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The arrest warrants against Vladimir Putin, President of the Russian Federation, and Maria Lvova-Belova, Russian Commissioner for Children’s Rights, alleging responsibility for the unlawful deportation and transfer of children during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, mark an unprecedented practice under international criminal law and raise several questions. It is the first time that an arrest warrant has been issued against the leader of a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. After a brief analysis of the jurisdiction and the procedural and substantive law applicable to the case, the paper focuses on three major issues: the possibility of an arrest with reference to immunity; the appropriateness of establishing a separate special tribunal with reference to the crime of aggression; and the role of the Security Council, on the one hand, and of national courts, on the other. At the end, some remarks are developed as to the prosecution policy pursued by the two arrest warrants.

Il termine coniato da Raphael Lemkin all’indomani della Seconda guerra mondiale per nominare gli eccidi dell’apparato nazista – new conceptions requires new terms – trasse ispirazione dalle riflessioni di George Eastman, imprenditore e pioniere della fotografia, per il marchio Kodak: «primo è breve, secondo non si presta ad errori di pronuncia, terzo non assomiglia a nulla e non può essere associato che alla Kodak». Sebbene sarebbero occorsi 50 anni per giungere alla prima condanna internazionale per il crimine di genocidio, il termine continua a esprimere una singolare unicità e rappresenta una parola-chiave nel dibattito contemporaneo, giuridico e non solo. Questo pone un problema di individuazione delle caratteristiche proprie della figura, specialmente con riferimento alla qualifica strettamente giuridica. Da ultimo, un’eco di tale complessità è rintracciabile nella controversia generata dinanzi alla Corte internazionale di giustizia per il ricorso improprio al termine, da parte della Federazione russa, al fine di giustificare l’aggressione dell’Ucraina.

Artificial intelligence needs big data to develop reliable predictions. Therefore, storing and processing health data is essential for the new diagnostic and decisional technologies but, at the same time, represents a risk for privacy protection. This scoping review is aimed at underlying the medico-legal and ethical implications of the main artificial intelligence applications to healthcare, also focusing on the issues of the COVID-19 era. Starting from a summary of the United States (US) and European Union (EU) regulatory frameworks, the current medico-legal and ethical challenges are discussed in general terms before focusing on the specific issues regarding informed consent, medical malpractice/cognitive biases, automation and interconnectedness of medical devices, diagnostic algorithms and telemedicine. We aim at underlying that education of physicians on the management of this (new) kind of clinical risks can enhance compliance with regulations and avoid legal risks for the healthcare professionals and institutions.

The exceptional aggregate masses of data called ‘Big Data’, as well as the algorithms that are used to interpret and exploit them, are mostly generated and managed by private companies. Since they are becoming increasingly essential in a wide range of sectors – e.g., the administrative, political, educational ones and, more recently, health and legal environments – this is a matter of concern for the jurists, who are perceiving a transfer of regulatory powers from States and international actors to those in the private sector. In this regard, the main issue that arises, is that the ‘algorithm’s rule of law’ assumes that every problem is computable, and it can be resolved through a finite sequence of well-defined operations. However, law is about principles and values, not numbers, and the issue at stake is precisely how to reconcile the regulatory function of law with the rationale that increasingly underlies the policies based on data computing

Commentario agli articoli 68-76 del Regolamento generale per la protezione dei dati personali dedicati all'European Data Protection Board

Commento a margine della sentenza della Corte europea dei diritti umani Muršić c. Croazia [GC], ricorso n. 7334/13, 20 ottobre 2016 – Sovraffollamento carcerario, minimo spazio vitale in celle con pluralità di detenuti

Intorno alle esigenze di sorveglianza di massa e ai limiti posti a quest'ultima dall'ordinamento di diritto internazionale.

La tempesta perfetta" è quella scatenata, nel bel mezzo di una pandemia, dai venti che soffiano sulla richiesta di sorveglianza di massa e quelli, contrari, che spirano sulla tutela dei dati personali. Un primo studio sui rilievi giuridici internazionali.

