230 results on '"Dehnen-Schmutz K"'
Search Results
2. Integrating drivers influencing the detection of plant pests carried in the international cut flower trade
- Author
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Areal, F.J., Touza, J., MacLeod, A., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Perrings, C., Palmieri, M.G., and Spence, N.J.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Scientific Opinion on the commodity risk assessment of Malus domestica plants from Serbia
- Author
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Bragard, C, Dehnen-Schmutz, K, Di Serio, F, Gonthier, P, Jacques, M-A, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen, Af, Macleod, A, Magnusson, Cs, Milonas, P, Navas-Cortes, Ja, Parnell, S, Potting, R, Reignault, Pl, Thulke, H-H, Van der Werf, W, Civera, Av, Zappalà, L, Urek, G, Gómez, P, Lucchi, A, Gardi, C, and E and Yuen J, de la Pena
- Subjects
phytosanitary import requirements ,apple trees ,Malus domestica ,Erwinia amylovora ,fireblight ,European Union ,Malus domestica, apple trees, Serbia, European Union, commodity risk assessment, plant health, phytosanitary import requirements, bacteria, Erwinia amylovora, fireblight ,bacteria ,plant health ,commodity risk assessment ,Serbia - Published
- 2020
4. Pest categorisation of non-EU viruses of Rubus L
- Author
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EFSA Panel on Plant Health, Bragard C., Dehnen-Schmutz K., Gonthier P., Jaques M.A., Jaques Miret J.A., Fejer Justesen A., MacLeod A., Magnusson C.S., Milonas P., Navas-Cortes J.A., Parnell S., Potting R., Reignault P.L., Thulke H.-H., Van der Werf W., Civera A.V., Yuen J., Zappalà L., Candresse T., Chatzivassiliou E., Finelli F., Winter S., Bosco D., Chiumenti M., Di Serio F., Ferilli F., Kaluski T., Minafra A., and Rubino L.
- Subjects
plant pest ,pest risk ,viruses ,fungi ,quarantine ,food and beverages ,blackberry virus ,raspberry virus ,European Union ,plant health - Abstract
The Panel on Plant Health of EFSA conducted a pest categorisation of 17 viruses of Rubus L. that were previously classified as either non-EU or of undetermined standing in a previous opinion. These infectious agents belong to different genera and are heterogeneous in their biology. Blackberry virus X, blackberry virus Z and wineberry latent virus were not categorised because of lack of information while grapevine red blotch virus was excluded because it does not infect Rubus. All 17 viruses are efficiently transmitted by vegetative propagation, with plants for planting representing the major pathway for entry and spread. For some viruses, additional pathway(s) are Rubus seeds, pollen and/or vector(s). Most of the viruses categorised here infect only one or few plant genera, but some of them have a wide host range, thus extending the possible entry pathways. Cherry rasp leaf virus, raspberry latent virus, raspberry leaf curl virus, strawberry necrotic shock virus, tobacco ringspot virus and tomato ringspot virus meet all the criteria to qualify as potential Union quarantine pests (QPs). With the exception of impact in the EU territory, on which the Panel was unable to conclude, blackberry chlorotic ringspot virus, blackberry leaf mottle-associated virus, blackberry vein banding-associated virus, blackberry virus E, blackberry virus F, blackberry virus S, blackberry virus Y and blackberry yellow vein-associated virus satisfy all the other criteria to be considered as potential QPs. Black raspberry cryptic virus, blackberry calico virus and Rubus canadensis virus 1 do not meet the criterion of having a potential negative impact in the EU. For several viruses, the categorisation is associated with high uncertainties, mainly because of the absence of data on biology, distribution and impact. Since the opinion addresses non-EU viruses, they do not meet the criteria to qualify as potential Union regulated non-quarantine pests.
- Published
- 2020
5. Management practices influence the competitive potential of weed communities and their value to biodiversity in South African vineyards
- Author
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MacLaren, C, primary, Bennett, J, additional, and Dehnen-Schmutz, K, additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Pest categorisation of Ips sexdentatus
- Author
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EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Jeger, M., Bragard, C., Caffier, D., Candresse, T., Chatzivassiliou, E., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Gilioli, G., Jaques Miret, J. A., MacLeod, A., Navajas Navarro, M., Niere, B., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Rafoss, T., Rossi, V., Urek, G., Van Bruggen, A., Van Der Werf, W., West, J. S., Winter, S., Kertesz, V., Aukhojee, M., and Grégoire, J-C.
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Bark beetle ,Range (biology) ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Six-toothed bark beetle ,Plant Science ,Plant health ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,law.invention ,plant pest ,Curculionidae ,Pest risk ,law ,Bark (sound) ,Quarantine ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,European Union ,European union ,media_common ,pest risk ,Plant pest ,biology ,Ecology ,fungi ,quarantine ,six-toothed bark beetle ,food and beverages ,biology.organism_classification ,010602 entomology ,plant health ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Picea orientalis ,PEST analysis ,Settore AGR/12 - PATOLOGIA VEGETALE ,Sciences exactes et naturelles ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Food Science - Abstract
The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the six-toothed bark beetle, Ips sexdentatus (B€orner) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), for the EU. I. sexdentatus is a well-defined and distinguishable species, native to Eurasia and recognised mainly as a pest of pine (Pinus spp., in the pest’s whole range) and spruce (mainly Picea orientalis in Turkey and Georgia). It also might occasionally attack Larix spp. and Abies spp. It is distributed throughout the EU (24 Member States). It is a protected zone quarantine pest in Ireland, Cyprus and the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland, Isle of Man), listed in Annex IIB of Council Directive 2000/29/EC. Wood, wood products, bark and wood packaging material are considered as pathways for this pest, which is also able to disperse by flight over tens of kilometres. The adults normally establish on fallen or weakened trees (e.g. after a fire or a drought) and can also massattack healthy trees. The males produce aggregation pheromones that attract conspecifics of both sexes. The insects also inoculate pathogenic fungi to their hosts. There are one to five generations per year. The wide current geographical range of I. sexdentatus suggests that it is able to establish anywhere in the EU where its hosts are present. Sanitary thinning or clear-felling are the major control methods. Pheromone mass-trapping is also locally implemented. Quarantine measures are implemented to prevent entry into the protected zones. All criteria for consideration as potential protected zone quarantine pest are met. The criteria for considering I. sexdentatus as a potential regulated non-quarantine pest are not met since plants for planting are not viewed as a pathway.
- Published
- 2017
7. Pest categorisation of Palm lethal yellowing phytoplasmas
- Author
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Jeger, M., Bragard, C., Candresse, T., Chatzivassiliou, E., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Gilioli, G., Gregoire, J. C., Jaques Miret, J. A., MacLeod, A., Navajas Navarro, M., Niere, B., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Rafoss, T., Rossi, V., Urek, G., Van Bruggen, A., Van Der Werf, W., West, J. S., Winter, S., Dickinson, M., Marzachi, C., Hollo, G., Caffier, D., and EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,Arecaceae ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,Planthopper ,law ,Quarantine ,Botany ,TX341-641 ,pest categorisation ,Lethal yellowing ,coconut ,Palm lethal yellowing phytoplasmas ,Haplaxius crudus ,quarantine pest ,biology ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,business.industry ,Host (biology) ,Chemical technology ,fungi ,food and beverages ,biology.organism_classification ,Biotechnology ,030104 developmental biology ,Scientific Opinion ,Phytoplasma ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,PEST analysis ,Settore AGR/12 - PATOLOGIA VEGETALE ,business ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Food Science - Abstract
The EFSA Panelon Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Palm lethal yellowing phytoplasmas for the EU territory. This name is used to describe diseases that share the same succession of symptoms in palms that are caused by a number of strains of phytoplasma, for which efficient molecular detection assays are available. The pest is not known to occur in the EU and therefore does not meet one of the criteria for being a Union regulated non-quarantine pest. For Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae', the planthopper Haplaxius crudus, which is not known to be present in the EU, is the confirmed vector, but for the other strains, the vectors are unknown. The host range of the pest is restricted to Arecaceae species, in particular coconut. The pest is regulated on all known hosts in Annex IIAI of Directive 2000/29/EC. It could potentially enter the EU via plants for planting or through infected vectors. The phytoplasmas could become established in the EU as host plants are present. It is unknown whether arthropods present in the EU could be vectors. The potential impact of the pest if introduced into the EU is difficult to assess given this uncertainty but is estimated to be limited. The main knowledge gaps concern the status of potential vector insects in the EU; the possibility for seed transmission of the phytoplasmas; the origin and volume of the trade in palm seeds and plants for planting; the host status and susceptibility of many palm species grown in the EU and the potential new assignments of phytoplasmas to this categorisation that might have associated alternate hosts. Palm lethal yellowing phytoplasmas meet the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as Union quarantine pest. (C) 2017 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.
