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The objective of this study was to investigate of relations between αS1-casein (CSN1S1), αS2-casein (CSN1S2), β-casein (CSN2) and κ-casein (CSN3) gene polymorphism and milk component by PCRRFLP method in Holstein Cattle raised in three different regions. In addition, genotype-environment interaction was determined. The material of the study consisted of 519 Holstein cows that managed under intensive systems in Konya, Manisa, and Diyarbakir provinces, in Turkey. Blood and milk samples of 519 cows were used in the study. The genetic structures of bovine CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN2 and CSN3 genes were examined by PCR-RFLP in three Holstein Cattle populations. General linear model (GLM) was applied to analyze association between genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. Results indicated that milk solids-non-fat, protein and lactose percentages was significantly affected by the genetic variants of the CSN2 gene of cow in general population. Also, milk fat percentage was significantly affected by the genetic variants of the CSN1S1 and CSN3 genes of cows in Konya province. As a result; after increasing the number of studies that investigated the relationship between casein genes and milk characteristics and defined the genetic variation of the CSN1S1, CSN2, and CSN3 genes of Holstein cattle, these genes can be used as a significant genetic marker in early selection.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Siyah Alaca, Simental ve İsviçre Esmeri sığır ırklarında αS1-kazein (CSN1S1), αS2-kazein (CSN1S2), β-kazein (CSN2) ve κ-kazeinin (CSN3) genotip ve allel frekanslarını belirlemekti. Çalışma Türkiye’de Van ilinde yapıldı. Çalışmada 20 baş inekten 200 ml süt örneği alındı. Süt örneklerinden DNA izole edildi. CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN2 ve CSN3 gen bölgelerinin amplifikasyonu, optimizasyon ile belirlenen çoklu PCR protokollerine göre yapıldı. PCR ürünlerinin uzunluğu ve parlaklığı elektroforez ile kontrol edildi. PCR ürünlerinin genotiplendirilmesi için Sanger dizileme uygulandı. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, Siyah Alaca, İsviçre Esmeri ve Simental sığır ırklarında CSN1S1 geninin sadece BB genotipi ve B alleli olarak gözlendiğini gösterdi. Ayrıca, üç sığır ırkında da CSN1S2 geni sadece AA genotipi ve A aleli olarak gözlendi. Bu nedenle üç sığır ırkında CSN1S1 ve CSN1S2 genlerinin monomorfik olduğu gözlendi. CSN2 geni, Siyah Alaca ırkında A1A1, A1A2 ve A2A2 olmak üzere üç farklı genotip, İsviçre Esmeri ırkında A1A1 ve A2A2 olmak üzere iki farklı genotip olarak gözlendi. Ancak Simental ırkında sadece A2A2 genotipi tespit edildi. CSN3 geni için Siyah Alaca sığır ırkında AA, AB ve AE, İsviçre Esmeri ırkında AA, AB ve BB olmak üzere üç farklı genotip, Simental ırkında AB ve BB olmak üzere iki farklı genotip gözlendi. Ayrıca, CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN2 ve CSN3 genlerinin Sanger sekanslamanın sonucunda elde edilen sekans bölgelerine NCBI’da hizalama (BLAST) yapıldı. Hizalama sonucunda üç sığır ırkında CSN2 geninin ekzon 7’sinde yer alan aynı nükleotitde bir farklılık olduğu görüldü. CSN2 geni için NCBI’da verilen dizide Sitozin (C) nükleotidi yer alırken, bu çalışmada Guanine (G) nükleotidi tespit edildi. Bu çalışmada bildirilen hizalama sonucunda tespit edilen C → G geçişine önceki çalışmalarda rastlanmamıştır. Dolayısıyla bu polimorfizmin ilk kez tespit edildiği düşünülmektedir. Ancak bu yeni polimorfizm noktasını doğrulamak için daha fazla örnek üzerinde yeni çalışmalar yapılmasının uygun olacağı sonucuna varıldı. The aim of this study was to determine the genotype and allele frequencies of αS1-casein (CSN1S1), αS2-casein (CSN1S2), β-casein (CSN2) and κ-casein (CSN3) genes in Holstein-Friesian, Simmental and Brown Swiss breeds. The study was conducted in Van province in Turkey. In the study, 200 ml milk samples were collected from 20 head cow. DNA was isolated from milk samples. It was performed for amplification of CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN2, and CSN3 gene regions according to