Quanto è intelligente l’intelligenza artificiale? Abbastanza da potere essere adoperata in quell’esperienza così delicata che prende il nome di processo? Il breve intervento prova ad abbozzare alcune risposte in merito

This book chapter stems from a EU-funded project entitled “Victims and Corporations. Implementation of Directive 2012/29/EU for Victims of Corporate Crimes and Corporate Violence" co-funded by the conjunct programme “Rights, Equality and Citizenship” and “Justice” of the European Union (www.victimsandcorporations.eu). The project’s findings are presented in the collective publication of which this essay is only one among various interdisciplinary contributions. European Union Directive 2012/29/UE introduces a ‘system’ of minimum standards on the rights, support and protection for victims of crimes, and their participation to criminal proceedings, without prejudice to the rights of the offender. Within the scope of the Directive and its definition of ‘victim’, though, there is a relevant group of victims who have not yet received enough consideration, and whose access to justice may be at stake. It is the victims of corporate crimes, and particularly of corporate violence, meaning those criminal offences committed by corporations in the course of their legitimate activities, which result in harms to natural persons’ health, integrity, or life. Within the vast area of corporate crime, the project focuses on three main strands of victimisation: environmental crime, food safety violations and offences in the pharmaceutical industry with the aim to explore intersections and potential synergies between Directive 2012/29/EU and the existing body of EU legal tools in these three sectors. Section 1 of this particular chapter provides an overview of the current ‘state of the art’ with respect to the general issue of victims’ rights, support and protection in light of the EU legal system. Directive 2012/29/UE is analysed in connection with the comprehensive, multi-level, ‘package’ of legal tools and measures concerning the rights and the protection of victims of crime in the EU. The chapter analyses the EU legal instruments devoted to both victims of crime in general and speci

Some reflexions on the definition of victim in international law

La storia tragica e violenta dell’apartheid in Sudafrica e l’esperienza complessa ma pacifica del suo superamento possono essere studiati a partire dal problema dell’altro: con una popolazione fortemente multietnica, undici lingue ufficiali e molte religioni, il Sudafrica è un luogo in cui la presenza dell’altro si impone ‘paradigmaticamente’ come fatto, divenendo al tempo stesso un problema e una necessità. L’esserci dell’altro è ineludibile. Il saggio rilegge la transizione sudafricana dall’apartheid alla democrazia, alla luce del tema dell’altro (e della convivenza con gli altri), in cerca dei fili giuridico-politici che, in quel Paese, hanno tessuto un modello innovativo di risposta a violenze e atrocità collettive, culminato nell’esperienza insuperata della Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), nei suoi fondamenti costituzionali e in alcune coraggiose decisioni della Corte costituzionale. Il Postamble della Costituzione ad interim, che ha aperto la via alla TRC, scolpisce una serie di principi – comprensione, anziché vendetta; riparazione, anziché ritorsione; ubuntu, anziché vittimizzazione – dai quali legislatori, giudici, policy makers e studiosi in tutto il mondo possono (ri)partire per (ri)pensare un modello di giustizia (penale). Il saggio introduce altresì il lettore alla seconda parte del capitolo, cioè al dialogo (curato e tradotto in italiano dall’Autrice) tra due dei protagonisti della transizione sudafricana, i quali incarnano gli ideali di giustizia a cui l’intero testo è dedicato: la psicologa Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela, che ha preso parte ai lavori della TRC, e il giurista Albie Sachs, avvocato e attivista anti-apartheid, vittima di un attentato, divenuto giudice della Corte costituzionale., The South African transition from apartheid to democracy is analysed from the perspectives of law and justice: the constitutional principles of the ‘new’ South Africa, the experience of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and landmark decisions by the Constitutional Court of South Africa draft a new model of justice, which is of extreme interest for law scholars, lawmakers and policymakers worldwide. This model of justice quits and overcomes the idea that justice consists ultimately in ‘striking back’, and it embraces, on the contrary, an idea of justice based on understanding instead of vengeance, a reparation instead of retaliation, ubuntu instead of victimisation as stated in the Postamble of the South African ad interim Constitution which represented the constitutional roadmap towards the TRC. The essay also provides an introduction to the subsequent text of the book chapter (a text the Author has edited and translated into Italian), i.e. a dialogue between two of the main characters of the South African transition: Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela, a psychologist and scholar who took part in the works of the TRC, and Albie Sachs, lawyer, freedom fighter, and apartheid victim who became Justice of the Constitutional Court.