- Published
- 2017
8. Pest categorisation of Beet curly top virus (non‐EU isolates)
- Author
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Jeger, M., Bragard, C., Caffier, D., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Gilioli, G., Gregoire, J. C., Jaques Miret, J. A., MacLeod, A., Navajas Navarro, M., Niere, B., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Rafoss, T., Rossi, V., Urek, G., Van Bruggen, A., Van Der Werf, W., West, J. S., Chatzivassiliou, E., Winter, S., Hollo, G., Candresse, T., and EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,Biology ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,law ,Botany ,Quarantine ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,TX341-641 ,Beet curly top virus ,pest categorisation ,European union ,Virus classification ,media_common ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemical technology ,fungi ,Circulifer tenellus ,food and beverages ,BCTV ,sugar beet ,Circulifertenellus ,biology.organism_classification ,Leafhopper ,030104 developmental biology ,Scientific Opinion ,Agronomy ,Vector (epidemiology) ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Sugar beet ,PEST analysis ,Settore AGR/12 - PATOLOGIA VEGETALE ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Food Science - Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of non‐EU isolates of Beet curly top virus (BCTV) for the European Union territory. The virus causes severe diseases in beet, tomatoes and pepper crops, occurs predominantly in warm and dry zones and is reported from many countries outside the EU in particular from western USA and Mexico. New data from complete virus genomes make BCTV a well characterised virus species of which currently 11 strains are known and for which diagnostic methods are available. BCTV has a very broad host range of more than 300 species some of which may remain symptomless. Aside from vegetative propagation of infected plants, the only mode of BCTV transmission and spread is by the leafhopper Circulifer tenellus which efficiently transmits the virus in a persistent mode and which is present in several southern EU Member States. No current reports of BCTV presence in the EU exist and because of doubts about the accuracy of older reports, BCTV likely is absent from the EU territory. BCTV can enter into the EU with viruliferous insects and with imports of plants not subject to specific EU regulation. Because both the virus and its vector have a wide host range, BCTV is expected to establish and spread in the Member States where its vector is present and to cause severe diseases in sugar beet and tomato as well as in other crops. Overall, BCTV non‐EU isolates meet all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as a Union quarantine pest and do not meet the criterion of presence in the EU to qualify as a Union regulated non‐quarantine pest (RNQP). The main uncertainties concern (1) the presence of BCTV in the EU, (2) the distribution of C. tenellus and (3) the main commodities for virus entry.
- Published
- 2017
9. Pest risk assessment of Eotetranychus lewisi for the EU territory
- Author
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Jeger, M., Bragard, C., Caffier, D., Candresse, T., Chatzivassiliou, E., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Gilioli, G., Gregoire, J. C., Jaques Miret, J. A., MacLeod, A., Niere, B., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Rafoss, T., Rossi, V., Urek, G., Van Bruggen, A., Van Der Werf, W., West, J. S., Winter, S., Bergeretti, F., Bjorklund, N., Mosbach-Schulz, O., Vos, S., Navajas Navarro, M., and EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Pathway analysis ,risk reduction options ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Plant Science ,TP1-1185 ,Plant health ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,Eotetranychus lewisi ,Spider mite ,Lewis mite ,TX341-641 ,Phytosanitary certification ,biology ,Ecology ,Agroforestry ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Member states ,quarantine pest ,Chemical technology ,quantitative risk assessment ,Quantitative risk assessment ,biology.organism_classification ,pathway analysis ,010602 entomology ,Quarantine pest ,Agronomy ,plant health ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,PEST analysis ,Pest risk assessment ,Risk assessment ,Settore AGR/12 - PATOLOGIA VEGETALE ,Poinsettia ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Food Science ,Risk reduction options - Abstract
Following the 2014 EFSA’s Panel on Plant Health scientific opinion on the pest categorisation of the spider mite Eotetranychus lewisi, the European Commission requested the Panel to perform a pest risk assessment and evaluate the risk reduction options. A stochastic model was used to assess entry, establishment and spread and related uncertainties. In the EU, E. lewisi has only been reported to occur in Portugal (Madeira). Entry pathways assessed were strawberry plants for planting from the USA, poinsettia and raspberry plants for planting, and orange and lemon fruits from third countries. Entry is most likely via poinsettia. Under current EU phytosanitary requirements, there is around a one in ten chance that E. lewisi will establish outdoors over the next 10 years. Although unlikely, establishment would most likely occur in southern Europe where environmental conditions, temperature and host density, are most suitable. If E. lewisi did establish, pest spread is expected to be mainly human assisted, most likely the mite being transported long distances on plants for planting. Nevertheless, while remaining a regulated pest, spread would be slow and most likely confined to one NUTS 2 area after 10 years. Under a scenario with enhanced measures (pest free place of production) at origin, the Panel’s assessment indicate that it is extremely unlikely that E. lewisi would establish within 10 years hence spread is also extremely unlikely. The absence of trade of host plants from Madeira to other parts of the EU could explain why E. lewisi has not spread to other EU Member States. E. lewisi is reported as reducing yield and quality of peaches and poinsettia and is regarded as a growing concern for strawberry and raspberry growers in the Americas. The Panel concludes that should E. lewisi be introduced in the EU similar impacts could be expected.
- Published
- 2017
10. Pest risk assessment of Diaporthe vaccinii for the EU territory
- Author
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Jeger, M., Bragard, C., Caffier, D., Candresse, T., Chatzivassiliou, E., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Gilioli, G., Gregoire, J. C., Miret, J. A. J., MacLeod, A., Navarro, M. N., Niere, B., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Rafoss, T., Rossi, V., Urek, G., Van Der Werf, W., West, J. S., Winter, S., Gardi, C., Mosbach-Schulz, O., Koufakis, I., Van Bruggen, A., and EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,risk reduction options ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Population ,Plant Science ,Plant health ,Blueberry ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,Toxicology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cutting ,Cranberry ,education ,blueberry ,quantitative riskassessment ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,Ecology ,fungi ,Diaporthe vaccinii ,cranberry ,Sowing ,Outbreak ,food and beverages ,quantitative risk assessment ,Quantitative risk assessment ,Vegetation ,biology.organism_classification ,Phomopsis vaccinii ,Diaporthe vaccinii,Phomopsis vaccinii, blueberry, cranberry, plant health, quantitative riskassessment, risk reduction options ,030104 developmental biology ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,PEST analysis ,Risk assessment ,plant health ,Settore AGR/12 - PATOLOGIA VEGETALE ,Risk reduction options ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Food Science ,Vaccinium - Abstract
As requested by the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH) Panel assessed the risk of Diaporthe vaccinii in the EU, focusing on entry, establishment, spread and impacts on cultivated and wild Vaccinium species, the principal hosts being American and European cranberry and blueberry. Several outbreaks occurred in the EU since 1956, but most were eradicated except in Latvia. The Panel considered entry via fruits and plants for planting. The risk of establishment from discarded infected berries is much lower than from infected plants for planting, of which, potted plants and cuttings pose the greatest risk, while plug plants, derived from tissue culture and grown in pest free structures, pose a low risk. Nine per cent of the EU is highly suitable for establishment of the pathogen, mostly in the SE and NE. Following establishment, the pathogen could spread naturally over short range, and by human assistance over long range. Calculations with an integrated model for entry, establishment and spread, indicate that with current regulations, over a period of 5 years, a few hundred cultivated Vaccinium plants and several thousand Vaccinium plants in natural ecosystems would contract the disease. The associated loss of commercial production is small, less than one tonne of berries per year. On natural vegetation, the median impact after 5 years was estimated to be negligible affecting a negligible proportion of the natural Vaccinium population (2 x 10 8). However, the uncertainty of this estimate was high, due to uncertainty about the rate of spread; in a worst-case scenario (99th percentile), almost 1% of plants in natural areas would become infected. Complete deregulation (scenario A1) was predicted to increase the impact substantially, especially in natural areas, while additional measures (scenario A2) would effectively eliminate the entry of infected plants for planting, further reducing the impacts below the current situation.
- Published
- 2017
11. Pest categorisation of Gremmeniella abietina
- Author
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EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Jeger, M., Bragard, C., Caffier, D., Candresse, T., Chatzivassiliou, E., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Gilioli, G., Gregoire, J-C., Jaques Miret, J. A., MacLeod, A., Navajas Navarro, M., Niere, B., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Rafoss, T., Rossi, V., Urek, G., Van Bruggen, A., Van Der Werf, W., West, J. S., Winter, S., Boberg, J., Gonthier, P., and Pautasso, M.
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Range (biology) ,European Union ,forest pathology ,pest risk ,plant health ,plant pest ,quarantine ,tree diseases ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Tree diseases ,Plant Science ,Plant health ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,Intraspecific competition ,law.invention ,Forest pathology ,Pest risk ,law ,Quarantine ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,European union ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,media_common ,Scleroderris canker ,Plant pest ,biology ,fungi ,food and beverages ,biology.organism_classification ,Agronomy ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,PEST analysis ,Larch ,Settore AGR/12 - PATOLOGIA VEGETALE ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Food Science ,Woody plant - Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Plant Health (PLH) Panel performed a pest categorisation of Gremmeniella abietina, a well-defined species and distinguishable fungus of the family Godroniaceae. The species G. abietina includes several varieties, races and biotypes that are found in different geographical locations, on different hosts and that vary in aggressiveness. The pathogen causes diseases on Pinus species and other conifers such as Abies spp., Picea spp., Larix spp. and Pseudotsuga spp. known as Scleroderris canker in North America and Brunchorstia dieback in Europe. G. abietina has been reported from 19 EU Member States, without apparent ecoclimatic factors limiting establishment. The pathogen is a protected zone (PZ) quarantine pest (Annex IIB) for Ireland and the UK (Northern Ireland). The main European hosts are widespread throughout most of the EU and have been frequently planted in the PZ. The main means of spread are wind-blown ascospores, rain-splashed conidia, plants for planting and traded Christmas trees. Given that G. abietina is most damaging to species that are grown towards the limit of their range, impacts can be expected in the PZ, should the pathogen be introduced there. Risk reduction options include selection of disease-free planting material, nursery inspections, selection of planting sites at some distance from infested plantations, appropriate spacing between plants and thinning. The main uncertainties concern the indeterminate endophytic stage of the fungus, the pathogen distribution and the future taxonomic status of G. abietina, given its intraspecific diversity. All the criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as potential PZ quarantine pest are met. The criterion of plants for planting being the main pathway for spread for regulated non-quarantine pests is not met: plants for planting are only one of the means of spread of the pathogen.
- Published
- 2017
12. Pest categorisation of Ips cembrae
- Author
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EFSA Panel on Plant Health, Jeger, M., Bragard, C., Caffier, D., Candresse, T., Chatzivassiliou, E., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Gilioli, G., Jaques Miret, J. A., MacLeod, A., Navajas Navarro, M., Niere, B., Parnell, S. R., Potting, R., Rafoss, T., Rossi, V., Urek, G., Van Bruggen, A., Van Der Werf, W., West, J., Winter, S., Kertesz, V., Aukhojee, M., and Grégoire, J-C.