multiple PCR protocols determined by optimization. PCR products length and integrity were checked by electrophoresis. Sanger sequencing was applied for genotyping of PCR products. The results of this study showed that CSN1S1 gene in Holstein Friesian, Brown Swiss and Simmental cattle breeds were only observed as BB genotype and B allele. Also, CSN1S2 gene in three cattle breeds were only observed as AA genotype and A allele. Therefore, CSN1S1 and CSN1S2 genes in three cattle breeds were observed as monomorphic. The CSN2 gene was observed three different genotypes, A1A1, A1A2 and A2A2 in Holstein-Friesian, two different genotypes, A1A1 and A2A2 in Brown Swiss. But it was detected only A2A2 genotype in Simmental breed. For the CSN3 gene was observed three different genotypes, AA, AB and AE in Holstein-Friesian and AA, AB and BB in Brown Swiss, two different genotypes, AB and BB in Simmental. Also, the sequence regions obtained due to Sanger sequencing of CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN2, and CSN3 genes were performed alignment (BLAST) in NCBI. As a result of the alignment, it was observed that there was a difference in the same nucleotide in exon 7 of the CSN2 gene in three cattle breeds. While the Cytosine (C) nucleotide for the CSN2 gene is located in the sequence given in the NCBI, Guanine (G) nucleotide was detected in this study. The C → G transition, which was detected as a result of the alignment reported in this study, was not encountered in previous studies. Therefore, it is thought that this polymorphism was detected for the first time. However, in order to verify this new polymorphism point, it was concluded that it would be appropriate to conduct new studies on more samples.

Bu çalışmada, üç farklı bölgede yetiştirilen Siyah Alaca sığırlarda α-kazein (αS1 ve αS2-kazein), β-kazein ve κ-kazein gen polimorfizminin süt verimi ve süt bileşenlerine etkisinin polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu-restriksiyon parçacık uzunluk polimorfizmi (PCR-RFLP) yöntemiyle araştırılması ve genotip-çevre interaksiyonunun ortaya konulması amaçlandı. Çalışmanın materyalini Konya, Manisa ve Diyarbakır illerinde entansif koşullarda yetiştirilen 519 baş Siyah Alaca ineğin süt ve kan örnekleri oluşturdu. Genomik DNA 519 kan numunesinden izole edildi. DNA'dan CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN2 ve CSN3 genlerinin polimorfik bölgesi PCR ile çoğaltıldı. CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN2 ve CSN3 genlerinin PCR ürünleri, sırasıyla MaeIII, MnlI, DdeI ve HinfI restriksiyon enzimiyle kesildi. Elektroforezde yürütülerek genotipler tespit edildi. Ultra-sound teknoloji temelli süt analiz cihazı kullanılarak sütün yağsız kuru madde oranı, süt yağ oranı, protein oranı ve laktoz oranı belirlendi. Hardy-Weinberg Dengesine (HWE) uyumluluk ve ki-kare (χ2) değerleri Gene-Calc online bilgisayar programı kullanılarak hesaplandı. SPSS paket programında bazı çevresel faktörler dikkate alınarak, genotipik özellikler ile fenotipik özellikler arasındaki ilişkiler genel doğrusal model (GLM Prosedürü) kullanılarak analizi yapıldı. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, genel popülasyonda ortalama laktasyon süresi, laktasyon süt verimi ve 305 günlük süt verimi sırasıyla 347.22 gün, 9039.09 ve 8389.98 kg'dır. Ayrıca, yağsız kuru madde, yağ, protein ve laktoz oranları ise sırasıyla, %8.76, %3.54, %3.21 ve %4.81 olarak tespit edildi. Çalışmada CSN2 geni polimorfizmi laktasyon süresi, yağsız kuru madde oranı, süt protein oranı ve laktoz oranı ile önemli derecede ilişkiliydi. Ayrıca Diyarbakır ilinde, 305 günlük süt verimi ile CSN2 geni polimorfizmi arasında anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edildi. CSN1S1 ve CSN3 geni polimorfizminin süt yağ oranı ile ilişkili olduğu bulundu. CSN1S2 geninin monomorfik olmasından dolayı süt verim özellikleri arasında bir ilişki kurulamadı. Sonuç olarak; Türkiye'de yoğun bir şekilde yetiştiriciliği yapılan Siyah Alaca ırkının kazein genlerinin genetik varyasyonunu belirleyen ve verimle ilişkilendiren çalışmaların sayısının arttırılması ile CSN1S1, CSN2 ve CSN3 genleri marker destekli seleksiyon kriteri olarak erken seleksiyon çalışmalarında güçlü bir genetik belirteç olarak kullanılabilir. CSN1S2 geninin daha geniş popülasyonlarda çalışılması ve bu gene ait diğer bölgelerin de taranarak, bu bölgelere ait genotiplerin verim ile ilişkisinin ortaya konulması faydalı olacaktır. Böylece CSN1S2 geninin seleksiyon çalışmalarında genetik belirteç olarak yer alıp almayacağı da tespit edilebilecektir. