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Research on outbound tourism demand has not kept pace with the rapid development of research on inbound tourism demand. Economic and non-economic factors of tourism import in countries of origin are investigated using static and dynamic panel data models. A period of 17 years and 35 OECD countries are included in the study. Income in the country of origin, the real effective exchange rate, trade openness, tourism export per tourist arrival, political stability of the country, persistence of habits, and two dummy variables are found to be statistically significant. Inelastic tourism demand factor coefficients show a relatively low level of sensibility of outbound travelers to the changes in their home country, whether related to economic or non-economic factors. Political stability proved to be the most important variable for tourism demand abroad. The unavailability of data on social and psychological demand-related factors turned out to be a problem for longer time series in OECD countries. However, the study provides an insight into how targeted policy measures could influence outbound tourism flows.

Spatial analysis of the geographic positions of photos taken by tourists enables the monitoring, presentation, and planning of tourism activities in regard to location. Most photo-sharing websites offer the possibility of geo-tagging the photos to provide geographical information. In this paper, we use the geo-coordinates of photos from the Flickr platform to identify the locations of popular tourist attractions and destinations in Slovenia and analyse the mobility patterns of visitors between them. We analysed samples of 210,643 photos taken by 11,555 different Flickr users over a twelve- year period between 2007 and 2018. The results generally show that Slovenia is not an integrated and homogeneous tourism destination than the eastern part of Slovenia, and that there are individual subsystems of destinations with strong centers.

Purpose – This paper investigates the nature of theft crimes against tourist and visitors in Slovenia. The main objective of the study was to identify the characteristics of theft victims in tourist areas and to analyze the differences in risk between various crime scenes and types of crime. Design/Methodology – Using data from police crime statistics and applying a binary logistic regression, we analyzed the relationship between the crime scene and nature of the crime, as well as between the domestic/foreign status of the visitors and type of crime. Since the study uses data from official police database, one of the major challenges was to eliminate crime events from the analysis that occurred outside tourism areas.. This problem was addressed by using geotagged photos from Flickr platform with different spatial queries. Findings – The findings offer evidence indicating that the victims’ backgrounds (status and age group) and accommodation type, determine their vulnerability to certain crimes. The results show that foreign victims are more likely to suffer burglary than their domestic counterparts. In addition, crimes against foreign visitors and tourists are more likely to involve seniors, amount to larger losses, and take place in hotels, motels, and camps. On the other hand, crimes against domestic visitors are more likely to take place during evenings in bars, restaurants, and in vacation homes. Originality of the research – This study shows that combining data from different public sources into one analysis allows a more reliable analysis of police crime records.