Short historical Introduction to the volume on Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa, with special interest to the teaching of Gandhi and the evolution of the attitude of the Churches to apartheid

This book chapter stems from a EU-funded project entitled “Victims and Corporations” (www.victimsandcorporations.eu). The project’s first findings are presented in the collective publication of which this essay is only one among various interdisciplinary contributions. European Union Directive 2012/29/UE introduces a ‘system’ of minimum standards on the rights, support and protection for victims of crimes, and their participation to criminal proceedings, without prejudice to the rights of the offender. Within the scope of the Directive and its definition of ‘victim’, though, there is a relevant group of victims who have not yet received enough consideration, and whose access to justice may be at stake. It is the victims of corporate crimes, and particularly of corporate violence, meaning those criminal offences committed by corporations in the course of their legitimate activities, which result in harms to natural persons’ health, integrity, or life. Within the vast area of corporate crime, the project focuses on three main strands of victimisation: environmental crime, food safety violations and offences in the pharmaceutical industry with the aim to explore intersections and potential synergies between Directive 2012/29/EU and the existing body of EU legal tools in these three sectors. This particular chapter provides an overview of the current ‘state of the art’ with respect to the general issue of victims’ rights, support and protection in light of the EU legal system. Directive 2012/29/UE is analysed in connection with the comprehensive, multi-level, ‘package’ of legal tools and measures concerning the rights and the protection of victims of crime in the EU. The chapter analyses the EU legal instruments devoted to both victims of crime in general and specific ‘vulnerable’ groups of victims (children, victims of gender violence, victims of human trafficking, etc.). Particular attention is devoted to the issue of victims’ protection, seen as a crucial - yet probl

This book chapter stems from a EU-funded project entitled 'Victims and Corporations' (www.victimsandcorporations.eu). The project’s first findings are presented in the collective publication of which this essay is only one among various interdisciplinary contributions. European Union Directive 2012/29/UE introduces a ‘system’ of minimum standards on the rights, support and protection for victims of crimes, and their participation to criminal proceedings, without prejudice to the rights of the offender. Within the scope of the Directive and its definition of ‘victim’, though, there is a relevant group of victims who have not yet received enough consideration, and whose access to justice may be at stake. It is the victims of corporate crimes, and particularly of corporate violence, meaning those criminal offences committed by corporations in the course of their legitimate activities, which result in harms to natural persons’ health, integrity, or life. Within the vast area of corporate crime, the project focuses on three main strands of victimisation: environmental crime, food safety violations and offences in the pharmaceutical industry with the aim to explore intersections and potential synergies between Directive 2012/29/EU and the existing body of EU legal tools in these three sectors. The book chapter provides a first outline of the issues raised by the implementation of the 'Victims Directive' in cases of corporate violence. Victims of corporate violence appear to be a further category of vulnerable subjects. Victims of corporate violence also appear to have a ‘specific’ need to receive appropriate information, support and protection, and to be supported and made ‘able to participate in criminal proceedings’. Asymmetry of information and of means between individual victims and corporate offenders has heavy repercussions on corporate victims’ recognition, support, protection and access to justice and fair judicial decisions. The rights and safeguards of the suspe