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of α-casein (αS1 and αS2-casein), β-casein and κ-casein gene polymorphism on milk yield and milk components in Holstein Cattle raised in three different regions by polymerase chain reaction-restriction particle length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method and to determine genotype-environment interaction. The material of the study consisted of 519 Holstein cows that managed under intensive systems in Konya, Manisa, and Diyarbakir provinces. Genomic DNA was isolated from 519 whole blood samples. The polymorphic region of CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN2 and CSN3 genes from DNA was amplified by PCR. The PCR products of the CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN2 and CSN3 genes were cut with MaeIII, MnlI, DdeI and HinfI restriction enzyme, respectively. Genotypes were determined by electrophoresis. Solids-non-fat, fat content, protein content and lactose content of the milk were determined by using milk analysis device based on ultrasound technology. The Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and chi-square (χ2) values was tested by using the Gene-Calc online computer program. By considering some environmental factors the relationship between genotypic characteristics and phenotypic characteristics was analyzed by using the general linear model (GLM Procedure) in SPSS package program. According to the results of the analysis, in the general population, the average lactation period, lactation milk yield and 305-day milk yield were 347.22 days, 9039.09 and 8389.98 kg, respectively. In addition, solids-non-fat, fat, protein and lactose were 8.76%, 3.54%, 3.21% and 4.81%, respectively. The polymorphism of CSN2 gene was significantly associated lactation period, milk solids-non-fat content, protein content and lactose content. Also, there was association between 305 days milk yield and CSN2 gene polymorphism in Diyarbakir province. CSN1S1 and CSN3 gene polymorphisms were determined to be associated with milk fat content. Since the CSN1S2 gene was monomorphic, no relationship could not be established between milk yield characteristics and milk components. As a result; after increasing the number of studies that investigated the relationship between casein genes and milk traits and determined the genetic variation of casein genes of the Holstein cattle with intensely raised in Turkey, the CSN1S1, CSN2, and CSN3 genes can be a strong genetic marker as marker-assisted selection program in early selection. It will be useful to investigate the csn1s2 gene in larger populations and to investigate other regions belonging to this gene and to determine the relationship of genotypes belonging to these regions with yield. Thus, it will be possible to determine whether the CSN1S2 gene will be included as a genetic marker in selection studies. 149

The biological function of milk is to supply nutrition and immunological protection to the young mammal. Healthy milk should be consumed for be healthy. Economically important milk constituents traits include fat, protein, SNF, lactose and ash. More than 95% of the cow milk proteins are constituted by caseins and whey proteins. Among the caseins, beta casein is the second most abundant protein and has excellent nutritional balance of amino acids. Beta casein composition of milk and milk products has become an important economic trait of dairy animal. BCM7 is suggested to be associated as a risk factor for human health hazards as it can potentially affect numerous opioid receptors in the nervous, endocrine and immune system. The aim of this review has evaluated to role of beta casein A2 gene for healthy milk consumption.