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Range (biology) ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Plant Science ,Plant health ,Felling ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,Large larch bark beetle ,law.invention ,plant pest ,Curculionidae ,European Union ,large larch bark beetle ,pest risk ,plant health ,quarantine ,Pest risk ,law ,Bark (sound) ,Quarantine ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,European union ,media_common ,Plant pest ,biology ,Ecology ,fungi ,food and beverages ,biology.organism_classification ,010602 entomology ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,PEST analysis ,Larch ,Settore AGR/12 - PATOLOGIA VEGETALE ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Food Science ,Sciences exactes et naturelles - Abstract
The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the large larch bark beetle, Ips cembrae (Heer) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), for the EU. I. cembrae is a well-defined and distinguishable species, native to Europe and recognised mainly as a pest of larch (Larix spp.) and occasionally of pine (Pinus spp.) and spruce (Picea spp.). It is distributed in 16 Member States of the EU and listed in Annex IIB of Council Directive 2000/29/EC. Protected zones are in place in Greece, Ireland and the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland and Isle of Man). Wood, wood products, bark and wood packaging material are considered as pathways for this pest, which is also able to disperse by flight. The insects normally establish on fallen or weakened trees but, when their populations are high, can also mass-attack healthy trees. The males produce aggregation pheromones that attract conspecifics of both sexes. The insects also inoculate pathogenic fungi to their hosts. There are one to two generations per year. Before establishing their broods, the young adults need to proceed to maturation feeding either within the bark of the tree where they developed or in 2–18 years old twigs. I. cembrae has been expanding its geographical range in Europe during the second half of the 20th century. Sanitary thinning or clear felling is the major control methods. Quarantine measures are implemented to prevent entry in the protected zones. All criteria for consideration as potential protected zone quarantine pest are met. The criteria for considering I. cembrae as a potential regulated non-quarantine pest are not met since plants for planting are not viewed as a major pathway.
- Published
- 2017
13. Pest risk assessment of Radopholus similis for the EU territory
- Author
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Jeger, M., Bragard, C., Caffier, D., Candresse, T., Chatzivassiliou, E., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Gilioli, G., Gregoire, J. C., Miret, J. A. J., MacLeod, A., Navarro, M. N., Niere, B., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Rafoss, T., Rossi, V., Van Bruggen, A., Van Der Werf, W., West, J. S., Winter, S., Schans, J., Kozelska, S., Mosbach-Schulz, O., Urek, G., and EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,risk reduction options ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Population ,010607 zoology ,Greenhouse ,Plant Science ,Subtropics ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,Radopholus similis ,Ornamental plant ,Quantitative pest risk assessment ,Radopholussimilis ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,European Union ,European union ,burrowing nematode ,education ,Phytosanitary certification ,media_common ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,Ecology ,Agroforestry ,quantitative pest risk assessment ,food and beverages ,biology.organism_classification ,Scientific Opinion ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Risk assessment ,Settore AGR/12 - PATOLOGIA VEGETALE ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Food Science ,Burrowing nematode ,Risk reduction options - Abstract
The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest risk assessment on Radopholus similis, the burrowing nematode for the EU. The quantitative assessment focused on entry, establishment, spread and impact on tropical and subtropical ornamental host plants, the main pathways for entry of R. similis into the EU. Infested consignments are expected to enter the risk assessment area on ornamentals under all scenarios. For citrus, which is a closed pathway for entry, outdoor establishment was assessed. Establishment may only take place after successful transfer from ornamental plants to citrus production systems. This event is called ‘shift’ in this assessment, to indicate that this is an unusual transfer. It has been estimated that establishment of this nematode in the open field in the EU citrus production areas under current temperatures is possible in most parts of the citrus production area in the EU. Temperature conditions will prevent the nematode from establishing only in the northernmost citrus areas and at higher altitudes in the south. Host plants for planting originating from infested places of production (greenhouses) within the risk assessment area are considered the main pathway for spread within the risk assessment area. Under current climatic conditions, the population of R. similis is not expected to reach damaging population levels in the open field. In case of increased temperatures due to global warming, the nematode population may reach damaging levels in very few places outdoors. Currently, main impact is considered for ornamental greenhouse production in the risk assessment area. Impact will be either caused by direct plant growth reductions or loss due to phytosanitary measures applied on regulated plants. Despite the fact that R. similis is globally considered as one of the most destructive plant parasitic nematodes, the impact in the risk assessment area is considered low.
- Published
- 2017
14. Pest categorisation of Pseudocercospora pini-densiflorae
- Author
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EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Jeger, M., Bragard, C., Caffier, D., Candresse, T., Chatzivassiliou, E., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Gilioli, G., Gregoire, J-C., Jaques Miret, J. A., MacLeod, A., Navajas Navarro, M., Niere, B., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Rafoss, T., Rossi, V., Urek, G., Van Bruggen, A., Van Der Werf, W., West, J. S., Winter, S., Boberg, J., Gonthier, P., and Pautasso, M.
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Mycosphaerellaceae ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Plant Science ,European Union ,forest pathology ,pest risk ,plant health ,plant pest ,quarantine ,tree health ,010501 environmental sciences ,Plant health ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,law.invention ,Forest pathology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cercospora ,Pseudocercospora ,Pest risk ,law ,Quarantine ,Botany ,Blight ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,European union ,Tree health ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,media_common ,Plant pest ,biology ,030108 mycology & parasitology ,biology.organism_classification ,Scientific Opinion ,Agronomy ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,PEST analysis ,Settore AGR/12 - PATOLOGIA VEGETALE ,Food Science - Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Plant Health (PLH) Panel performed a pest categorisation of Pseudocercospora pini-densiflorae, a well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Mycosphaerellaceae. The regulated harmful organism is the anamorph Cercoseptoria pini-densiflorae (synonym Cercospora pini-densiflorae) with the corresponding teleomorph Mycosphaerella gibsonii. P. pini-densiflorae causes a needle blight of Pinus spp. also known as Cercospora blight of pines or Cercospora needle blight. P. pini-densiflorae is reported from sub-Saharan Africa, Central and South America, Asia and Oceania, but not from the EU. The pathogen is regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IIAI) as a quarantine organism whose introduction into the EU is banned on plants (other than fruit and seeds) and wood of Pinus. The pest could enter the EU via plants for planting and other means (uncleaned seed, cut branches of pine trees, isolated bark, growing media accompanying plants, and mycorrhizal soil inocula). Hosts are widespread in the EU and favourable climatic conditions are present in Mediterranean countries. Pinus halepensis, Pinus nigra, Pinus pinea, Pinus pinaster and Pinus sylvestris are reported to be highly susceptible to the pathogen. The pest would be able to spread following establishment after introduction in the EU mainly on infected plants for planting. The pest introduction could have impacts in nurseries and young plantations. Cleaning seeds from needles and removing infected seedlings and pine litter from affected nurseries can reduce the risk of establishment in nurseries and of spread from nurseries to forests, especially given the limited scale of splash dispersal. The main knowledge gaps concern (i) the role of means of entry/spread other than plants for planting and (ii) the potential consequences in mature tree plantations and forests. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as potential quarantine pest are met. For regulated nonquarantine pests, the criterion on the pest presence in the EU is not met.
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- 2017
15. Evaluation of new scientific information on Phyllosticta citricarpa in relation to the EFSA PLH Panel (2014) Scientific Opinion on the plant health risk to the EU
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Bragard, C., Caffier, D., Candresse, T., Chatzivassiliou, E., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Gilioli, G., Gregoire, J. C., Miret, J. A. J., Jeger, M., MacLeod, A., Navarro, M. N., Niere, B., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Rafoss, T., Rossi, V., Urek, G., Van Bruggen, A., Van Der Werf, W., West, J. S., Winter, S., and EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)
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0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Global climate ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,climate variability and modelling ,Guignardia citricarpa ,Phyllosticta citricarpa ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,Citrus black spot ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,risk of establishment ,Environmental health ,Political science ,medicine ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,TX341-641 ,European commission ,European Union ,European union ,Health risk ,uncertainty ,Council directive ,media_common ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemical technology ,medicine.disease ,030104 developmental biology ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Settore AGR/12 - PATOLOGIA VEGETALE ,Citrus black spot, risk of establishment, European Union,Phyllosticta citricarpa,Guignardia citricarpa, climate variability and modelling, uncertainty ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Food Science - Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH) was asked to assess two publications, authored by Magarey et al. and Martinez-Minaya et al. from 2015, with regard to a need to update the EFSA Scientific Opinion from 2014 on the risk of Phyllosticta citricarpa (Guignardia citricarpa) for the EU territory. The EFSA PLH Panel was also requested to assess any other relevant scientific information published after the finalisation of the EFSA Scientific Opinion. The fungus P. citricarpa (McAlpine) Van der Aa causes the citrus disease citrus black spot (CBS), and is regulated as quarantine organism in Council Directive 2000/29/EC. The Panel assessed the two publications in detail as well as all relevant publications published until 31 March 2016. A comparison with the EFSA PLH Panel (2014) was made, survey data on CBS from South Africa used in Magarey et al. (2015) were evaluated, and the citrus production areas in the EU were characterised and compared with results from Magarey et al. (2015). Uncertainty and model sensitivity were discussed. It was concluded that the evidence presented in Magarey et al. from 2015 does not require an updating of EFSA PLH Panel (2014). The conclusion in the Opinion that probability of CBS establishment in the EU is moderately likely is not affected by the paper by Magarey et al. (2015) predicting establishment in some of the EU locations they selected. The high level of uncertainty regarding the probability of establishment is also unchanged by Magarey et al. (2015). The Panel concluded that Martinez-Minaya et al. (2015) does not provide new evidence requiring an update to EFSA PLH Panel (2014), principally because it had already been concluded that global climate zones are based on factors and thresholds that are broad and not necessarily representative of those that are critical for the pathogen and its host.
