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Monitoring cattle behaviour is core to the early detection of health and welfare issues and to optimise the fertility of large herds. Accelerometer-based sensor systems that provide activity profiles are now used extensively on commercial farms and have evolved to identify behaviours such as the time spent ruminating and eating at an individual animal level. Acquiring this information at scale is central to informing on-farm management decisions. The paper presents the development of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) that classifies cattle behavioural states (‘rumination’, ‘eating’ and ‘other’) using data generated from neck-mounted accelerometer collars. During three farm trials in the United Kingdom (Easter Howgate Farm, Edinburgh, UK), 18 steers were monitored to provide raw acceleration measurements, with ground truth data provided by muzzle-mounted pressure sensor halters. A range of neural network architectures are explored and rigorous hyper-parameter searches are performed to optimise the network. The computational complexity and memory footprint of CNN models are not readily compatible with deployment on low-power processors which are both memory and energy constrained. Thus, progressive reductions of the CNN were executed with minimal loss of performance in order to address the practical implementation challenges, defining the trade-off between model performance versus computation complexity and memory footprint to permit deployment on micro-controller architectures. The proposed methodology achieves a compression of 14.30 compared to the unpruned architecture but is nevertheless able to accurately classify cattle behaviours with an overall F1 score of 0.82 for both FP32 and FP16 precision while achieving a reasonable battery lifetime in excess of 5.7 years.

The monitoring of cattle behaviour through sensor systems is gaining importance in the improvement of animal health, fertility and management of large herds. Commercial farms commonly implement accelerometer-based systems to monitor the time an animal spends ruminating, eating and overall activity which informs farmers on the health and fertility status of individual cattle. Ill or injured cattle feed and ruminate less, so tracking the duration and frequency of these states provide key indicators of animal health. Activity is used as a metric for the detection of oestrus (heat) which promotes more efficient fertilisation of dairy and beef cattle, reducing operating costs and increasing profits for farmers. The aim of the study was to determine the feasibility of enhancing the accuracy of estimating multiple classifications derived from acceleration based activity collars can through Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). CNN models are typically used to classify objects within images, but have been demonstrated to be effective at classifying time-series data across different domains. To evaluate their effectiveness for cattle behaviours classifications, acceleration data was collected from 18 cows across 3 farms using neck-mounted collars which provided 3-axis acceleration values at 10Hz sampling frequency. Each cow was equipped with pressure sensor halters which provided ground truth data of the animal behavioural state, also at 10Hz sampling frequency. The ground truth from the halter allowed the CNN model to be trained to predict a number of key cattle behaviours. The model was then tested on separate data to assess performance. The CNN was able to classify the 3 activity states (rumination, eating and other) with an overall F1 score of 82% compared to reported collar classifications with an overall F1 score of 72%.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a disease of the central nervous system caused by neuropathogenic prototypes of ubiquitous community-acquired JC virus (JCV). The disease became of particular concern following its association with certain therapies that modulate immune system function without heavy immunosuppression. Due to lack of prophylactic/treatment options and poor outcomes, which often include severe disability or death, PML is a considerable concern for development of new drugs that interfere with immune system functions. In this review of clinical and research findings, we discuss the evidence that deficiencies in CD4+ T helper cells, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, and interferon gamma are of crucial importance for development of PML under a variety of circumstances, including those associated with use of various drugs, regardless of differences in their mechanisms of action. These deficiencies apparently enable transformation of the harmless JCV archetype into neuropathogenic prototypes, but the site(s), and the mechanisms, of this transformation are yet to be elucidated. Here we discuss the evidence for brain as one of the sites of this transformation, and propose a model of PML pathogenesis that emphasizes the central role of T cell deficiencies in the two life cycles of the JCV, one non-pathogenic and one neuropathogenic. Finally, we conclude that the development of clinical grade T cell functional tests and more consistent use of already available laboratory tests for T cell subset analysis would greatly aid the effort to more accurately predict and assess the magnitude of PML risk for concerned therapeutic interventions.