Bu araştırma, Osmaniye ilinde bulunan özel bir süt sığırcılığı işletmesinde yetiştirilen Holstein sığırlarda süt verimi ve suni tohumlama zamanı arasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Ayrıca süt verimi üzerine bazı çevresel faktörlerin etkisi de bu çalışmada incelenmiştir. Araştırma materyalini 2010-2014 yılları arasındaki üretim kayıtları oluşturmuştur. Çevresel faktörler En Küçük Kareler Yöntemi ile analiz edildi. Buzağılama yıllarının laktasyon süresi, laktasyon süt verimi, 305 günlük süt verimi ve Ergin Yaşa göre (ME) -305 günlük süt verimi üzerine etkisi anlamlı bulundu (p The present research was carried out to determine relationship between milk yield traits and timing of Artificial Insemination (AI) in Holstein cows raised at commercial dairy farm located in Osmaniye province. The effect of some environmental factors on milk yield was also investigated in this study. Production records between 2010 and 2014 were constituted the research material. Environmental factors were analyzed by Least Squares Method. Effects of Calving year on lactation length, lactation milk yield, 305 days milk yield and mature equivalent (ME)-305 days milk yield were significant (p

Scientists in developed countries have still discuss the situation of milk A1 and A2. The controversy is that one group of scientists claim of A1 type acause of many health problems in human whereas other groups report beneficial effects of A1 type and declare both types of milk safe for children andadults. The biological function of milk is to supply nutrition and immunological protection to the young mammal. Milk should be consumed for adequateand balanced nutrition. Economically the important milk constituents include: fat, protein, Solid Not Fat (SNF), lactose and ash. More than 95% of thecow milk proteins are constituted by caseins and whey proteins. Among the caseins, beta-casein is the second most abundant protein and has excellentnutritional balance of amino acids. The composition of beta-casein of milk and milk products has become an important economic trait of dairy animal.Beta-CasoMorphin-7 (BCM7) is suggested to be a risk factor for human health bas it can potentially affect numerous opioid receptors in the nervous,endocrine and immune system. The aim of this review was to evaluate discussions of effect A1 and A2 milk Beta-casein gene on health.

Van Kedileri; beyaz tüyleri renkli gözleri ve sevecen tavırları ile ilgi odağı olan canlılardır. Van Kedilerinin Reprodüktif davranışları üzerine çalışma bulmak neredeyse imkansızdır. Bu araştırma, Van Kedilerinin bazı döl verimi özellikleri ve yaşama güçlerini ortaya koymak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın materyalini, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Van Kedisi Araştırma Merkezi Van Kedisi Evinde bulunan Van kedileri oluşturmuştur. Döl verimi özelliklerinin belirlenmesinde 4 yıl boyunca 56 adet dişi kediden elde edilen kayıtlar kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak araştırmada Van Kedilerinde kızgınlık süresi, gebelik süresi ve emzirme süresi sırasıyla; 2.41 ± 0.09, 63.75 ± 0.27 ve 98.45 ± 1.18 gün olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca doğum başına ortalama yavru sayısı ve gebelik başına çiftleşme sayısı sırasıyla; 3.30 ± 0.19 ve 13.71 ± 0.74 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, doğuran kedi sayısı 56, toplam yavru sayısı 185, ölü yavru sayısı 22 (%11,89) ve yaşama gücü %88,11 olarak kaydedilmiştir. En çok görülen doğum tipi, ikiz doğumlarda (%30) ve en fazla görülen ölü doğum oranı ise 4’lü doğumlarda %4.86 olarak tespit edilmiştir.