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- 2016
16. Treatment solutions to cure Xylella fastidiosa diseased plants
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Bragard, C., Caffier, D., Candresse, T., Chatzivassiliou, E., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Gilioli, G., Gregoire, J. C., Miret, J. A. J., Jeger, M., MacLeod, A., Navarro, M. N., Niere, B., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Rafoss, T., Rossi, V., Urek, G., Van Bruggen, A., Van Der Werf, W., West, J. S., Winter, S., and EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)
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0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,030106 microbiology ,Preliminary status ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,CoDiRO strain ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,Toxicology ,Crop ,03 medical and health sciences ,symptom expression ,TX341-641 ,Crop management ,copper ,olive disease management ,zinc ,Bacterial disease ,biology ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemical technology ,biology.organism_classification ,Olive trees ,Positive response ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Xylella fastidiosa ,Settore AGR/12 - PATOLOGIA VEGETALE ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Food Science ,Field conditions - Abstract
This opinion addresses the question of the efficacy of current treatment solutions to cure Xylella fastidiosa diseased plants, and discusses the experimental treatments under evaluation by two research groups in Apulian olive orchards infected by strain CoDiRO (Complesso del Disseccamento Rapido dell’Olivo). The increasing problems from newly emerging vascular bacterial diseases and the limited success to cure plants from such infections have stimulated numerous studies on treatments with chemical and biological compounds. Under field conditions, various formulations of copper and zinc as spray or root drench are currently used while further options, for example the application of bioactive substances, are at an experimental stage. In Apulia, preliminary results from intensive treatments with such formulations, in combination with the use of good crop management practices, reported more vigorous new growth of diseased trees. However, results provided so far confirmed the continued presence of X. fastidiosa after the treatments under evaluation. This is in agreement with current knowledge that there are no means to cure plants from this bacterial disease, in the sense of eliminating the pathogen from plant tissues. The reported positive response of the treated olive trees is most probably due to the effect of micronutrients and other bioactive compounds that, together with soil cultivation and agronomical practices, improve the vigour of the plants and their resilience to stress caused by bacterial infections. Notwithstanding the preliminary status of these findings, the Panel acknowledged the potentially positive effects of such treatments in prolonging the productive phase of olive trees and their putative relevance for the management of olive orchards, particularly in the containment area where eradication of the pathogen is considered no longer possible. The Panel also concluded that long-term studies are needed to confirm that the reported positive effects on crop performance can be sustained over many years.
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- 2016
17. Statement on diversity of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca in Apulia EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)
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Bragard, C., Caffier, D., Candresse, T., Chatzivassiliou, E., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Gilioli, G., Gregoire, J. C., Miret, J. A. J., Jeger, M., MacLeod, A., Navarro, M. N., Niere, B., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Rafoss, T., Rossi, V., Urek, G., Van Bruggen, A., Van Der Werf, W., West, J. S., Winter, S., and EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)
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- 2016
18. Plant health challenges for a sustainable land use and rural economy.
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Pautasso, M., primary, Dehnen-Schmutz, K., additional, Ilbery, B., additional, Jeger, M. J., additional, Jones, G., additional, Little, R., additional, MacLeod, A., additional, Maye, D., additional, Parker, S., additional, Pietravalle, S., additional, and Mills, P., additional
- Published
- 2013
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19. Susceptibility of Phoenix roebelenii to Xylella fastidiosa
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Jeger, M., Bragard, C., Caffier, D., Chatzivassiliou, E., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Gilioli, G., Gregoire, J. C., Miret, J. A. J., MacLeod, A., Navarro, M. N., Niere, B., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Rafoss, T., Rossi, V., Urek, G., Van Bruggen, A., Van Der Werf, W., West, J. S., Winter, S., Tramontini, S., Andueza, M., Candresse, T., and EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)
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0106 biological sciences ,Costa Rica ,sampling ,biology ,Host (biology) ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Plant Science ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,host plant ,survey ,Phoenix roebelenii ,010602 entomology ,Plant species ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,European commission ,Xylella fastidiosa ,Settore AGR/12 - PATOLOGIA VEGETALE ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Food Science ,Demography - Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Plant Health Panel analysed a dossier submitted by Costa Rica Authorities to reach a conclusion on the host status of Phoenix roebelenii for Xylella fastidiosa. The Panel wishes first to stress the difficulties faced in providing compelling evidence for the non-susceptibility status of any particular plant species. The Panel acknowledges that the listing of P. roebelenii as a host of X. fastidiosa rests on a single report from California. Because isolation of X. fastidiosa from some hosts can be difficult, the Panel considers that the failure to isolate X. fastidiosa from P. roebelenii cannot be used to totally discard the detection of X. fastidiosa by ELISA and PCR. The Panel concludes that the detection of X. fastidiosa by two independent techniques provides sufficient evidence, although not totally conclusive, for the listing of P. roebelenii as a X. fastidiosa host plant. Concerning the survey data provided in the Costa Rican dossier, the Panel wishes to stress that such surveys cannot demonstrate the non-host status but can only provide a probability bound, upper estimate of the proportion of infected plants in the field. In the present case, and assuming all survey parameters to be optimal, the 95% confidence incidence threshold obtained is 0.2%, leaving the possibility that close to 25,000 P. roebelenii plants could be infected but undetected in the country. Accepting a scenario of local, non-systemic infection of P. roebelenii by X. fastidiosa would further increase uncertainties. In addition, the absence of data on the vector infection pressure further affects the ability to derive meaningful information on the P. roebelenii host status from the survey data. Appropriately conducted mechanical and/or vector-mediated inoculation experiments are critical to reach a more solid conclusion on the X. fastidiosa host status of P. roebelenii.
20. Pest categorisation of Dendroctonus micans
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Jeger, M., Bragard, C., Caffier, D., Candresse, T., Chatzivassiliou, E., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Gilioli, G., Miret, J. A. J., MacLeod, A., Navarro, M. N., Niere, B., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Rafoss, T., Rossi, V., Urek, G., Van Bruggen, A., Van Der Werf, W., West, J. S., Winter, S., Kertesz, V., Aukhojee, M., Gregoire, J. C., and EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)
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0106 biological sciences ,Bark beetle ,Range (biology) ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Biological pest control ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Plant health ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,law.invention ,plant pest ,Curculionidae ,Pest risk ,law ,Quarantine ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,TX341-641 ,European Union ,European union ,Rhizophagus grandis ,media_common ,pest risk ,Plant pest ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Ecology ,Chemical technology ,quarantine ,biology.organism_classification ,great Eurasian spruce bark beetle ,Scientific Opinion ,Great Eurasian spruce bark beetle ,plant health ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,PEST analysis ,Settore AGR/12 - PATOLOGIA VEGETALE ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Food Science ,Sciences exactes et naturelles - Abstract
The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the great spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann), (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), for the EU. D. micans is a well-defined and distinguishable species, recognised mainly as a pest of spruce (Picea spp.) and pine (Pinus spp.) in Eurasia. Attacks on other conifers (Abies spp., Larix decidua, Pseudotsuga menziesii) are also reported. Supposedly originating from north-eastern Eurasia, D. micans has spread westward and is now distributed throughout the EU (22 Member States). It is a quarantine pest listed in Annex IIB of Council Directive 2000/29/EC for Greece, Ireland and the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland, Isle of Man and Jersey) as protected zones. Wood, wood products, bark and wood packaging material of the conifers genera listed as hosts are considered as the main pathways for the pest, which is also able to disperse several kilometres by flight. The sib-mating habits of the species allow each single female to start a new colony on her own. The pest’s wide current geographic range suggests that it is able to establish anywhere in the EU where its hosts are present. The beetles attack living trees and usually complete their life cycle without killing their host, except under epidemic conditions at the limits of their distribution range, where hundreds of thousands of trees can be killed. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) is particularly susceptible. Biological control using the very specific predatory beetle, Rhizophagus grandis, is a widespread and efficient option that has been implemented in all areas suffering from outbreaks. It is complemented by sanitary thinning or clear-felling. All criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as potential protected zone quarantine pest were met. The criteria for considering D. micans as a potential regulated non-quarantine pest are not met since plants for planting are not the main pathway.
21. Risk to plant health of Flavescence doree for the EU territory
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Jeger, M., Bragard, C., Caffier, D., Candresse, T., Chatzivassiliou, E., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Gilioli, G., Miret, J. A. J., MacLeod, A., Navarro, M. N., Niere, B., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Rafoss, T., Rossi, V., Urek, G., Van Bruggen, A., Van Der Werf, W., West, J. S., Winter, S., Bosco, D., Foissac, X., Strauss, G., Hollo, G., Mosbach-Schulz, O., Gregoire, J. C., and EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)
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0106 biological sciences ,risk reduction options ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Plant Science ,TP1-1185 ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,Agricultural science ,Flavescence dorée phytoplasma ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,risk reduction scenarios ,European commission ,TX341-641 ,Vitis ,European Union ,European union ,media_common ,biology ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemical technology ,Flavescence doree phytoplasma ,Scaphoideus titanus ,biology.organism_classification ,FDp ,grapevine ,010602 entomology ,Geography ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Flavescence dorée ,Flavescence dorée phytoplasma, FDp, European Union, quantitative pest risk assessment,risk reduction scenarios, risk reduction options, grapevine, Scaphoideus titanus, Vitis ,Settore AGR/12 - PATOLOGIA VEGETALE ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Food Science ,quantitative pest risk assessment - Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH) performed a quantitative analysis of the risk posed by the Flavescence doree phytoplasma (FDp) in the EU territory. Three scenarios were analysed, one with current measures in place (scenario A0), one designed to improve grapevine propagation material phytosanitary status (scenario A1) and one with reinforced eradication and containment (scenario A2). The potential for entry is limited, FDp being almost non-existent outside the EU. FDp and its major vector, Scaphoideus titanus, have already established over large parts of the EU and have the potential to establish in a large fraction of the currently unaffected EU territory. With the current measures in place (A0), spread of FDp is predicted to continue with a progression of between a few and ca 20 newly infested NUTS 2 regions during the next 10 years, illustrating the limitations of the current control measures against spread. FDp spread is predicted to be roughly similar between scenarios A1 and A2, but more restricted than under scenario A0. However, even with reinforced control scenarios, stabilisation or reduction in the number of infested NUTS 2 regions has only relatively low probability. Under scenario A0, FDp has a 0.5–1% impact on the overall EU grapes and wine production, reflecting the effectiveness of the current control measures against impact. Under both scenarios A1 and A2, FDp impact is predicted to be reduced, by approximately one-third (A1) to two-thirds (A2) as compared to A0, but the associated uncertainties are large. The generalised use of hot water treatment for planting material produced in infected zones has the most important contribution to FDp impact reduction in scenario A1 and has high feasibility. Both increased eradication and containment measures contribute to impact reduction under scenario A2 but the overall feasibility is lower.