Background: Pre-natal porcine endocrine islet cell grafts were recently shown to contain immature beta cells with a marked potential for growth and differentiation following transplantation, and hence for a progressive and long-term correction of diabetes in immune-incompetent mice. The present study investigates whether these grafts are also capable of correcting hyperglycemia in immune-competent mice receiving a short treatment with anti-CD4–CD8 antibodies. Methods: Pure endocrine islet cell grafts with 0.5 to 1.0 million beta cells were prepared from pre-natal pigs and transplanted under the kidney capsule of alloxan-diabetic CBA/Ca mice. Survival, growth and function of implanted beta cells were followed by measuring plasma porcine C-peptide and glucose, and graft insulin content at start and at post-transplant (PT) week 35. The effect was studied of a 5-day treatment with non-depleting anti-CD4 YTS177 and depleting anti-CD8 YTS169 antibody, either without or with transient insulin injections. Results: Without antibody treatment, all graft recipients remained porcine C-peptide negative and died. Antibody treatment decreased CD4-expression and percentage CD8 cells for 10 and 18 weeks respectively. It resulted in a 30 week-survival of nine out of 14 graft recipients; all nine had progressively become C-peptide positive but only one proceeded to normoglycemia. When antibody treatment was combined with transient insulin injections, 11 out of 14 graft recipients survived long-term, eight became C-peptide positive and six were normoglycemic at PT week 30. In both groups, surviving recipients exhibited a graft insulin content that was 6- to 9-fold higher than at implantation. Conclusions: Pre-natal porcine beta cells grow and differentiate when transplanted in diabetic immune-competent mice that have been transiently immune suppressed with anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 monoclonal antibodies. They develop metabolic control when recipients are also transiently treated with insulin injections.

Aims/hypothesis. Disruption of the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) signalling pathway at the level of interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) protects islets against cytokine-induced nitric oxide production and cell death in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a global disruption of IFN-γ signalling, or a selective disruption of IRF-1, on beta-cell sensitivity to in vivo immune destruction. Methods. In a first set of experiments, IFN-γ receptor knockout mice (IFN-γR-/-) and interferon regulatory factor-1 knockout mice (IRF-1-/-) were rendered diabetic by injections of 50 mg streptozotocin i. p. on 5 consecutive days (MLDSTZ). Results. Whereas no difference in sensitivity to MLDSTZ-induced diabetes could be observed between IFN-γR-/- mice and their 129/Sv/Ev controls (50 % vs 55 %, NS), there was an increased incidence of diabetes in IRF-1-/- mice (100 % vs 67 % in C57Bl/6 mice, p < 0.05). A similar increased sensitivity to immune destruction of IRF-1-/- islets was observed when these islets were used as allografts. Islet graft survival rate of IFN-γR-/- and 129/Sv/Ev islets, when transplanted in alloxan-diabetic BALB/c recipients, was comparable (12.0 ± 1.9 days vs 12.9 ± 2.3 days, NS). Allograft rejection, however, of IRF-1-/- islets by BALB/c recipients occurred more rapidly than following transplantation to their C57Bl/6 controls (9.1 ± 2.0 days vs 13.1 ± 1.5 days, p < 0.003). Conclusions/interpretation. These data indicate that IFN-γ signal transduction at the beta-cell level is not essential for immune beta-cell destruction in vivo. Moreover, disruption of the IRF-1 gene in pancreatic islets increases susceptibility to beta-cell killing, suggesting that IRF-1 might be necessary for the expression of putative beta-cell “defence and/or repair” genes. [Diabetologia (2001) 44: 567–574]