The aim of this research is to determine of comparation between phenotype and productive characteristics of dubian zeckel sheep and turkish norduz sheep. in this study, as animal recording, breeding from two different geographical areas, which Bosnia and Herzegovina and Turkey were evaluated.Sheep breeding is important part of animal breeding in Bosnia and Herzegovina. More than 1.000.000 hectars of pasturing area in highlands provide optimal conditions for production of food of high biological value, including lamb and cheese. Sheep breeding, completely integrated in land and climatic resources, is stil! under traditional way of production without signific&nt changes in production technology. in post-war period almost complete young female sheep population is reserved for breeding. According to the assessment of breeding specialists there are over 1.000.000 sheep in Bosnia and Herzegovina today. Zeckel sheep is a dominant local breed with a number of varieties with different phenotype and productive traits. According to literature data, varieties of Zeckel sheep like Dubian, Kupreska, Privorian, Glasinacka, Kljucka-Vrcarska, Podveleska, Stolacka-Humnjacka represents about 25% of total sheep population in pure breeding. Dubian sheep is combined production sheep type milk-meat-wool, and represents a sheep with the highest milking capacity among sheep species of Bosnia and Herzegovina. There are a large number of sheep breed that have adapted to different regions owing to diversity of geographical structure of Turkey. Turkey has 31,5 million sheep and is one of the most important sheep producer in the world (TÜİK 2015). Turkish sheep breeds are divided into 2 groups as fat or thin tailed breeds. Fat tailed sheep are in majority in Turkish sheep population. Norduz Sheep is one of the fat-tailed sheep breeds raised in Norduz vicinity of Gurpinar country Van provience. Norduz ewes have evolved naturally through adaptation to socio-economic and ecological conditions of Norduz region. This breed of sheep is totally covered with fleece neck. Norduz sheep is a type within White Karaman breed. Norduz sheep are generally white, but grey, grey-white, brown-white Norduz sheep can also be found. Different parts of body, specially head, chest and legs can have black spots. Norduz sheep generally have long legs, and its neck is covered with fleece. Tail consists of three parts, and middle part is longer. Norduz sheep used for meat, milk and carpet-fleece production in Turkey. Norduz is characterized by high lamb viability and adaptation capacity to the harsh environmental conditions in Eastern Anatolia. Lactation milk yield and lactation length of Norduz ewes were found greater than those of many native sheep breeds raised in Turkey. Norduz sheep milk is rich in proteins which constitutes the basis of texture of cheese. Ewes have ease of management and grazing capability, walking, herd and maternal instinct. Norduz is endangered and sheep are under protection by project of in Vitro Conservation and Preliminary Molecular ldentification of Some Turkish Domestic Animal Genetic Resources-1 (TURKHAYGEN-1) in province of Van. As a results; wither height, body length, birth weight, 18-month weight and daily live weight gain and Lactation milk yield traits far Turkish Norduz Sheep respectively; 71 cm; 68 cm; 4,0 kg; 60 kg; 279 g. and 137 kg.As a results; body weight, height at withers, body length, leg circumference and milk yield traits for Dubian sheep respectively; 75,85±0,31 kg; 77,17 ± 0,11 cm; 85,07 ± 0,19 cm; 10,43 ±0,04 cm and 47,051 per ewe. it would be possible to improve production performances and phenotype characteristics of two different group sheep. Therefore this study to ensure the cooperation between the two countries, also, it is very important in terms of being a of pioneering research.

There are a large number of sheep breed that have adapted to different regions owing to diversity of geographical structure of Turkey. Turkey has 31,5 million sheep and is one of the most important sheep producer in the world (TUIK 2015). Turkish sheep breeds are divided into 2 groups as fat or thin tailed breeds. Fat tailed sheep are in majority in Turkish sheep population. Norduz Sheep is one of the fat-tailed sheep breeds raised in Norduz vicinity of Gurpinar country in Van provience. Norduz ewes have evolved naturally through adaptation to socio-economic and ecological conditions of Norduz region. This breed of sheep is totally covered with fleece neck. Norduz sheep is a type within White Karaman breed. Norduz sheep are generally white, but grey, grey-white, brown-white Norduz sheep can also be found. Different parts of body, specially head, chest and legs can have black spots. Norduz sheep generally have long legs, and its neck is covered with fleece. Tail consists of three parts, and middle part is longer. Norduz sheep used for meat, milk and carpet-fleece production in Turkey. Norduz is characterized by high lamb viability and adaptation capacity to the harsh environmental conditions in Eastern Anatolia. Lactation milk yield and lactation length of Norduz ewes were found greater than those of many native sheep breeds raised in Turkey. Norduz sheep milk is rich in proteins which constitutes the basis of texture of cheese. Ewes have ease of management and grazing capability, walking, herd and maternal instinct. Norduz is endangered and sheep are under protection by project of In Vitro Conservation and Preliminary Molecular Identification of Some Turkish Domestic Animal Genetic Resources-I (TURKHAYGEN-I) in province of Van.