22. Susceptibility of Citrus spp., Quercus ilex and Vitis spp. to Xylella fastidiosa strain CoDiRO
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Jeger, M., Bragard, C., Caffier, D., Chatzivassiliou, E., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Gilioli, G., Gregoire, J. C., Miret, J. A. J., MacLeod, A., Navarro, M. N., Niere, B., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Rafoss, T., Rossi, V., Urek, G., Van Bruggen, A., Van Der Werf, W., West, J. S., Winter, S., De La Fuente, L., Lopes, J. R. S., Tramontini, S., Andueza, M., Candresse, T., EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), and UCL - SST/ELI/ELIM - Applied Microbiology
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Plant Science ,Biology ,citrus ,grapevine ,holly oak ,host plant ,inoculation ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,Vitis species ,Botany ,European commission ,Host (biology) ,Inoculation ,biology.organism_classification ,QR ,host pla nt ,010602 entomology ,VARIEDADES VEGETAIS ,Plant species ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Xylella fastidiosa ,Settore AGR/12 - PATOLOGIA VEGETALE ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Food Science - Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Plant Health Panel analysed a dossier submitted by the Italian Authorities to reach a conclusion on the status of Vitis spp., Citrus spp. and Quercus ilex as hosts for Xylella fastidiosa strain CoDiRO. The Panel acknowledges the difficulty to provide compelling evidence for non-susceptibility of a particular plant species. In the case of Vitis spp., the Panel considers that convergent lines of evidence provide sufficient demonstration that at least the tested varieties (Cabernet Sauvignon, Negroamaro and Primitivo) do not support a systemic infection by the CoDiRO strain. The extension of this conclusion to other grapevine varieties and to Vitis species other than Vitis vinifera is associated with significant uncertainties. The Panel therefore considers it premature to conclude that all Vitis species are unable to support a CoDiRO systemic infection. In addition, although the local accumulation detected in the mechanical inoculation experiments may represent an artefact, the Panel considers it premature to conclude that the tested grapevine varieties are not able to support local multiplication of the CoDiRO strain. Further extension of this conclusion to other grapevine varieties and to non-vinifera species is also premature. For Citrus spp., the data available provide coherent and converging lines of evidence suggesting that sweet orange may be a non-systemic host of strain CoDiRO. However, given the limited scope of the data available on other species, the Panel considers it premature to reach a general conclusion for all Citrus species. The potential epidemiological consequences of non-systemic infections remain to be fully evaluated. In the case of Quercus ilex, the Panel concludes that the limited data available provides some evidence suggesting that it may not be a systemic host of the CoDiRO strain, but that it would be premature to consider this tentative conclusion as firmly established.
23. Scientific opinion on four statements questioning the EU control strategy against Xylella fastidiosa
- Author
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Bragard, C., Caffier, D., Candresse, T., Chatzivassiliou, E., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Gilioli, G., Gregoire, J. C., Miret, J. A. J., Jeger, M., MacLeod, A., Navarro, M. N., Niere, B., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Rafoss, T., Rossi, V., Urek, G., Van Bruggen, A., Van Der Werf, W., West, J. S., Winter, S., and EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)
24. Cannabis de-domestication and invasion risk.
- Author
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Canavan, S., Brym, Z.T., Brundu, G., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Lieurance, D., Petri, T., Wadlington, W.H., Wilson, J.R.U., and Flory, S.L.
- Subjects
- *
CANNABIS (Genus) , *INTRODUCED plants , *CULTIVATED plants , *INTRODUCED species , *FARM risks , *EDIBLE plants - Abstract
Cultivated plants provide food, fiber, and energy but they can escape, de-domesticate, colonize agroecosystems as weeds, and disrupt natural ecosystems as invasive species. Escape and invasion depend on traits of the species, type and rate of domestication, and cultivation context. Understanding this "de-domestication invasion process" is critical for managing conservation efforts to reduce unintended consequences of cultivated species in novel areas. Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is an ideal case study to explore this process because it was one of the earliest plants to co-evolve with humans, has a crop to weed history, and has been introduced and cultivated globally. Moreover, recent liberalization of cannabis cultivation and use policies have raised concerns about invasion risk. Here, we synthesize knowledge on cannabis breeding, cultivation, and processing relevant to invasion risk and outline research and management priorities to help overcome the research deficit on the invasion ecology of the species. Understanding the transition of cannabis through the de-domestication-invasion process will inform policy and minimize agricultural and environmental risks associated with cultivation of domesticated species. • Cannabis is one the most widely introduced plants. • Ecological research has been absent or insufficient due to its illegal status. • Liberalization of policy is promoting industrial-scale cultivation which comes with invasion risks and conservation concerns. • The invasion potential of cannabis should be assessed through the de-domestication invasion process. • Collaboration among researchers in agronomy, weed ecology, and invasion ecology will be pivotal in managing invasion risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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25. Curbing the major and growing threats from invasive alien species is urgent and achievable.
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Roy HE, Pauchard A, Stoett PJ, Renard Truong T, Meyerson LA, Bacher S, Galil BS, Hulme PE, Ikeda T, Kavileveettil S, McGeoch MA, Nuñez MA, Ordonez A, Rahlao SJ, Schwindt E, Seebens H, Sheppard AW, Vandvik V, Aleksanyan A, Ansong M, August T, Blanchard R, Brugnoli E, Bukombe JK, Bwalya B, Byun C, Camacho-Cervantes M, Cassey P, Castillo ML, Courchamp F, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Zenni RD, Egawa C, Essl F, Fayvush G, Fernandez RD, Fernandez M, Foxcroft LC, Genovesi P, Groom QJ, González AI, Helm A, Herrera I, Hiremath AJ, Howard PL, Hui C, Ikegami M, Keskin E, Koyama A, Ksenofontov S, Lenzner B, Lipinskaya T, Lockwood JL, Mangwa DC, Martinou AF, McDermott SM, Morales CL, Müllerová J, Mungi NA, Munishi LK, Ojaveer H, Pagad SN, Pallewatta NPKTS, Peacock LR, Per E, Pergl J, Preda C, Pyšek P, Rai RK, Ricciardi A, Richardson DM, Riley S, Rono BJ, Ryan-Colton E, Saeedi H, Shrestha BB, Simberloff D, Tawake A, Tricarico E, Vanderhoeven S, Vicente J, Vilà M, Wanzala W, Werenkraut V, Weyl OLF, Wilson JRU, Xavier RO, and Ziller SR
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- Animals, Ecosystem, Introduced Species, Conservation of Natural Resources, Biodiversity
- Abstract
Although invasive alien species have long been recognized as a major threat to nature and people, until now there has been no comprehensive global review of the status, trends, drivers, impacts, management and governance challenges of biological invasions. The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Thematic Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and Their Control (hereafter 'IPBES invasive alien species assessment') drew on more than 13,000 scientific publications and reports in 15 languages as well as Indigenous and local knowledge on all taxa, ecosystems and regions across the globe. Therefore, it provides unequivocal evidence of the major and growing threat of invasive alien species alongside ambitious but realistic approaches to manage biological invasions. The extent of the threat and impacts has been recognized by the 143 member states of IPBES who approved the summary for policymakers of this assessment. Here, the authors of the IPBES assessment outline the main findings of the IPBES invasive alien species assessment and highlight the urgency to act now., (© 2024. Springer Nature Limited.)
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- 2024
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26. Commodity risk assessment of Prunus domestica plants from Ukraine.
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Bragard C, Chatzivassiliou E, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Baptista P, Gonthier P, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Vicent A, Zappalà L, Lucchi A, Gómez P, Urek G, Bernardo U, Bubici G, Carluccio AV, Chiumenti M, Di Serio F, Fanelli E, Marzachì C, Gardi C, Mosbach-Schulz O, de la Peña E, and Yuen J
- Abstract
The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects'. This Scientific Opinion covers plant health risks posed by plants of Prunus domestica grafted on Prunus cerasifera imported from Ukraine, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by Ukraine. All pests associated with the commodity were evaluated against specific criteria for their relevance for this opinion. One quarantine pest ( Lopholeucaspis japonica ), two protected zone quarantine pests ( Erwinia amylovora and Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni ) and one non-regulated pest ( Eotetranychus prunicola ) that fulfilled all relevant criteria were selected for further evaluation. For these four pests, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Ukraine were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. For the selected pests, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The degree of pest freedom varies among the pests evaluated, with Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni being the pest most frequently expected on the imported plants. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated with 95% certainty that between 9,870 and 10,000 bundles (consisting of 10 plants each) per 10,000 would be free from Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni ., (© 2022 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA on behalf of the European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2022
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27. Pest categorisation of Capsicum chlorosis virus.