Introduction. Anal atresia is a congenital anomaly, very life threatening and urgent. Surgical treatment of this anomaly consists of colostomy first, and then of anal reconstruction. Case report. We presented a 31-year old female with the surgery treatment of anal atresia in the early childhood. In the reproductive period, due to tubal infertily, the patient was included in the program of in vitro fertilization (IVF), in the Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics 'Narodni front', Belgrade. Within this program a long protocol of ovarian stimulation was performed. Ultrasonographic and color Doppler monitoring of the patient was applied by the use of an ultrasonographic apparatus type Siemens Acuson X 150, while any hormonal examinations were performed by an Architect Abbott unit. During the IVF program, the growth of follicules was controlled by the use of ultrasonography, microcirculation of the ovaries and the uterus was marked by a power-pulsating color Doppler, and hormonal examination was performed starting from the day of stimulation up to the day of injecting Pregnyl?. The patient was administered Suprefact? (buserelin) sc from the 21st day of the menstrual cycle, as well as from the 3rd day of the cycle, for totally 11 days. The patient was given 29 ampoules of Gonal F? (recombinant human FSH) 75 IJ im and 15 ampoules of Menopur? (menotrophin) im. Due to a modified pelvic anatomy, the left ovary aspiration was disabled, while the right ovary aspired seven oocytes successfully. Three embryos were inserted in the uterus. The delivery was performed by cesarean section. Conclusion. In the reported patient with a modified pelvic anatomy due to four corrective surgeries of anal atresia, and tubal infertility in the reproductive period, the method of choice for the realization of pregnancy was the IVF procedure. The realized pregnancy and the delivery could be considered highly successful in regard to possible risks.

Prolonged exposure of rodent beta-cells to combinations of cytokines induces the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and Fas expression, nitric oxide (NO) production, and cell death. It also induces the expression of potential "defense" genes, such as manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and heat shock protein (hsp) 70. NO is a radical with multifaceted actions. Recent studies have shown that NO, in addition to having cytotoxic actions, may regulate gene transcription. It remains unclear whether NO mediates cytokine-induced gene expression and subsequent beta-cell death. Previous studies using NO synthase blockers yielded conflicting results, which may be due to nonspecific effects of these agents. In this study, we examined the effects of cytokines on gene expression, determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and viability, determined by nuclear dyes, of pancreatic islets or fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS)-purified beta-cells isolated from iNOS knockout mice (iNOS-/-, background C57BL/6x129SvEv) or their respective controls (C57BL/6x129SvEv). The combination of cytokines used was interleukin-1beta (50 U/ml) plus gamma-interferon (1,000 U/ml) plus tumor necrosis factor-alpha (1,000 U/ml). The lack of cytokine-induced iNOS activity in the iNOS-/- islet cells was confirmed by RT-PCR and nitrite determination. Cytokines induced a >3-fold increase in Fas and MnSOD mRNA expression in wild-type (WT) and iNOS-/- islets. On the other hand, hsp 70 was induced in WT but not in iNOS-/- islets. Prolonged (6-9 days) exposure of WT islets to cytokines leads to an 80-90% decrease in islet cell viability, whereas viability decreased by only 10-30% in iNOS-/- islet cells. To determine the mode of cytokine-induced cell death, FACS-purified beta-cells were exposed to the same cytokines. After 9 days, the apoptosis index was similarly increased in WT (39 +/- 3%) and iNOS4-/- (33 +/- 4%) beta-cells. On the other hand, cytokines increased necrosis in WT (20 +/- 4%) but not in iNOS-/- (7 +/- 3%) beta-cells. From these data, we concluded that 1) NO is required for cytokine-induced hsp 70 mRNA expression but not for Fas and MnSOD expression, 2) cytokines induce both apoptosis and necrosis in mouse beta-cells, and 3) cytokine-induced apoptosis is mostly NO-independent, whereas necrosis requires NO formation.

