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The investigation describes and explains the Influence of Teaching Styles of Teachers in the Academic Performance of Students in the subjects of Basic Mathematic and Introduction to Accounting and Commerce in the leveling course for careers of the Department of Economics, Management and Trade, present modality, of the Escuela Politécnica del Ejército, campus Sangolquí, in the academic period March to August 2012. In order to achieve this objective was performed a correlational research, using a questionnaire for teachers and students as an instrument of investigation. Teachers of the subjects above were classified into tree teaching styles: liberal, tradicional and mixed. For this, it was considered the characteristics of each style. Final averages and the attendance of each student for the academic period were obtained directly for the Unit of Information and Communication Technology of the ESPE. Then, the information obtained was processed and analyzed, determined that 50% of teachers in Introduction to Accounting and Commerce has a blended learning style, 25% a traditional style and 25% liberal style, while the 50% of Basic Mathematics teachers have a traditional teaching style, 25% a mixed style and 25% a liberal style. Finally, it was determined that the blended learning style is one that promotes academic achievement of students in Basic Mathematics and Introduction to Accounting and Commerce., La investigación describe y explica la influencia de los estilos de enseñanza de los docentes en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes en las asignaturas de Matemática Básica e Introducción a la Contabilidad y Comercio; en el curso de nivelación para las carreras del Departamento de Ciencias Económicas, Administrativas y del Comercio, modalidad presencial, de la Escuela Politécnica del Ejercito, Campus Sangolquí, en el período académico marzo-agosto 2012. Para cumplir con este objetivo se realizó una investigación correlacional, utilizando como instrumento de investigación un cuestionario a profesores y estudiantes. Se clasificó a los docentes tomando en cuenta tres estilos de enseñanza: liberal, tradicional y mixto. Para ello, se consideró las características de cada estilo. Se obtuvo los promedios finales del período académico y la asistencia de cada estudiante directamente de la Unidad de Tecnología de Información y Comunicación de la ESPE. Posteriormente se procesó y analizó la información obtenida, con lo cual se determinó que el 50% de los docentes de Introducción a la Contabilidad y Comercio posee un estilo de enseñanza mixto, el 25% un estilo tradicional y 25% uno liberal, mientras que el 50% de los profesores de Matemática Básica tiene un estilo de enseñanza tradicional, el 25% un estilo mixto y 25% uno liberal. Finalmente, se pudo determinar que el estilo de enseñanza mixto favorece el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de Matemática Básica e Introducción a la Contabilidad y Comercio.

The long-term monitoring of carnivore tracks in Doñana is part of a harmonised protocol for the Long-term Ecological Monitoring Program of Natural Resources and Processes targeting mammals' populations. The general aim of this protocol is to study the temporal evolution of the relative density of the main species of carnivores in the main habitats of the Doñana National Park. Tracks surveys were done annually after the first rains of the hydrological year, i.e. the first autumn rains, usually in October. Due to climate change, in recent years the rainy season has been delayed until the beginning of the year. This protocol has stablished in 2007 and it has done annually until the present (2022), except in 2021 when due to logistical problems no census was made. Censuses are carried out through 12 prefixed transect, with sand substrate, in Doñana National Park. Each transect consists of a 2 km of length and 1.5 m of width that is done by a car at a constant speed between 10 and 15 km/h. Transects are cleaned the day before of the census with a metal beam to facilitate the read of the tracks and to ensure that the foot prints were from the previous day. Each transect is repeated in three consecutive days, and during the transect the sand is cleaned for the next day. In the census an expert in mammals’ tracks identifies all the tracks, i.e. groups of carnivore foot prints, and he/she records them in Cybertracker. That way, tracks' information like coordinates, hour, species identification and observation was recorded; and also the information of each transect was recorded: sampler, drivers, date, start and end (hour and coordinates). This method enables to calculate Kilometric Abundance Indexes (KAI) for each species and transect. In order to clarify all carnivore datasets, the data was separated by species, this allows concrete analysis by species. In this dataset domestic dog´s (Canis lupus familiaris) data is presented.