The new video on underwater scooter method in combination with rebreather diving techniques was introduced and applied for visual census of fish assemblages. The presently applied method facilitates deeper visual census studies below 40 m, where they have rarely been done before due to the increasing research challenges with depth. The video on underwater scooter method is also expected to be less disturbing and faster compared to swimming divers. The method was applied in visual census study of fish assemblages from 8 to 50 m depth conducted at two locations in the east Adriatic using 102 video transects. The environmental variables contributing to the variation of the reef fish community in the depth range of the infralittoral and upper circalittoral bottoms were also recorded. Thirty-one fish species were recorded on transects and 10.3% of all individuals were not identified to the species level. The average density on transects was 0.8 individuals/m², with C. chromis, C. julis and G. auratus being both the most abundant and the most frequent species. Three environmental variables, depth, bottom with zoocover and eastern orientation of the coast, were identified as highly significant for species occurrence. Abundance and species richness of fish assemblages showed no significant variation with depths, inclinations, orientations and sites. A significant difference in the fish assemblage structure was found among orientations, depths and inclinations with the gradient change of species composition with increasing depth and with increasing inclination., Nova metoda videa sa podvodnog skutera uz rebreather ronilačku tehniku uvedena je i primjenjena za vizualni census zajednica riba. Ova metoda omogućuje istraživanja vizualnim cenzusom na dubinama većim od 40 m, na kojima se, zbog teškoća u ronjenju na većim dubinama, vizualni cenzus rijetko izvodi. Metoda videa sa podvodnog skutera uz rebreather ronilačku tehniku također bi trebala biti manje uznemirujuća i brža u odnosu na plivajuće ronioce. Metoda je primjenjena u istraživanju vizualnim cenzusom na dubinama 8 do 50 m na dvije postaje na istočnom Jadranu sa 102 video transekta. Zabilježene su također varijable okoliša koje utječu na varijaciju u sastavu zajednice riba stjenovitog dna infralitorala i cirkalitorala.Trideset i jedna vrsta riba je zabilježena, uz 10,3% primjerka koji nisu određeni do razine vrste. Prosječna gustoća riba po transektu bila je 0,8 primjeraka/m², a najčešće i najbrojnije vrste bile su C. chromis, C. julis i G. auratus. Tri varijable okoliša: dubina, dno sa životinjskim obraštajem i istočna orjentacija dna, bile su izrazito značajne za prisutnost vrsta. Brojnost primjeraka i bogatstvo vrsta nisu pokazale značajnu promjenjivost sa promjenama dubine, nagiba, orjentacije i postaja. Utvrđena je značajna promjena u sastavu zajednice riba sa promjenom orjentacije obale, dubine i nagiba dna na transektima. Sastav vrsta postepeno se mijenjao sa porastom dubine dna i s povećanjem nagiba dna.

This study aims to describe for the first time the diversity and abundance of “cave within cave” fish species assemblage and to study the effects of habitat variables on these assemblage patterns. The term “cave within cave” is used to describe small, enclosed cavities and other enclosed spaces regularly present on the inner surface of large marine caves. The quantitative study was conducted from October to November 2019, in a large marine cave under Lucice Bay, on the south side of Brac Island in the eastern Adriatic Sea. In total 48 one-square-meter surface squares were sampled, extending 40m inside from the cave entrance, and down to a depth of 26m. A total of 18 fish species were found in the studied cave, of which 15 were recorded on the square frames. Nine species were found in intracave cavities, including five species which occurred exclusively in this highly cryptic habitat. The three strictly “cave within cave” fish species (Corcyrogobius liechtensteini, Didogobius splechtnai and Zebrus zebrus) prevailed by abundance and by frequency of occurrence over other twelve species recorded on the squares. The total fish abundance significantly increased with increased light intensity, with steeper surface and from the bottom to the top of the cave, while the total biomass and species richness significantly increased only with the increased light intensity. The assemblage structure of “cave within cave” fishes differed significantly with light intensity, among different surface inclinations and among different cave positions. The “cave within cave“ fish species differ in habitat preferences, some species inhabit the entrance of the cave with high light conditions and rich zoocover, and others inhabit further inside the cave with low light conditions.

Although much research has been performed on passengers' origin airport choice, there is little research on airports' catchment area size and even less on airports' catchment areas in cross-border regions. This paper addresses passengers' airport choice and analyzes airports' catchment area size and its homogeneity in the Upper Adriatic region. Using the results of passengers' survey at three regional airports (Ljubljana Jože Pucnik Airport (LJU), Venice Marco Polo Airport (VCE) and Trieste Pietro Savorgnan di Brazza Airport (TRS)) we have estimated the airports' catchment areas and airports market shares therein using multinomial logit (MNL) model structure. To additionally explore the passengers' airport choice behavior considering the different sensitivity across travellers to regional, demographic and airports attributes and account for preference heterogeneity in airport choice a mixed logit model was used. The results indicated that the three airports have relatively small core catchment areas and that the market share rapidly decreases with the increasing access time to airport. Partially, the results reinforced earlier findings showing that access time to airport is the most important determinant in airport choice for all segments (business/leisure and cross-border/domestic), however the sensitivity to access time is more pronounced in business and domestic group. Additionally, the results indicated pronounced loyalty to domestic airports and generally low importance of ticket prices, and show that in market conditions where all airports in the region have a low-cost carrier (LCC) the effect of LCC on airport choice is limited. Finally, the results indicated that the borders might have an influence on airport choice and that overall, in the cross-border regions the passengers’ airport choice process is even more complex than in non cross-border regions.