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Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Migheli Q, Vloutoglou I, Czwienczek E, Streissl F, Carluccio AV, Chiumenti M, Di Serio F, Rubino L, and Reignault PL
- Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Plant Health conducted a pest categorisation of Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) for the EU territory. The identity of CaCV, a member of the genus Orthotospovirus (family Tospoviridae ), is established and reliable detection and identification methods are available. The pathogen is not included in the EU Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072. CaCV has been reported in Australia, China, India, Iran, Taiwan, Thailand and USA (Hawaii). In the EU, it has been reported once in Greece (Crete Island). The NPPO of Greece reported that CaCV is no longer present in Greece. CaCV infects plant species in the family Solanaceae (i.e. pepper, tomato) and several species of other families, including ornamentals. It may induce severe symptoms on its hosts, mainly on leaves and fruits, which may become unmarketable. The virus is transmitted in a persistent propagative mode by the thrips Ceratothripoides claratris, Frankliniella schultzei, Microcephalothrips abdominalis and Thrips palmi. C. claratris and T. palmi are EU quarantine pests. M . abdominalis is known to be present in several EU member states and it is not regulated in the EU. Plants for planting, parts of plants, fruits and cut flowers of CaCV hosts, and viruliferous thrips were identified as the most relevant pathways for the entry of CaCV into the EU. Cultivated and wild hosts of CaCV are distributed across the EU. Should the pest enter and establish in the EU territory, impact on the production of cultivated hosts is expected. Phytosanitary measures are available to prevent entry and spread of the virus in the EU. CaCV fulfils the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest., (© 2022 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA on behalf of the European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2022
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28. Pest categorisation of High Plains wheat mosaic virus.
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Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Migheli Q, Vloutoglou I, Streissl F, Chiumenti M, Di Serio F, Rubino L, and Reignault PL
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The EFSA Panel on Plant Health conducted a pest categorisation of High Plains wheat mosaic virus (HPWMoV) for the EU territory. The identity of HPWMoV, a member of the genus Emaravirus (family Fimoviridae ), is well established and reliable identification methods are available. The pathogen is not included in the EU Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072. HPWMoV has been reported from Argentina, Australia, Canada, Ukraine and USA, and it is not known to be present in the EU. HPWMoV infects plant species of the family Poaceae (i.e. wheat, maize and several other cultivated or wild Poaceae species). It is the causal agent of High Plains disease of wheat and maize, inducing symptoms ranging from mild to severe mosaic, chlorosis and necrosis in wheat, and chlorotic streaks in maize plants. The virus is transmitted by the wheat curl mite Aceria tosichella, which is present in the EU. HPWMoV transmission via seeds was reported to occur in sweet corn. Sweet corn seeds for sowing were identified as the most relevant pathway for entry of HPWMoV into the EU. Seeds from other hosts and viruliferous wheat curl mites were identified as entry pathways associated with uncertainties. Machinery not appropriately cleaned may move infected seeds and/or parts of cereals infested by viruliferous mites. Cultivated and wild hosts of HPWMoV are distributed across the EU. Would the pest enter and establish in the EU territory, economic impact on the production of cultivated hosts is expected. Phytosanitary measures are available to prevent entry and spread of the virus in the EU. HPWMoV fulfils the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest., (© 2022 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA on behalf of the European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2022
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29. Pest categorisation of Plicosepalus acaciae .
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Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Fejer Justesen A, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Stefani E, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Migheli Q, Vloutoglou I, Maiorano A, Streissl F, and Reignault PL
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The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Plicosepalus acaciae (Zuccarini) Wiens & Polhill), the acacia strap flower, a hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae parasitising woody plants. Host plants include several species of the genera Vachellia, Tamarix and Ziziphus and various fruit crops. P. acaciae is present in the Middle East and Eastern Africa and is not known to occur in the EU. P. acaciae has a long flowering period of about 10 months, from June to April the following year, during which flowers are pollinated by insects and birds. P. acaciae produces single seeded red berries that are eaten by birds, which then disseminate the seeds. The only known bird observed to disseminate the seeds of P. acaciae is Pycnonotus xanthopygos , which has been recorded just once (Spain) but it is not established in the EU. P. acaciae could enter into the EU with host plants for planting. Host plants are present and suitable climatic conditions occur in parts of the EU. If a suitable bird would adapt to transfer the seeds, establishment and spread of P. acaciae within the EU would be possible. If P. acaciae would be able to establish and spread, impacts on some crop plants (e.g. Juglans regia , Ficus carica, Punica granatum, Pistacia vera ), ornamental plants, as well as native vegetation could occur. P. acaciae fulfils the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest. Uncertainty remains on bird species other than P. xanthopygos transferring P. acaciae , the magnitude of potential impacts and the host range., (© 2022 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA on behalf of the European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2022
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30. Pest categorisation of Apium virus Y.
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Bragard C, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Migheli Q, Stefani E, Vloutoglou I, Czwienczek E, Streissl F, Chiumenti M, Di Serio F, Rubino L, and Reignault PL
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Following a request from the EU Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health conducted a pest categorisation of Apium virus Y (ApVY) for the EU territory. The identity of the ApVY, a member of the genus Potyvirus (family Potyviridae ), is well established and reliable detection methods are available. The pathogen is not included in EU Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072. ApVY, considered endemic in Australia, was reported also in New Zealand and USA. In the EU, the virus was identified in Germany and Slovenia. No information on adoption of official control measures is available. In natural conditions, ApVY infects plant species of the family Apiaceae (i.e. celery, coriander, dill, parsley, bishop's weed) in which it generally induces leaf symptoms and/or stunting. In some hosts (i.e. parsley and poison hemlock), ApVY may be asymptomatic. The virus is transmitted in a non-persistent manner by the aphid Myzus persicae which is widespread in the EU. Although ApVY transmission through seeds has been experimentally excluded for some hosts (i.e. poison hemlock and celery), uncertainty exists for the other hosts because seed transmission is not uncommon for potyvirids. Plants for planting, including seeds for sowing, were identified as potential pathways for entry of ApVY into the EU. Cultivated and wild hosts of ApVY are distributed across the EU. Economic impact on the production of the cultivated hosts is expected if further entry and spread in the EU occur. Phytosanitary measures are available to prevent further entry and spread of the virus. Currently, ApVY does not fulfil the criterion of being absent or present with restricted distribution and under official control to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine, unless official control is implemented. This conclusion is associated with high uncertainty regarding the current virus distribution in the EU., (© 2022 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2022
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31. Pest categorisation of carrot thin leaf virus.
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Bragard C, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Migheli Q, Stefani E, Vloutoglou I, Czwienczek E, Streissl F, Chiumenti M, Di Serio F, Rubino L, and Reignault PL
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Following a request from the EU Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health conducted a pest categorisation of carrot thin leaf virus (CTLV) for the EU territory. The identity of CTLV, a member of the genus Potyvirus (family Potyviridae ), is well established and reliable detection methods are available. The pathogen is not included in the EU Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072. CTLV has been reported from the USA and Colombia. In the EU, the virus was reported in Germany and Slovenia and the NPPO of both countries confirmed these reports. No official national measures have been taken so far. In 2018, CTLV was reported from Greece on Torilis arvensis subsp. arvensis . Since then, no other reports exist. According to the NPPO, the virus did not establish in Greece. In natural conditions, CTLV infects plant species of the family Apiaceae (i.e., carrot, coriander, parsley and several wild weed species). The virus is transmitted in a non-persistent manner by the aphids Myzus persicae and Cavariella aegopodii , which are widely distributed in the EU. CTLV has been reported not to be transmitted by carrot seeds, while no information is available for the other hosts. Since transmission through seeds is not uncommon for potyvirids, it cannot be excluded that CTLV can be seed transmitted for some hosts. Plants for planting, including seeds for sowing, were identified as potential pathways for entry of CTLV into the EU. Cultivated and wild hosts of CTLV are distributed across the EU. Economic impact on the production of cultivated hosts is expected if further entry and spread in the EU occur. Phytosanitary measures are available to prevent further entry and spread of the virus on its cultivated hosts. Currently, CTLV does not fulfil the criterion of being absent or present with restricted distribution and under official control to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest, unless official control is implemented. This conclusion is associated with high uncertainty regarding the current virus distribution in the EU., (© 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2021
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32. Commodity risk assessment of Malus domestica plants from Ukraine.
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Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Gonthier P, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Zappalà L, Lucchi A, Gómez P, Urek G, Bernardo U, Bubici G, Carluccio AV, Chiumenti M, Di Serio F, Fanelli E, Marzachì C, Gardi C, Mosbach-Schulz O, de la Peña E, and Yuen J
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The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects'). This Scientific Opinion covers plant health risks posed by 1- to 3-year-old dormant grafted plants and rootstocks of Malus domestica imported from Ukraine, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by Ukraine. All pests associated with the commodity were evaluated against specific criteria for their relevance for this opinion. Two quarantine pests ( Lopholeucaspis japonica and Tobacco ringspot virus), one protected zone quarantine pest ( Erwinia amylovora ) and one non-regulated pest ( Eotetranychus prunicola ) that fulfilled all relevant criteria were selected for further evaluation. For Erwinia amylovora, for which special requirements are specified in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072, Annex X, item 9, the fulfilment of these requirements was evaluated. Based on the information provided in the dossier, the specific requirements for Erwinia amylovora were not met. For the three remaining selected pests, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Ukraine were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. For the selected pests, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The degree of pest freedom varies among the pests evaluated, with Eotetranychus prunicola being the pest most frequently expected on the imported plants. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated with 95% certainty that between 9,912 and 10,000 bundles (consisting of 50 plants each) per 10,000 would be free from Eotetranychus prunicola ., (© 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2021
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33. Pest categorisation of Colletotrichum fructicola .