The long-term monitoring of carnivore tracks in Doñana is part of a harmonised protocol for the Long-term Ecological Monitoring Program of Natural Resources and Processes targeting mammals' populations. The general aim of this protocol is to study the temporal evolution of the relative density of the main species of carnivores in the main habitats of the Doñana National Park. Tracks surveys were done annually after the first rains of the hydrological year, i.e. the first autumn rains, usually in October. Due to climate change, in recent years the rainy season has been delayed until the beginning of the year. This protocol has stablished in 2007 and it has done annually until the present (2022), except in 2021 when due to logistical problems no census was made. Censuses are carried out through 12 prefixed transect, with sand substrate, in Doñana National Park. Each transect consists of a 2 km of length and 1.5 m of width that is done by a car at a constant speed between 10 and 15 km/h. Transects are cleaned the day before of the census with a metal beam to facilitate the read of the tracks and to ensure that the foot prints were from the previous day. Each transect is repeated in three consecutive days, and during the transect the sand is cleaned for the next day. In the census an expert in mammals’ tracks identifies all the tracks, i.e. groups of carnivore foot prints, and he/she records them in Cybertracker. That way, tracks' information like coordinates, hour, species identification and observation was recorded; and also the information of each transect was recorded: sampler, drivers, date, start and end (hour and coordinates). This method enables to calculate Kilometric Abundance Indexes (KAI) for each species and transect. In order to clarify all carnivore datasets, the data was separated by species, this allows concrete analysis by species. In this dataset common genet´s (Genetta genetta) data is presented.

The long-term monitoring of carnivore tracks in Doñana is part of a harmonised protocol for the Long-term Ecological Monitoring Program of Natural Resources and Processes targeting mammals' populations. The general aim of this protocol is to study the temporal evolution of the relative density of the main species of carnivores in the main habitats of the Doñana National Park. Tracks surveys were done annually after the first rains of the hydrological year, i.e. the first autumn rains, usually in October. Due to climate change, in recent years the rainy season has been delayed until the beginning of the year. This protocol has stablished in 2007 and it has done annually until the present (2022), except in 2021 when due to logistical problems no census was made. Censuses are carried out through 12 prefixed transect, with sand substrate, in Doñana National Park. Each transect consists of a 2 km of length and 1.5 m of width that is done by a car at a constant speed between 10 and 15 km/h. Transects are cleaned the day before of the census with a metal beam to facilitate the read of the tracks and to ensure that the foot prints were from the previous day. Each transect is repeated in three consecutive days, and during the transect the sand is cleaned for the next day. In the census an expert in mammals’ tracks identifies all the tracks, i.e. groups of carnivore foot prints, and he/she records them in Cybertracker. That way, tracks' information like coordinates, hour, species identification and observation was recorded; and also the information of each transect was recorded: sampler, drivers, date, start and end (hour and coordinates). This method enables to calculate Kilometric Abundance Indexes (KAI) for each species and transect. In order to clarify all carnivore datasets, the data was separated by species, this allows concrete analysis by species. In this dataset Egyptian mongoose ´s (Herpestes ichneumon) data is presented.