Feeding healthy and balanced of rapidly growing world population is one of the key challenges facing the world today. Using of knowledge and technology in the production of safe food have both advantage and disadvantage. Recently, conscious consumers profile’s that quality, healthy and safe food are more questioning how the food was produced. For this reason, food safety turns into "both from farm to fork and from fork to farm" approach instead of "from farm to fork" food safety approach in recent years. EU and Turkey enact many legal regulations to ensure access to safe food of consumers. Thus, ensure food safety and protection of health with the interests of consumers and manufacturers, establishment of an effective food control system is aimed. There is a synergy between food safety and animal welfare. Animals should be far away from feelings like pain, suffering and fear to produce healthy and quality foods. The practise of unconscious and careless is falling into seriously danger about animal welfare of millions of animals raised for meat, milk and egg consumption. The importance of animal welfare in terms of food security is relevant Increasing of animal products consumption. This study provides information that the importance of food security in terms of animal welfare and the relevant legislation in EU and Turkey., Hızla artan dünya nüfusunun sağlıklı ve dengeli beslenmesi, bugün dünyanın karşı karşıya kaldığı önemli sorunlarından birisidir. Güvenli gıda üretiminde bilgi ve teknoloji kullanımı, birçok avantajın yanında dezavantajlara da sahiptir. Son zamanlarda artan bilinçli tüketici profili, kaliteli, sağlıklı ve güvenli gıdaların nasıl üretildiğini daha fazla sorgulamaktadır. Bu sebeple; gıda güvenliğindeki “çiftlikten çatala” yaklaşımı, son yıllarda “hem çiftlikten çatala, hem de çataldan çiftliğe” gıda güvenliği anlayışı şeklinde bir değişim göstermiştir. AB ve Türkiye’de tüketicilerin güvenli gıdaya erişmelerini sağlamak için birçok yasal düzenleme çıkarılmaktadır. Böylece etkili bir gıda denetim sisteminin kurulması, üretici ve tüketici menfaatleri ile sağlığının korunması ve güvenli gıda temininin sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır. Gıda güvenliği ile hayvan refahı arasında bir sinerji vardır. Sağlıklı ve kaliteli gıdalar elde etmek için hayvanların acı, ıstırap ve korku gibi duygulardan uzak olması gerekmektedir. Hayvan refahı konusundaki bilinçsiz ve özensiz uygulamalar, et, süt ve yumurta tüketimi için yetiştirilen milyonlarca hayvanın refahını ciddi şekilde tehlikeye düşürmektedir. Hayvansal ürünlerin tüketimi arttıkça gıda güvenliği açısından hayvan refahının önemi de artmaktadır. Bu çalışma; AB ve Türkiye’deki hayvan refahı uygulamalarının gıda güvenliği açısından önemini ve ilgili mevzuatlar bakımından yapılan çalışmalar hakkında bilgi vermektedir.

WOS: 000404831800001, Van cats are animals that often become the centre of attention due to their white hair, colourful eyes, and affectionate attitudes. However, it is nearly impossible to find research studies on the reproductive behaviours of Van cats. We conducted this study with the purpose of revealing the breeding efficiency properties and survival rates of Van cats. The study materials consisted of Van cats in the Van Cat Home of Yuzuncu Yil University's Van Cats Research Center. We determined the breeding efficiency properties using records obtained from 56 female cats over the course of four years. As a result of the study, we determined that the durations of oestrus, pregnancy, and lactation in Van cats were, respectively, 2.41 +/- 0.09, 63.75 +/- 0.27, and 98.45 +/- 1.18 days. We also determined the average number of kittens per delivery and the mating per pregnancy as, respectively, 3.30 +/- 0.19 and 13.71 +/- 0.74. In this study, we recorded the presence of 56 delivering cats, with a total of 185 kittens, 22 of which were dead (11.89%), and an 88.11% survival rate (%). The most common delivery type was twin deliveries (30%), and the highest rate of stillbirths was 4.86% in quadruplet deliveries.