The publication presents the first findings of the EU-funded project titled “Victims and Corporations” (www.victimsandcorporations.eu). European Union Directive 2012/29/UE introduces a ‘system’ of minimum standards on the rights, support and protection for victims of crimes, and their participation to criminal proceedings, without prejudice to the rights of the offender. Within the scope of the Directive and its definition of ‘victim’, though, there is a relevant group of victims who have not yet received enough consideration, and whose access to justice may be at stake. It is the victims of corporate crimes, and particularly of corporate violence, meaning those criminal offences committed by corporations in the course of their legitimate activities, which result in harms to natural persons’ health, integrity, or life. Within the vast area of corporate crime, the project and this publication focus on three main strands of victimisation: environmental crime, food safety violations and offences in the pharmaceutical industry with the aim to explore intersections and potential synergies between Directive 2012/29/EU and the existing body of EU legal tools in these three sectors. The publication starts from an overview of the current ‘state of the art’ with respect to the general issue of victims’ rights, support and protection in light of the EU Directive. An examination of the European, international and national (Belgium, Germany, Italy) legal background is also carried out. An analysis of the promising business and human law perspective also integrates this initial overview. A thorough study of the existing criminological and victimological literature on corporate crime, its harms, and its victims, is presented as a basis for a first attempt at assessing the negative consequences of environmental crimes and food and drugs safety violations for communities and individuals. The issues related to access to justice by victims of corporate violence are studied through a s

La questione che si pone con maggior urgenza al reduce di Auschwitz è quello della memoria: paradossalmente, è la stessa enormità dei crimini commessi a mettere a repentaglio la possibilità di ricordare. Tuttavia nel corso degli anni la riflessione di Primo Levi si rivolge in maniera via via sempre più esplicita verso temi connessi alla dimensione della giustizia, tant’è che I sommersi e i salvati del 1986 mette a fuoco con esemplare lucidità i fenomeni della “zona grigia” e della vergogna di essere sopravvissuti. Non meno significativi sono però anche altri aspetti, che trovano la loro espressione meno reticente in opere collaterali o minori, come il tema del perdono, trattato con incisiva sintesi in un commento al Girasole di Simon Wiesenthal. Ma è soprattutto nelle poesie che affiorano, in tutta la loro controversa drammaticità, i sentimenti connessi al bisogno di giudicare: dal senso di colpa dei superstiti, così straziante da risultare a tratti incontrollabile, a un desiderio di ottenere giustizia che riesce a esprimersi in tutta la sua veemenza solo nella forma della traduzione o della citazione

OBJECTIVES: To compare a passive and an active stretching technique to determine which one would produce and maintain the greatest gain in hamstring flexibility. To determine whether a passive or an active stretching technique results in a greater increase in hamstring flexibility and to compare whether the gains are maintained. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Institutional. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-five volunteer healthy subjects completed the enrollment questionnaire, 33 completed the required 75% of the treatment after 6 weeks, and 22 were assessed 4 weeks after the training interruption. INTERVENTION: A 6-week stretching program with subjects divided into 2 groups with group 1 performing active stretching exercises and group 2 performing passive stretching exercises. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Range of motion (ROM) was measured after 3 and 6 weeks of training and again 4 weeks after the cessation of training and compared with the initial measurement. RESULTS: After 3 weeks of training, the mean gain in group 1 (active stretching) on performing the active knee extension range of motion (AKER) test was 5.7 degrees, whereas the mean gain in group 2 (passive stretching) was 3 degrees (P = .015). After 6 weeks of training, the mean gain in group 1 was 8.7 degrees , whereas the mean gain in group 2 was 5.3 degrees (P = .006). Twenty-two subjects were reassessed 4 weeks after the cessation of the training with the maintained gain of ROM in group 1 being 6.3 degrees , whereas the maintained gain in group 2 was 0.1 degrees (P = .003). CONCLUSIONS: Active stretching produced the greater gain in the AKER test, and the gain was almost completely maintained 4 weeks after the end of the training, which was not seen with the passive stretching group. Active stretching was more time efficient compared with the static stretching and needed a lower compliance to produce effects on flexibility.