The long-term monitoring of carnivore tracks in Doñana is part of a harmonised protocol for the Long-term Ecological Monitoring Program of Natural Resources and Processes targeting mammals' populations. The general aim of this protocol is to study the temporal evolution of the relative density of the main species of carnivores in the main habitats of the Doñana National Park. Tracks surveys were done annually after the first rains of the hydrological year, i.e. the first autumn rains, usually in October. Due to climate change, in recent years the rainy season has been delayed until the beginning of the year. This protocol has stablished in 2007 and it has done annually until the present (2022), except in 2021 when due to logistical problems no census was made. Censuses are carried out through 12 prefixed transect, with sand substrate, in Doñana National Park. Each transect consists of a 2 km of length and 1.5 m of width that is done by a car at a constant speed between 10 and 15 km/h. Transects are cleaned the day before of the census with a metal beam to facilitate the read of the tracks and to ensure that the foot prints were from the previous day. Each transect is repeated in three consecutive days, and during the transect the sand is cleaned for the next day. In the census an expert in mammals’ tracks identifies all the tracks, i.e. groups of carnivore foot prints, and he/she records them in Cybertracker. That way, tracks' information like coordinates, hour, species identification and observation was recorded; and also the information of each transect was recorded: sampler, drivers, date, start and end (hour and coordinates). This method enables to calculate Kilometric Abundance Indexes (KAI) for each species and transect. In order to clarify all carnivore datasets, the data was separated by species, this allows concrete analysis by species. In this dataset Felis genus´ data is presented.

The long-term monitoring of carnivore tracks in Doñana is part of a harmonised protocol for the Long-term Ecological Monitoring Program of Natural Resources and Processes targeting mammals' populations. The general aim of this protocol is to study the temporal evolution of the relative density of the main species of carnivores in the main habitats of the Doñana National Park. Tracks surveys were done annually after the first rains of the hydrological year, i.e. the first autumn rains, usually in October. Due to climate change, in recent years the rainy season has been delayed until the beginning of the year. This protocol has stablished in 2007 and it has done annually until the present (2022), except in 2021 when due to logistical problems no census was made. Censuses are carried out through 12 prefixed transect, with sand substrate, in Doñana National Park. Each transect consists of a 2 km of length and 1.5 m of width that is done by a car at a constant speed between 10 and 15 km/h. Transects are cleaned the day before of the census with a metal beam to facilitate the read of the tracks and to ensure that the foot prints were from the previous day. Each transect is repeated in three consecutive days, and during the transect the sand is cleaned for the next day. In the census an expert in mammals’ tracks identifies all the tracks, i.e. groups of carnivore foot prints, and he/she records them in Cybertracker. That way, tracks' information like coordinates, hour, species identification and observation was recorded; and also the information of each transect was recorded: sampler, drivers, date, start and end (hour and coordinates). This method enables to calculate Kilometric Abundance Indexes (KAI) for each species and transect. In order to clarify all carnivore datasets, the data was separated by species, this allows concrete analysis by species. In this dataset Eurasian otter´s (Lutra lutra) data is presented.

The long-term monitoring of carnivore tracks in Doñana is part of a harmonised protocol for the Long-term Ecological Monitoring Program of Natural Resources and Processes targeting mammals' populations. The general aim of this protocol is to study the temporal evolution of the relative density of the main species of carnivores in the main habitats of the Doñana National Park. Tracks surveys were done annually after the first rains of the hydrological year, i.e. the first autumn rains, usually in October. Due to climate change, in recent years the rainy season has been delayed until the beginning of the year. This protocol has stablished in 2007 and it has done annually until the present (2022), except in 2021 when due to logistical problems no census was made. Censuses are carried out through 12 prefixed transect, with sand substrate, in Doñana National Park. Each transect consists of a 2 km of length and 1.5 m of width that is done by a car at a constant speed between 10 and 15 km/h. Transects are cleaned the day before of the census with a metal beam to facilitate the read of the tracks and to ensure that the foot prints were from the previous day. Each transect is repeated in three consecutive days, and during the transect the sand is cleaned for the next day. In the census an expert in mammals’ tracks identifies all the tracks, i.e. groups of carnivore foot prints, and he/she records them in Cybertracker. That way, tracks' information like coordinates, hour, species identification and observation was recorded; and also the information of each transect was recorded: sampler, drivers, date, start and end (hour and coordinates). This method enables to calculate Kilometric Abundance Indexes (KAI) for each species and transect. In order to clarify all carnivore datasets, the data was separated by species, this allows concrete analysis by species. In this dataset Iberian lynx´s (Lynx pardinus) data is presented.

