game model that can connect traditional game with evolutionary game. In the game first phase, the bounded rationality population players takes the replicator dynamic behavior. In the second phase, the full-rational individual player decides himself response function by the strategies distribution of population players. At last, we discussed the modelpsilas application in some social economy problems.

This paper puts forward a quantitative analysis method measuring inter-individual knowledge transferring obstacle based on evolutionary game theory. According to economic exchange theory, the key influencing factors on the inter-individual knowledge transfer includes the expected incomes and transfer obstacles of different knowledge. This paper brings forward the knowledge transfer model among the different social departments and a quantitative method to indirectly measure the corresponding knowledge transfer obstacles among various departments. Then it gives a case that shows how the knowledge transferring obstacles among Chinese various ruralurban departments are measureed. At last, the paper points out some shortcomings of this analytical method.

The evolutionary mechanism and emergency management of some important public health events are one of the great challenges of human society. The paper analyses the evolutionary mechanism of epidemic situation used evolutionary game theory, where government departments take the different degrees of prevention and control measures aimed to the behaviours of social public. According to the evolutionary function, the diffusion speed of epidemic situation depends on the initial state and strategies profile's payoffs. As an exogenous parameter, the initial state can be assumed as multiple scenarios. In the case of Chinese influenza A (H1N1) in 2009, the paper makes multi-agent simulation analysis of evolutionary mechanism of epidemic situation under the NetLogo simulation platform. The simulation results show that epidemic situation maybe have four evolutionary scenarios. The actual case from influenza A (H1N1) accords with the first scenarios, i.e., active prevention and control.