The present study provides the first quantitative assessment of cryptobenthic fish species diversity and abundance on hard bottoms below 20 m depth by examining Mediterranean underwater reefs with deep vertical cliffs. Quantitative sampling was performed at depths down to about 45 m and yielded 220 cryptobenthic and 61 epibenthic individuals belonging to 21 species, showing that the cryptobenthic fishes highly outnumbered the epibenthic individuals. The study highlights the high diversity and abundance of this unexplored part of the benthic fish community. The cryptobenthic fish assemblage was dominated by the family Gobiidae in terms of both biodiversity ( > 60% of all species) and abundance ( > 90% of all specimens). Fish species previously considered rare were present and some of them were even numerous in this assemblage. Three out of fourteen recorded habitat variables (depth, rocky cliff surface area vs. the bottom of the cliff area, and the presence of sand as the bottom substrate) were identified as significant for species occurrence. Species were generalist in their choice of shelters since the size and quantity of semi-caves, caves, cavities and even bio-cover type had no significant influence on the species distribution and abundance. Este trabajo presenta una primera evaluación cuantitativa de la diversidad y abundancia de los peces criptobentónicos de fondos duros por debajo de 20 m de profundidad, como ejemplo de acantilados litorales sumergidos del Mediterráneo. Se realizó un muestreo a profundidades cercanas a 45 m de profundidad y se obtuvieron 220 individuos criptobentònicos y 61 epibentónicos pertenecientes a 21 especies. El estudio pone de manifiesto la gran diversidad y abundancia de esta fracción inexplorada de la comunidad de peces bentónicos. La familia Gobiidae domina la comunidad de peces criptobentónicos en biodiversidad y abundancia ( > 60% y > 90% del total de especies respectivamente). Se han observado especies de peces de este grupo consideradas raras, incluso algunas son numerosas. Tres de cada 14 variables registradas del hábitat (profundidad, superficie rocosa del acantilado vs fondo del acantilado y presencia de arena en el sustrato del fondo) fueron significativas para la presencia de las especies. En la elección de los refugios las especies fueron generalistas ya que el tamaño y la cantidad de semicuevas, cuevas, cavidades e incluso tipos de cubierta biológica no tienen influencia significativa en la distribución y abundancia de las especies.

The literature generally agrees that improved accessibility has a positive effect on housing values. The motorway constructions in north-eastern Slovenia, completed between 2002 and 2018, significantly improved the accessibility of less developed areas. In this article, we examine how the new motorway has affected the housing values in the mostly rural north-eastern part of Slovenia. We analysed the distance decay effect of amenities and disamenities of motorway links and ramps as well as bus stops, train stations, and railway links on housing prices. In addition to the transport infrastructure variables, we analysed numerous other structural and environmental variables. We estimated three different spatial hedonic regression models: the spatial autoregression model, the spatial error model, and the spatial autocorrelation model. The results indicate that none of proximities to the bus stop, train station, or motorway link have had a significant effect on housing value. However, the rail track proximity exhibited a significant negative association with price. Furthermore, the effect of distance to the nearest motorway ramp on housing value is significant: it is stronger for closer distances (i.e. starting from 500 m) and decreases up to 6 km, while the effect of distances below 500 m is insignificant. Our results also show that bigger dwellings, more rooms, and the presence of a balcony, elevator, central auto heating system, new installation, and air conditioning as well as an apartment in a single house, are associated with a higher housing price. On the contrary, selling the dwellings together with a parking place and basement reduced the average price of the housing property. Comparing our results to the literature, we proved our hypothesis that the negative effect of a motorway is less pronounced in rural areas compared to urban areas and that the positive effect of accessibility is stronger in rural areas and extends over a wider geographical area.