The long-term monitoring of carnivore tracks in Doñana is part of a harmonised protocol for the Long-term Ecological Monitoring Program of Natural Resources and Processes targeting mammals' populations. The general aim of this protocol is to study the temporal evolution of the relative density of the main species of carnivores in the main habitats of the Doñana National Park. Tracks surveys were done annually after the first rains of the hydrological year, i.e. the first autumn rains, usually in October. Due to climate change, in recent years the rainy season has been delayed until the beginning of the year. This protocol has stablished in 2007 and it has done annually until the present (2022), except in 2021 when due to logistical problems no census was made. Censuses are carried out through 12 prefixed transect, with sand substrate, in Doñana National Park. Each transect consists of a 2 km of length and 1.5 m of width that is done by a car at a constant speed between 10 and 15 km/h. Transects are cleaned the day before of the census with a metal beam to facilitate the read of the tracks and to ensure that the foot prints were from the previous day. Each transect is repeated in three consecutive days, and during the transect the sand is cleaned for the next day. In the census an expert in mammals’ tracks identifies all the tracks, i.e. groups of carnivore foot prints, and he/she records them in Cybertracker. That way, tracks' information like coordinates, hour, species identification and observation was recorded; and also the information of each transect was recorded: sampler, drivers, date, start and end (hour and coordinates). This method enables to calculate Kilometric Abundance Indexes (KAI) for each species and transect. In order to clarify all carnivore datasets, the data was separated by species, this allows concrete analysis by species. In this dataset European badger´s (Meles meles) data is presented.

The long-term monitoring of carnivore tracks in Doñana is part of a harmonised protocol for the Long-term Ecological Monitoring Program of Natural Resources and Processes targeting mammals' populations. The general aim of this protocol is to study the temporal evolution of the relative density of the main species of carnivores in the main habitats of the Doñana National Park. Tracks surveys were done annually after the first rains of the hydrological year, i.e. the first autumn rains, usually in October. Due to climate change, in recent years the rainy season has been delayed until the beginning of the year. This protocol has stablished in 2007 and it has done annually until the present (2022), except in 2021 when due to logistical problems no census was made. Censuses are carried out through 12 prefixed transect, with sand substrate, in Doñana National Park. Each transect consists of a 2 km of length and 1.5 m of width that is done by a car at a constant speed between 10 and 15 km/h. Transects are cleaned the day before of the census with a metal beam to facilitate the read of the tracks and to ensure that the foot prints were from the previous day. Each transect is repeated in three consecutive days, and during the transect the sand is cleaned for the next day. In the census an expert in mammals’ tracks identifies all the tracks, i.e. groups of carnivore foot prints, and he/she records them in Cybertracker. That way, tracks' information like coordinates, hour, species identification and observation was recorded; and also the information of each transect was recorded: sampler, drivers, date, start and end (hour and coordinates). This method enables to calculate Kilometric Abundance Indexes (KAI) for each species and transect. In order to clarify all carnivore datasets, the data was separated by species, this allows concrete analysis by species. In this dataset Western European hedgehog´s (Erinaceus europaeus) data is presented.