Whereas nitric oxide (NO) production is associated with the toxic effect of cytokines on rodent pancreatic beta-cells, cytokine-induced apoptosis in human islets may occur independently of NO. The cysteine protease interleukin (IL)-1 converting enzyme (ICE) is a key proapoptotic caspase. Our aim was therefore to analyze the effect of cytokines on ICE expression in human, rat, and mouse islets and rat insulinoma cells. ICE messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was highly up-regulated after 6-, 24-, and 72-h exposure of human islets to interferon (IFN)gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha + IFNgamma or IL-1beta + TNFalpha + IFNgamma, paralleled by increased iNOS (the inducible form of NO synthase) expression and NO production after exposure to the combined cytokines but not to IFNgamma or TNFalpha + IFNgamma. Cytokine-induced NO-independent ICE transcription was confirmed using iNOS inhibitors. Exposure of rat and mouse islets, or rat insulinoma cells, for 24 h to IFNgamma alone or in combination with the two other cytokines also resulted in a highly significant ICE mRNA expression. ICE transcription was not inducible in islets from IFN regulatory factor-1 knock-out mice, suggesting a key-role of this transcription-factor in cytokine-mediated ICE expression in pancreatic islets. In conclusion, cytokines and IFNgamma in particular increase ICE mRNA expression in pancreatic islet cells and beta-cell lines, independently of NO synthesis, suggesting that ICE up-regulation may be involved in cytokine-induced NO-independent apoptosis of human islets.

Infiltration of immunocytes into pancreatic islets precedes loss of beta cells in type 1 diabetes. It is conceivable that local release of cytokines affects the function of beta cells before their apoptosis. This study examines whether the elevated proinsulin levels that have been described in prediabetes can result from exposure of beta cells to cytokines. Human beta-cell preparations were cultured for 48 or 72 hours with or without IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, or IFN-gamma, alone or in combination. None of these conditions were cytotoxic, nor did they reduce insulin biosynthetic activity. Single cytokines did not alter medium or cellular content in insulin or proinsulin. Cytokine combinations, in particular IL-1beta plus IFN-gamma, disproportionately elevated medium proinsulin levels. This effect expresses an altered functional state of the beta cells characterized by preserved proinsulin synthesis, a slower hormone conversion, and an increased ratio of cellular proinsulin over insulin content. The delay in proinsulin conversion can be attributed to lower expression of PC1 and PC2 convertases. It is concluded that disproportionately elevated proinsulin levels in pre-type 1 diabetic patients might result from exposure of their beta cells to cytokines released from infiltrating immunocytes. This hormonal alteration expresses an altered functional state of the beta cells that can occur independently of beta-cell death.

Surface major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II expression by pancreatic islet cells is considered a local initiator or regulator of immune processes that can lead to diabetes. Locally released cytokines, in particular interferon-gamma, are known to stimulate MHC antigen expression by islet cells. The present study quantifies MHC expression in cultured pancreatic beta- and non-beta-cells from both rat and human organs. Interferon-gamma increased MHC class I expression in endocrine beta- and non-beta-cells as well as in pancreatic ductal cells. The cytokine induced a 6-fold increase in the MHC class I messenger ribonucleic acid levels in pancreatic beta-cells; this effect was 2-fold amplified in the presence of elevated glucose levels (20 mmol/L instead of 6 mmol/L). No MHC class II expression was observed in endocrine beta- or non-beta-cells; human, but not rat, ductal cells exhibited MHC class II expression that increased in the presence of interferon-gamma. These data indicate that the increase in beta-cell MHC class I expression described in the pancreata of diabetic patients may result from stimulated transcription after exposure to locally released interferon-gamma and/or to a hyperglycemic state. The association of human islets with ductal cells in which MHC class II expression is stimulated by interferon-gamma makes these cells potential participants in the autoimmune process in diabetes.