This article seeks to explain passengers’ choice of airport and analyse catchment areas of three airports in the Upper Adriatic region. The Upper Adriatic region is considered as a uniform, territorially and socio-economically integrated region – and as a single multi-airport and cross-border region. The analysed region is also specific in terms of its geographical, political, economic, and social characteristics, since it extends beyond the boundaries of four countries. The analysis of outbound passengers and catchment areas of the Ljubljana Jože Pucnik Airport (LJU), Venice Marco Polo Airport (VCE) and Trieste Ronchi dei Legionari Airport (TRS) draws on a survey conducted in 2011. The analysis includes the records of 1552 surveyed passengers with permanent residence in the region. Characteristics of outbound passengers were analysed separately in terms of sex, age, employment, purpose of travel and mode of transportation to the airport. A spatial analysis of airport catchment areas was conducted using the separate and total distances covered to the selected airport, and the purpose of travel in the empirical model of the relevant airport catchment area.The results suggest that small airports have small primary catchment areas, as over 70% of passengers originate in the immediate proximity of airports.

Court expertise dealing with the reconstruction of road traffic accidents often have to take into account the possibility that an accident could have been a set-up. Such suspicions can be eliminated only by considering all the evidence material from the accident scene. In case of photographic material experts come across the missing material, bad lighting, lack of contrast, different angle perspectives, blurring, omitting important details, etc. Therefore, different methods in forensics image processing have been developed. Most of these methods are primarily used in the processing of different types of photographic material, but some can be applied in the field of road accidents analyses. This paper shows the implementation of digital image processing methods used for processing of remotely sensed imagery. Even though the photographic evidence is incomplete, it is possible to determine the position and dispersion of different materials. This gives the experts additional information that can help in understanding with relatively high probability if the collision between vehicles occured at all and if it did, where. The paper consists of the presentation and description of methods used for digital image processing in a real case study while reconstructing the road accident. KEY WORDS: road traffic accidents, forensics, induced traffic accidents, image classification, digital image processing

The study of geomagnetic fields is one of the earliest studies in the field of geosciences. At present, measurement of the geomagnetic field is concerned with answering the fundamental questions about the Earth’s deep interior, mantel conductivity, structure and the thermo-mechanical properties of its crust, its lithosphere and the near-Earth environment. This paper presents a method that addresses the problem of site selection for a new geomagnetic field observatory in the Republic of Slovenia. The method relies on a multi-stage multi-criteria decision model. The Geographic Information System (GIS) was used as a platform enabling the management of the criteria data, spatial analysis, cartographic modelling and production of map layers. Feasible areas were produced using a Boolean overlay, followed by the application of the multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) method on feasible areas to select the best one. Furthermore, preliminary measurements of geomagnetic fields were observed, including the measurement of the total-intensity gradient of the magnetic field vector, the measurement of the geomagnetic field at a basepoint, as well as the absolute and the three component measurements of the geomagnetic field.

This paper deals with the car accessibility of the Slovenian municipalities to the nearest motorway or expressway access point. To this end, we review the accessibility measures used in transport planning strategies and highlight important factors in modelling transport accessibility. Further, an overview of the studies of transport accessibility modelling in Slovenia is presented. The suggested raster model upgrades the current practice of modelling transport accessibility in Slovenia by considering the influence of average traffic volume (congestion), road gradient, and land use density on travel speed. The model results reveal a large disparity in the accessibility among Slovenian municipalities. The paper also compares the proposed model results with the earlier model results. In general, average transport accessibility in Slovenian municipalities did not change in 2009–2013; our model suggested the list of problematic municipalities in border areas similar to the one identified in the earlier models.