The long-term monitoring of carnivore tracks in Doñana is part of a harmonised protocol for the Long-term Ecological Monitoring Program of Natural Resources and Processes targeting mammals' populations. The general aim of this protocol is to study the temporal evolution of the relative density of the main species of carnivores in the main habitats of the Doñana National Park. Tracks surveys were done annually after the first rains of the hydrological year, i.e. the first autumn rains, usually in October. Due to climate change, in recent years the rainy season has been delayed until the beginning of the year. This protocol has stablished in 2007 and it has done annually until the present (2022), except in 2021 when due to logistical problems no census was made. Censuses are carried out through 12 prefixed transect, with sand substrate, in Doñana National Park. Each transect consists of a 2 km of length and 1.5 m of width that is done by a car at a constant speed between 10 and 15 km/h. Transects are cleaned the day before of the census with a metal beam to facilitate the read of the tracks and to ensure that the foot prints were from the previous day. Each transect is repeated in three consecutive days, and during the transect the sand is cleaned for the next day. In the census an expert in mammals’ tracks identifies all the tracks, i.e. groups of carnivore foot prints, and he/she records them in Cybertracker. That way, tracks' information like coordinates, hour, species identification and observation was recorded; and also the information of each transect was recorded: sampler, drivers, date, start and end (hour and coordinates). This method enables to calculate Kilometric Abundance Indexes (KAI) for each species and transect. In order to clarify all carnivore datasets, the data was separated by species, this allows concrete analysis by species. In this dataset red fox´s (Vulpes vulpes) data is presented.

The long-term monitoring of Doñana’s diurnal butterflies is part of a harmonised protocol of the Long-term Ecological Monitoring Program of Natural Resources and Processes. The general aim of this protocol is to monitor and assess the dynamics of diurnal butterflies (Papilionoidea) of Doñana (Paz et al., 2014).. This group of insects is suitable to include in a monitoring protocol, for several reasons: a relative easy identification, it is a good group as bioindicators due to their short life cycle and their high sensitivity to climate, and their relation with plants allow relate their presence with vegetation changes. The monitoring of diurnal butterflies (Papilionoidea) in Doñana, southwestern Spain, was initiated in 2005, but until 2007 the protocol is not well stablished, that is why the temporal range of this dataset start in december of 2007 with one transect. From this first transect, in 2008 the Monitoring Program of Natural Resources and Processes applied the BMS methodology to new zones and transects. The principals aims of this protocol were: to inventory all species of diurnal butterflies present in Doñana, in order to detect the appearance of new species or the local extinction of some populations; and know the dynamics and variations of butterflies populations between years and between months, in order to detect declines in these animal populations. Following the Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (BMS) and Pollard's transects (Sevilleja et al., 2019), the data collection is based in walking transect of a determinate distance where the observer must note, count and identify (when is possible also sex) all butterflies that fly in an imaginary cube of 5 meters of side. The transects are divided into sections with a different or equal length, that usually correspond to different habitat areas. These sections are related to the EUNIS habitat classification (version 2012) and to SACRE habitat classification. In the period 2007-2013, the data was collected with the

This dataset includes records of the monitoring of the distribution and relative abundance of the Mediterranean Spur-Thighed Tortoise (Testudo graeca) in Doñana since 2005 as part of the monitoring program of natural resources and processes in Doñana. One of the aims of this project was to obtain a temporal and continuous series of data of the distribution and abundance of this species to detect changes and trends in the population within the protected area. The study area is Doñana National Park, south-west of Spain, which is one of the two areas of distribution of this species in the south of Spain. The tortoise population of Doñana has been monitored since 1973 for other research studies (Andreu, A.C., 2000; Díaz-Paniagua, C. et al., 2001). Individuals are usually present along the border of temporal marshes and between dunes with vegetation composed by mediterranean scrub, scattered oaks and pine trees of medium and low cover. The method used to monitor long-term changes throughout time is the transect survey looking for tortoise tracks, which can be easily detected in the sandy substrates up to 3 days if there are good weather conditions (moderate temperatures, absence of rains or strong wind). The transects (n=10) are distributed within the whole study area (see decimal coordinates of the starting and end of the survey in the dataset as “verbatimCoordinate”) and runs along linear sand trails (n=8) across mediterranean vegetation and throughout circular dunes transects (n=2). Transects have different length ranged between 2-10 kms. The length of the transect is established since the beginning of the study, however it may be variable when a section of the trails is inaccessible because of flooding or when it overlaps with the breeding area of a protected bird species. In these cases, alternative sections of the trail are established to complete the survey. In total, approximately 60 kms are sampled in Doñana Natural Area. Surveys are designed to be performed eve