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Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Migheli Q, Vloutoglou I, Campese C, Maiorano A, Streissl F, and Reignault PL
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The EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of Colletotrichum fructicola Prihast., a well-defined polyphagous fungus of the C. gloeosporioides complex which has been reported from all the five continents to cause anthracnose, bitter rot and leaf spotting diseases on over 90 cultivated and non-cultivated woody or herbaceous plant species. The pathogen is not included in EU Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072. Because of the very wide host range, this pest categorisation focused on Camellia sinensis, Citrus sinensis, C. reticulata, Fragaria × ananassa, Malus domestica, M. pumila, Persea americana, Prunus persica, Pyrus pyrifolia and P. bretschneideri for which there was robust evidence that C. fructicola was formally identified by morphology and multilocus gene sequencing analysis. Host plants for planting and fresh fruits are the main pathways for the entry of the pathogen into the EU. There are no reports of interceptions of C. fructicola in the EU. The pathogen has been reported from Italy and France. The host availability and climate suitability factors occurring in some parts of the EU are favourable for the establishment of the pathogen. Economic impact on the production of the main hosts is expected if establishment occurs. Phytosanitary measures are available to prevent the re-introduction of the pathogen into the EU. Although the pathogen is present in the EU, there is a high uncertainty on its actual distribution in the territory because of the re-evaluation of Colletotrichum taxonomy and the lack of systematic surveys. Therefore, the Panel cannot conclude with certainty on whether C. fructicola satisfies the criterium of being present but not widely distributed in the EU to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest unless systematic surveys for C. fructicola are conducted and Colletotrichum isolates from the EU in culture collections are re-evaluated., (© 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2021
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34. Pest categorisation of Amyelois transitella .
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Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Malumphy C, Czwienczek E, Kertesz V, Maiorano A, and MacLeod A
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The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), for the EU. This polyphagous species feeds on citrus, almonds, pistachios, grapes and other crops cultivated in the EU. A. transitella occurs in North, Central and South America in a range of climates some of which also occur in the EU. Adult females lay up to 200 eggs on overripe, damaged, cracked or mummified fruits or nuts. In citrus, eggs are laid at the navel end of damaged fruit. On occasions, they may be found on adjacent leaves or stems. This species is not included in EU Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072. Potential entry pathways for A. transitella , such as plants for planting, and fruit, exist. The pest is not known to be present in the EU territory although it has been intercepted in Italy and Austria. Should A. transitella arrive in the EU the availability of hosts and occurrence of potentially suitable climates would be conducive for establishment. Should this species establish in the EU, yield and quality losses in citrus, nuts, stone and pome fruit production is anticipated. A. transitella satisfies the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest., (© 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2021
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35. Pest categorisation of Elasmopalpus lignosellus .
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Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Malumphy C, Czwienczek E, Kertesz V, Maiorano A, and MacLeod A
- Abstract
The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to conduct a pest categorisation of Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) (Leipidoptera: Pyralidae) for the territory of the EU following interceptions of the organism within the EU and its addition to the EPPO Alert List. E. lignosellus feeds on over 70 species; hosts include cereals, especially maize, legumes, brassicas and a range of grasses. Seedlings of ornamental and forest trees can also be hosts. E. lignosellus is established in tropical and subtropical areas of North, Central and South America. Eggs are usually laid in the soil or on the lower stem of hosts. Larvae develop in the soil and feed on roots and stems causing stunting and yield losses. Plants for planting, rooted with growing media, or with stems cut close to the soil, and fresh vegetables harvested with stems, such as asparagus and cabbage, provide pathways for entry. Population development is favoured by dry and hot conditions (27-33°C). Adults fly and can be carried in air currents. Adults are recorded from temperate areas within the Americas contributing some uncertainty regarding the limits of its establishment potential in the EU. Although cultivated and wild hosts are distributed across the EU, impacts are likely to be confined to production areas on sandy soils around the coastal Mediterranean during hot dry years. Phytosanitary measures are available to inhibit the entry of E. lignosellus. E. lignosellus satisfies the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest., (© 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2021
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36. Pest categorisation of Citripestis sagittiferella .
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Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Malumphy C, Czwienczek E, Kertesz V, Maiorano A, and MacLeod A
- Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the citrus pulp borer, Citripestis sagittiferella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), for the EU. This oligophagous species, which feeds on Citrus spp., occurs in Southeast Asia, mostly in lowlands but can also be found up to 1,200 m above sea level. Adults oviposit on citrus fruit at any stage of the fruit development. Larvae feed in the fruit then abandon it to pupate in the soil within an earthen cocoon. C. sagittiferella is multivoltine in its native range. This species is not included in EU Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072. Potential entry pathways for C. sagittiferella , such as Citrus spp. plants for planting with foliage and soil/growing medium, and soil/growing medium by themselves can be considered as closed. The citrus fruit pathway remains open for countries where C. sagittiferella is known to occur. Indeed, this species was intercepted several times in the UK during the last decade. Hosts of C. sagittiferella are available ( Citrus spp.) in the southern EU. The EU has climatic conditions that are also found in countries where C. sagittiferella occurs although it is unknown whether C. sagittiferella occurs in those areas. Economic impact in citrus production is anticipated if establishment and spread occur. C. sagittiferella satisfies the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest. There is uncertainty about the climatic requirements of this species, which may hamper its establishment in the EU., (© 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2021
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37. Commodity risk assessment of Juglans regia plants from Turkey.
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Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Iacopetti G, Mikulová A, Mosbach-Schulz O, Stergulc F, and Gonthier P
- Abstract
The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects'. This Scientific Opinion covers the plant health risks posed by 2-year-old grafted bare rooted plants for planting of Juglans regia imported from Turkey, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by Turkey. The relevance of any pest for this Opinion was based on evidence following defined criteria. Two EU quarantine pests, Anoplophora chinensis and Lopholeucaspis japonica , and three pests not regulated in the EU, two insects ( Garella musculana, Euzophera semifuneralis ) and one fungus ( Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae ), fulfilled all relevant criteria and were selected for further evaluation. For these pests, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Turkey were evaluated by considering the possible limiting factors. For these pests, an expert judgement was given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pests, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. While the estimated degree of pest freedom varied among pests, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae was the pest most frequently expected on the commodity. The expert knowledge elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that 9,554 or more grafted bare rooted plants per 10,000 will be free from Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae ., (© 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2021
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38. Commodity risk assessment of Corylus avellana and Corylus colurna plants from Serbia.
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Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Mosbach-Schulz O, and Gonthier P
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The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects'. This Scientific Opinion covers the plant health risks posed by the two following hazelnut commodities to be imported from Serbia. 1. Bare rooted plants: 1- to 3-year-old plants of Corylus avellana or C. avellana grafted on C. colurna , without leaves. 2. Plants in pots: 2-year-old plants of C. avellana , without leaves. The assessment was performed by taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by Serbia. The relevance of any pest for this Opinion was based on evidence following defined criteria. One EU quarantine pest, i.e. Flavescence dorée phytoplasma, fulfilled all relevant criteria and was selected for further evaluation. For this pathogen, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the Technical Dossier from Serbia were evaluated separately for bare rooted plants and for plants in pots, taking into account the possible limiting factors. For the selected pathogen, an expert judgement was given on the likelihood of pest freedom of plants for planting, for both commodities taken together, considering the risk mitigation measures, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9,837 and 10,000 bare rooted plants and plants in pots per 10,000 would be free of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma., (© 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2021
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39. Commodity risk assessment of Juglans regia plants from Moldova.
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Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, and Gonthier P
- Abstract
The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects'. Taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the applicant country, this Scientific Opinion covers the plant health risks posed by the following commodities: dormant, free of leaves grafted plants and rootstocks of Juglans regia imported from Moldova. A list of pests potentially associated with the commodities was compiled. The relevance of any pest was assessed based on evidence following defined criteria. None of the pests in the list fulfilled all relevant criteria and therefore none were selected for further evaluation. As a result, risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Moldova were listed, but not further evaluated., (© 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2021
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40. Commodity risk assessment of Robinia pseudoacacia plants from Turkey .
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Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Reignault PL, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Chatzivassiliou E, Debode J, Manceau C, Gardi C, Mosbach-Schulz O, and Potting R
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The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation EU/2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects'. This Scientific Opinion covers plant health risks posed by bare rooted and potted plants of Robinia pseudoacacia that are imported from Turkey, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the Turkish NPPO. The relevance of any pest for this opinion was based on evidence following defined criteria. Three species, the EU-quarantine pests Anoplophora chinensis and Lopholeucapsis japonica , and the EU non-regulated pest Phocazia shantungensis fulfilled all relevant criteria and were selected for further evaluation. For these pests, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Turkey were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. For these pests, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The estimated degree of pest freedom varies among the pests evaluated, with L. japonica being the pest most frequently expected on the imported plants. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9,521 and 10,000 plants per 10,000 would be free of L. japonica ., (© 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2021
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41. Commodity risk assessment of Nerium oleander plants from Turkey .
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Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Reignault PL, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Chatzivassiliou E, Debode J, Manceau C, Gardi C, Mosbach-Schulz O, and Potting R
- Abstract
The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation EU/2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects'. This Scientific Opinion covers plant health risks posed by bare rooted and potted plants of Nerium oleander that are imported from Turkey, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the Turkish NPPO. The relevance of any pest for this opinion was based on evidence following defined criteria. One species, the EU non-regulated pest Phenacoccus solenopsis, fulfilled all relevant criteria and was selected for further evaluation. For this pest, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Turkey were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. For this pest, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9,719 and 10,000 plants per 10,000 would be free of P. solenopsis ., (© 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2021
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42. Commodity risk assessment of Citrus L. fruits from Israel for Thaumatotibia leucotreta under a systems approach.