Transvaginal Doppler ultrasonography has an important role in detecting and confirming the gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). It can also be helpful in early detection of the malignant cases of GTD such as the invasion and protrusion of trophoblastic tissue into the uterine wall. Ultrasonographic picture of the malignant GTD is also specific for the presence of prominent zones of vasculavization in the peritrophoblastic tissue, as well as in the uterine tissue in which malignant GTD is developed. Resistance Index (RI) values were measured at the level of blood vessels of peritrophoblastic tissue and of suspected zones in the uterine tissue to detect neovascularization, which followed the malignant process. Theca luteal cysts were often detected by Transvaginal Doppler ultrasonography.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare but severe and often fatal disease of the central nervous system most commonly associated with severe immunodeficiency. PML occurs in many clinical conditions as shown in the table below (Table 1) [1-23]. The greatest number of PML cases occurs as a sequel to HIV infection. This was especially prominent in the early days of AIDS, prior to combined antiretroviral therapy, but continues in developing countries where current therapies are not readily available, or patient compliance is not optimal. In the past decade there was a notable increase in number of PML cases associated with several novel therapeutic products, and this is the major reason why PML Consortium has a strong interest in understanding this disease. The PML Consortium was founded in 2009 by Biogen Idec, Elan, and Roche with a vision of finding methods to better predict, prevent, and treat PML.

BACKGROUND: Pre-natal porcine endocrine islet cell grafts were recently shown to contain immature beta cells with a marked potential for growth and differentiation following transplantation, and hence for a progressive and long-term correction of diabetes in immune-incompetent mice. The present study investigates whether these grafts are also capable of correcting hyperglycemia in immune-competent mice receiving a short treatment with anti-CD4-CD8 antibodies. METHODS: Pure endocrine islet cell grafts with 0.5 to 1.0 million beta cells were prepared from pre-natal pigs and transplanted under the kidney capsule of alloxan-diabetic CBA/Ca mice. Survival, growth and function of implanted beta cells were followed by measuring plasma porcine C-peptide and glucose, and graft insulin content at start and at post-transplant (PT) week 35. The effect was studied of a 5-day treatment with non-depleting anti-CD4 YTS177 and depleting anti-CD8 YTS169 antibody, either without or with transient insulin injections. RESULTS: Without antibody treatment, all graft recipients remained porcine C-peptide negative and died. Antibody treatment decreased CD4-expression and percentage CD8 cells for 10 and 18 weeks respectively. It resulted in a 30 week-survival of nine out of 14 graft recipients; all nine had progressively become C-peptide positive but only one proceeded to normoglycemia. When antibody treatment was combined with transient insulin injections, 11 out of 14 graft recipients survived long-term, eight became C-peptide positive and six were normoglycemic at PT week 30. In both groups, surviving recipients exhibited a graft insulin content that was 6- to 9-fold higher than at implantation. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-natal porcine beta cells grow and differentiate when transplanted in diabetic immune-competent mice that have been transiently immune suppressed with anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 monoclonal antibodies. They develop metabolic control when recipients are also transiently treated with insulin injections.

Interleukin (IL)-1beta is known to cause beta-cell death in isolated rat islets. This effect has been attributed to induction of nitric oxide (NO) synthase in beta-cells and subsequent generation of toxic NO levels; it was not observed, however, in dispersed rat beta-cells. The present study demonstrates that IL-1beta induces NO-dependent necrosis in rat beta-cells cultured for 3 days at high cell density or in cell aggregates but not as single cells. Its cytotoxic condition is not explained by higher NO production rates but might result from higher intercellular NO concentrations in statically cultured cell preparations with cell-to-cell contacts; nitrite levels in collected culture medium are not a reliable index for these intercellular concentrations. Absence of IL-1-induced necrosis in rat alpha-cells or in human beta-cells is attributed to the cytokine's failure to generate NO in these preparations, not to their reduced sensitivity to NO: the NO donor GEA 3162 (15 min, 50-100 micromol/l) exerts a comparable necrotic effect in rat and human alpha- or beta-cells. In preparations in which IL-1beta does not cause beta-cell necrosis, its combination with gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) results in NO-independent apoptosis, starting after 3 days and increasing with the duration of exposure. Because IFN-gamma alone was apoptotic for rat alpha-cells, it is proposed that IL-1beta can make beta-cells susceptible to this effect, conceivably through altering their phenotype. It is concluded that IL-1beta can cause NO-dependent necrosis or NO-independent apoptosis of islet cells, depending on the species and on the environmental conditions. The experiments in isolated human beta-cell preparations suggest that these cells may preferentially undergo apoptosis when exposed to IL-1beta plus IFN-gamma unless neighboring non-beta-cells produce toxic NO levels.