The long-term monitoring on plant cover of Doñana shrublands is part of a harmonised protocol for the Long-term Ecological Monitoring Program of Natural Resources and Processes targeting Terrestrial Vegetation. The general aim of this protocol is to monitor and assess the dynamics of the main dominant terrestrial and aquatic vegetation types of Doñana. For shrublands, percent cover is recorded annually starting from 2008 to the present (2022) by staff of the Monitoring Team by one sampling campaign per year during the flowering season (between March and May) in 21 permanent square plots (15x15m). Cover is measured using the line intercept method in 3 transects of 15 m length oriented from East to West and located at fixed points of 2.5, 7.5 and 12.5 metres at both sides of the plot. Using the line-intercept method, the coverage of each species is measured with a measuring tape, including the class age (adult or seedling) and the canopy status (green or dead). This method enables to calculate the percent cover for each species across the transect and for the whole plot, including data on class age and percent of dry and green canopy, additionally to the percent of bare soil, plant density, species richness and vascular plant diversity for every plot.

The monitoring of biometric parameters (total body length, cephalothorax length, cephalothorax width and weight) of red-swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in Doñana wetlands was initiated in 2004 as part of the Monitoring Program of Natural Resources and Processes. The aim was to obtain a temporal and continuous series of data in the biometry of the species to analyze the evolution in these variables. Data were recorded annually between 2004-2022 by more than 2 members of the monitoring team which performed samplings in different locations twice per year in winter-spring and summer seasons when the study sites are flooded. The individuals were sampled at the 64 stations classified according to their location (on either aeolian sands or marshland). Modified commercial traps, similar to funnel traps, with 4 mm mesh size were used as sampling method, following the method by Bravo et. al., 1994. Between 5-9 traps were randomly distributed (until 50 cm of depth) in each location, depending of the flooded area and depth. The traps were left for 24 hours and emptied the content into white sorting pans. Individuals were counted and identified until the maximun taxonomic level in the field and realease. Each individual captured was weigthed using an electronic balance within 0.2 g accuracy. Cephalothorax length (from the tip of the rostrum to the tip of the cephalatorax) and cephalothorax width (maximum width of the cephalothorax) were measured using a slide caliper within 0.1 mm accuracy. Total body length (from the tip of the rostrum to the tip of the telson) were recorded using a ruler within 0.5 mm accuracy. Data recorded during the surveys also included sex and maturation stage (inmature, mature) of the organisms when possible, as well as the time and georreferenced data of the capture. Between 2004-2007 data was registered in Excel file and since 2008 data was recorded in CyberTracker sequence. The protocol used has been supervised by researchers and the data have be

To record the abundance, density and distribution of small-mammals in Doñana Natural Area, a protocol of capture-mark and recapture monitoring of individuals is applied using Sherman’s live-traps (https://www.semice.org/es/el-proyecto/; Flowerdew et al. 2004, Torre el al., 2018). Seven localities of Doñana (MANECORRO, MATASGORDAS, MEDIANA, MORO, LORO AND SABINAR) of different mediterranean habitats (grassland, shrubland, pine forest, juniper woodlands and oak forest) have been sampled twice per year (between May-Dec) since 2011. Each locality has been divided in plots and subplots respectively: MANECORRO3 (A, B, C, D), MATASGORDAS3 (B, C, D), MATASGORDAS4 (A), MATASGORDAS5 (A), MEDIANA2 (B, C, D), MEDIANA3 (A, C, D), MORO1 (B, D), MORO2 (A, C), LORO1 (A, B, D), LORO2 (A, B, C), LORO4 (B, C, D), LORO6 (A, C, D), SABINAR1 (A), SABINAR2 (A) and SABINAR3 (A). In each subplot has been placed between 36 traps spaced 15 meters apart covering an area of 0.56 ha. The small mammals species captured have been: white-toothed shrew Crocidura russula, black rat Rattus rattus, garden dormouse Eliomys quercinus, algerian mouse Mus spretus and wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus. Traps were installed during the morning and remained active for three consecutive nights. A daily check was made in the morning (a night check is unnecessary since Sherman traps include food, synthetic cotton inside and lined with film to withstand inclement weather). Once captured, individual was identified until species level and sexed when it was posible. Additionally, body mass of indviduals were taken using a pesola with 0.5 g accuracy. To control the recaptures individuals of R. rattus, A. sylvaticus, M. spretus, and E. quercinus were marked with a ear tag. On the other hand, individuals of E. quercinus also was marked with transponder. Individuals of C. russula were marked with hair cut or due to its high metabolism and risk of death was released without performing the procedures at moment. All animals we