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Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Lucchi A, Tena A, Mosbach-Schulz O, de la Peña E, and Milonas P
- Abstract
The European Commission requested EFSA Panel on Plant Health to evaluate a dossier from Israel in which the application of the systems approach to mitigate the risk of entry of Thaumatotibia leucotreta to the EU when trading citrus fruits is described. After collecting additional evidence from the Plant Protection and Inspection Services (PPIS) of Israel, and reviewing the published literature, the Panel performed an assessment on the likelihood of pest freedom for T. leucotreta on citrus fruits at the point of entry in the EU considering the Israelian systems approach. An expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom following the evaluation of the risk mitigation measures on T. leucotreta , including any uncertainties. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty that between 9,863 and 10,000 citrus fruits per 10,000 will be free from this pest. The Panel also evaluated each risk mitigation measure in the systems approach and identified any weaknesses associated with them. Specific actions are identified that could increase the efficacy of the systems approach., (© 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2021
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43. Commodity risk assessment of Ullucus tuberosus tubers from Peru.
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Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Zappalà L, Lucchi A, Urek G, Gómez P, Mosbach-Schulz O, Maiorano A, de la Peña E, and Yuen J
- Abstract
The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects. This Scientific Opinion covers plant health risks posed by tubers of Ullucus tuberosus imported from Peru, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by Peru. The relevance of an EU quarantine pest for this opinion was based on evidence that: (i) the pest is present in Peru, (ii) U. tuberosus is a host of the pest and (iii) the pest can be associated with the commodity. The relevance of any other pest, not regulated in the EU, was based on evidence that: (i) the pest is present in Peru (ii) the pest is absent in the EU; (iii) U. tuberosus is a host of the pest; (iv) the pest can be associated with the commodity and (v) the pest may have an impact and can pose a potential risk for the EU territory. There are five pests i.e. one insect ( Amathynetoides nitidiventris ), two nematodes ( Atalodera andina and Nacobbus aberrans ) and two viruses (the Andean potato latent virus (APLV) and the potato virus T (PVT)) that fulfilled all relevant criteria were selected for further evaluation. For the five pests, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Peru were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. For each of the five pests, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The degree of pest freedom varies among the pests evaluated, with PVT being the pest most frequently expected on the imported commodities. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9,157 and 10,000 tubers out of 10,000 would be free of PVT., (© 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2021
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44. Scientific opinion on the import of Musa fruits as a pathway for the entry of non-EU Tephritidae into the EU territory.
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Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke HH, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Papadopoulos N, Papanastasiou S, Czwienczek E, Kertész V, and MacLeod A
- Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health examined evidence as to whether the import of fruits of Musa (bananas and plantains) could provide a pathway into the EU for Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) or other non-EU Tephritidae for which Musa is a host. Relevant scientific and technical information, including unpublished information provided to the EFSA Panel on Plant Health by the European Commission from research conducted in Cabo Verde, were taken into account. The majority of EU imports of Musa fruit comes from Ecuador, Colombia and Costa Rica where B. dorsalis does not occur. Commercial Musa fruits are harvested at 'green stage one' before they begin to ripen naturally. Postharvest processes are designed to ensure that only high quality, unripe fruit are exported. Green stage one fruit are transported to the EU in controlled conditions and stimulated to ripen when exposed to exogenous ethylene in ripening rooms in the EU. There is no evidence that any Tephritidae can naturally infest commercial varieties of Musa fruit at green stage one or earlier. When experimentally infested with eggs of Tephritidae, larvae fail to develop in green stage one fruit. Physical and chemical changes that occur during fruit ripening enable B. dorsalis and 11 other species of Tephritidae to oviposit and develop in Musa at later stages of fruit development. Reports of B. dorsalis or other Tephritidae infesting bunches of Musa fruit are a consequence of the fruit being left to develop beyond green stage one in the field. There is no evidence that commercially grown fruits of Musa , for export to the EU, provide a pathway for the entry of non-EU Tephritidae. Passengers bringing Musa fruit from countries where Tephritidae can infest ripened Musa fruit do however provide a potential pathway for the entry of non-EU Tephritidae into the EU territory., (© 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2021
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45. Commodity risk assessment of Momordica charantia fruits from Mexico.
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Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Lucchi A, Loomans A, Mosbach-Schulz O, de la Peña E, and Milonas P
- Abstract
The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects'. Momordica fruits originating from countries where Thrips palmi is known to occur qualify as high risk plants. This Scientific Opinion covers the introduction risk for T. palmi posed by fruits of Momordica charantia L. imported from Mexico, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the National Service of Health, Safety and Agrifood Quality (Senasica) of Mexico. The risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Mexico were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. An expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the potential pest pressure in the field, the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest in the field and in the packinghouse, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. For T. palmi on M. charantia fruits from Mexico, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom following the evaluation of the risk mitigation measures acting on T. palmi , including any uncertainties. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty that between 9,492 and 10,000 M. charantia fruits per 10,000 will be free from T. palmi ., (© 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2021
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46. Commodity risk assessment of Momordica charantia fruits from Thailand.
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Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Lucchi A, Loomans A, Mosbach-Schulz O, de la Peña E, and Milonas P
- Abstract
The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects'. Momordica fruits originating from countries where Thrips palmi is known to occur qualify as high-risk plants. This Scientific Opinion covers the introduction risk for T. palmi posed by fruits of Momordica charantia L. imported from Thailand, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the Department of Agriculture of Thailand. The risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Thailand were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. An expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the potential pest pressure in the field, the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest in the field and in the packing house, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. For T. palmi on M. charantia fruits from Thailand, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom following the evaluation of the risk mitigation measures acting on T. palmi , including any uncertainties. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty that between 9,496 and 10,000 M. charantia fruits/10,000 will be free from T. palmi ., (© 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2021
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47. Commodity risk assessment of Momordica charantia fruits from Honduras.
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Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Lucchi A, Loomans A, Mosbach-Schulz O, de la Peña E, and Milonas P
- Abstract
The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects'. Momordica fruits originating from countries where Thrips palmi is known to occur qualify as high risk plants. This Scientific Opinion covers the introduction risk for T. palmi posed by fruits of Momordica charantia L. imported from Honduras, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the National Service of Agrifood Health and Safety (SENASA) of Honduras. The risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Honduras were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. An expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the potential pest pressure in the field, the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest in the field and in the packinghouse, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. For T. palmi on M. charantia fruits from Honduras, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom following the evaluation of the risk mitigation measures acting on T. palmi , including any uncertainties. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty that between 9,406 and 10,000 M. charantia fruits per 10,000 will be free from T. palmi ., (© 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2021
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48. Commodity risk assessment of Momordica charantia fruits from Suriname.
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Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Lucchi A, Loomans A, Mosbach-Schulz O, de la Peña E, and Milonas P
- Abstract
The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects'. M. charantia fruits originating from countries where Thrips palmi is known to occur qualify as high-risk plants. This Scientific Opinion covers the introduction risk for T. palmi posed by fruits of Momordica charantia L. imported from Suriname, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the National Plant Protection Organization of Suriname. The risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Suriname were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. An expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the potential pest pressure in the field, the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest in the field and in the packinghouse, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. For T. palmi on M. charantia fruits from Suriname, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom following the evaluation of the risk mitigation measures acting on T. palmi , including any uncertainties. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty that between 8,652 and 10,000 M. charantia fruits per 10,000 will be free from T. palmi ., (© 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2021
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49. Commodity risk assessment of Persea americana from Israel.
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Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Zappalà L, Gómez P, Lucchi A, Urek G, Tramontini S, Mosbach-Schulz O, de la Peña E, and Yuen J
- Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Plant health was requested to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in the relevant Implementing Acts as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects' (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 establishing a provisional list of high risk plants, plant products or other objects, within the meaning of Article 42 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031). This scientific opinion covers the plant health risks posed by the following commodities: (i) scions and (ii) grafted plants of Persea americana imported from Israel, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the Plant Protection and Inspection Services from Israel. The relevance of an EU quarantine pest for this opinion was based on evidence that: (i) the pest is present in Israel; (ii) P. americana is a host of the pest and (iii) the pest can be associated with the commodity. The relevance of any other pest, not regulated in the EU, was based on evidence that: (i) the pest is present in Israel; (ii) the pest is absent in the EU; (iii) P. americana is a host of the pest; (iv) the pest can be associated with the commodity and (v) the pest may have an impact and can pose a potential risk for the EU territory. Twenty-six pests (15 insects, one mite, 9 fungi and one viroid) that fulfilled all criteria were selected for further evaluation. For the 26 selected pests, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier were evaluated. Limiting factors on the effectiveness of the measures were documented. For each of the 26 pests, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including any uncertainties. The fungi Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum were the pests most frequently expected on the imported commodities. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9,573 and 10,000 bundles of scions per 10,000; and 9,747 and 10,000 grafted plants per 10,000 would be free of these two fungi., (© 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
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- 2021
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50. Commodity risk assessment of Ficus carica plants from Israel.
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Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke HH, van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Mosbach-Schulz O, and Gonthier P
- Abstract
The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects'. This Scientific Opinion covers the plant health risks posed by the following commodities: (i) dormant and free of leaves 1-year-old bare rooted plants and (ii) free of leaves 1-year-old liners of Ficus carica imported from Israel, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by Israel. The relevance of any pest for this opinion was based on evidence following defined criteria. Four EU quarantine pests, Euwallacea fornicatus, Hypothenemus leprieuri, Scirtothrips dorsalis and Spodoptera frugiperda , and 11 EU non-regulated pests fulfilled all relevant criteria and were selected for further evaluation. For these pests, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Israel were evaluated separately for bare rooted plants and for liners, taking into account the possible limiting factors. For these pests, an expert judgement was given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The estimated degree of pest freedom varied among the pests evaluated. Aonidiella orientalis and Russellaspis pustulans were the most frequently expected pests on the imported bare rooted plants, and Scirtothrips dorsalis on liners. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9,585 and 10,000 bare rooted plants per 10,000 would be free of Aonidiella orientalis and Russellaspis pustulans and between 9,456 and 10,000 liners per 10,000 would be free of Scirtothrips dorsalis ., (© 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
- Published
- 2021
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