In type 1 diabetes, autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cells has been attributed to cytokines released from infiltrating immunocytes. Exposure of isolated islets to cytokines leads to nitric oxide (NO) production, which can damage beta-cells. Because ductal cells are closely associated with human beta-cells, we examined whether they can contribute to this process. Isolated human ductal cells were cultured for 48 h with various cytokines. The combination of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) plus interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) increased nitric oxide production 12-fold while stimulating mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In this condition, 10-20% of cells positive for the cytokeratin-19 duct marker also stained positive for iNOS protein, whereas no positive cells were found in control preparations. Comparison of the magnitude of iNOS mRNA expression and nitric oxide production in these cells with that in isolated human islets suggests that >50% of total islet nitric oxide production might originate from associated ductal cells. It is concluded that ductal cells are a potential source of nitric oxide production in human islets infiltrated by cytokine-releasing immunocytes.

The normal pancreatic beta-cell population exhibits intercellular differences in its responsiveness to glucose. This cellular heterogeneity allows glucose to regulate, in a dose-dependent manner, total rates of insulin synthesis and release. It may also predispose to intercellular differences in susceptibility to dysregulating agents. The present study examines whether this is the case for interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), which is known to suppress glucose-induced insulin synthesis and release. The effects of the cytokine were compared on beta-cell subpopulations with, respectively, high and low sensitivity to glucose. These subpopulations were separated on the basis of differences in the cellular metabolic responsiveness to an intermediate glucose concentration (7.5 mmol/liter) and then cultured for 20 h at 5 or 20 mmol/liter with or without IL-1beta. The suppressive action of IL-1beta (0.1 ng/ml) occurred predominantly in glucose-activated beta cells, reducing their high rates of insulin synthesis and release by more than 80%. Glucose-unresponsive cells became subject to a similar inhibition after their activation during culture at 20 mmol/liter glucose. On the other hand, IL-1beta induced or enhanced the expression of several noninsulin proteins in both subpopulations. The IL-1beta-stimulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and heat shock protein 70 was more marked in the glucose-responsive subpopulation; that of heme oxygenase and Mn superoxide dismutase was comparable in the two subpopulations. Exposure to IL-1beta resulted in 10-fold higher medium nitrite levels in both subpopulations; this effect was prevented by the iNOS blocker, N(G)-methyl-L-arginine, which also prevented the IL-1beta-induced suppression in the glucose-responsive subpopulation. This study demonstrates that the cellular heterogeneity in glucose responsiveness predisposes to intercellular differences in the IL-1-induced suppression of insulin synthesis and release. While the cytokine induces the expression of noninsulin proteins such as iNOS in both glucose responsive and unresponsive cells, the subsequent nitric oxide production appears to predominantly affect glucose-stimulated functions in the glucose-activated cells.

Contemporary migration is characterized by its very dynamic nature. In that sense, it is extremely important that scientific knowledge, academic research, as well as the public policy measures, be based on current research and accurate data sets. Furthermore, theoretical papers explaining relevant phenomena and concepts could be equally relevant and useful like the empirical ones, putting more light on the specific problems in the process of creating and implementing public policies. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the links between the topics in scientific papers and policymakers? needs through the desk analysis of the leading Serbian national scientific journals in the areas of social sciences and humanities. The analysis of 41 papers in total was related to the identification of three specific migration topics: migration and development, integration and migration governance. Through comparison between the global research trends and the national approaches and findings certain conclusions were drawn and recommendations were given. Detailed analysis led to findings that some of the selected academic research could be a reliable and useful source for the decision makers. This is a necessary step for development of efficient and timely state responses to existing and future challenges brought by migration.