The monitoring of lizards and geckos’ community in Doñana was initiated in 2005 as part of the monitoring program of natural resources and processes. One of the aims of this project was to obtain a temporal and continuous series of data of the presence and abundance of these species to detect changes and trends in their wild populations within the protected area. Lizard and gecko counts are collected annually by members of the monitoring team three times per year in the periods when reptile activity is high (two samplings in March-June and one sampling in September-October), with good environmental conditions (temperature between 17 and 25 ºC and absence of rain or strong wind conditions). The method used to record the presence and abundance of lizard and gecko species (kilometric index: number of individuals/km) are the transect censuses. Individuals are visually searched along seven transects (linear or circular) that are carried out by one trained person on foot. Each transect have an established length, but the length surveyed is different (averaged 1858 ± 51.86 meters). Each transect is located in dunes or mediterranean vegetation habitats, representative of Doñana ecosystems. Two transects runs through wooden footpaths (within the Natural Park and five transects are placed on sand-trails (4 within the National Park and one in Natural Park which contains a small part of wooden footpath). Linear transects have been surveyed in the outward track direction and after waiting 15 minutes it has been again performed on the way back. This information is valid to account for species presence in the area. However, we suggest to choose the first survey performed for statistical analyses that require independence of samples. Eight species can be potentially observed during the samplings: Mediterranean house gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus), Common Wall Gecko (Tarentola mauritanica), Fringe-fingered Lizard (Acanthodactylus erythrurus), Algerian Psammodromus (Psammodromus algir

The growth responses to climate variability are still unknown in locally threatened conifers from dry regions, but this information is necessary for improving the conservation of relict populations under increasing aridification. We characterized the radial growth patterns and responses to climate of Tetraclinis articulata, a Cupressaceae tree endemic to the western Mediterranean Basin, in a relict population located in southwestern Spain (Doñana) and two populations from the northern Morocco where the species core habitat is found (Tétouan, Ifarten). We assessed climate-growth relationships by using tree-ring width, climate data, drought and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) indices. Climate-growth analyses were refined using the climwin R package to select the most informative statistical models. The main climatic constraints of growth were inferred by using the process-based Vaganov-Shashkin (VS) model explicitly considering non-linear climate-growth relationships. Tetraclinis articulata growth was favored by wet conditions from the prior autumn to the spring of the growth year. In Doñana, warmer May conditions led to growth decline but this negative effect could be reversed by wet-warm conditions in the prior late autumn. Growth in the two Moroccan sites was constrained by 6- to 18-month long droughts peaking in summer, which account for cumulative water deficit since the previous autumn. Winter and early spring precipitation were the main climate drivers of growth in the Moroccan T. articulata populations, and their year-to-year variability was linked to the NAO. The VS model simulations showed that T. articulata growth is enhanced by wet soil conditions in late winter and early spring, probably recharging shallow soil water pools. The VS model also confirmed that warmer spring-summer conditions could amplify drought stress and threaten the long-term persistence of the relict Doñana population.