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Reform hareketinin önemli liderlerinden biri olan Philip Melanchthon, Protestanlığın temel ilkelerine dair yaptığı çalışmaların yanı sıra Lutherci teolojiyi şekillendiren kişi olarak tarihte yer almaktadır. Reform teolojisine yaptığı katkılarla takdir toplamakla birlikte Reform mücadelesi içerisinde düşünce dünyasında geçirdiği dönüşüm sebebiyle eleştirilere maruz kalmıştır. Eleştirildiği meselelerden biri olan Evharistiya sakramenti, Kalvinizm ve Lutheranizm gibi Protestan mezheplerin kendi içerisinde doktrinel olarak birleşmelerinin önündeki engellerden biridir. Reformcu din adamları arasında Evharistiyada İsa Mesih’in varlığının mahiyeti ile ilgili hususta meydana gelen tartışmalar Protestan liderlerin saflarının belirlenmesinde önem arz etmiştir. Yaşanan yoğun tartışmalarda Philip Melanchthon, İsa Mesih’in fiziki olarak mevcut olduğuna dair söylemiyle dava arkadaşı Martin Luther’in görüşlerini paylaşmıştır. Ancak Reformun ilerleyen yıllarında konuya ilişkin getirdiği yeni yorumlarla Lutherci din adamları tarafından Luther’e ihanet ettiğine dair ithamlarla sert bir şekilde eleştirilmiştir. Almanya’da yaşanan toplumsal olayların, dinsel radikalizmin ve siyasi gelişmelerin etkisinin söylemlerine yansıdığı anlaşılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda araştırmada Philip Melanchthon’un Reform hareketi içerisindeki çalışmaları ele alınarak Reform teolojisine yaptığı katkılar ortaya konmakla birlikte Reform tarihindeki önemine değinilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın esas konusunu teşkil eden Evharistiya sakramenti ve İsa Mesih’in varlığının mahiyetine ilişkin görüşlerine de yer verilmiştir. Ayrıca Melanchthon’un Evharistiya konusunda diğer Reformcu din adamları ile görüşleri mukayese edilmiş ve onun bu konudaki yaklaşımları ele alınarak Protestanlık içerisinde yer aldığı özgün konumunun ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır., Philip Melanchthon, one of the important leaders of the Reformation movement, went down in history as the person who shaped the Lutheran theology. He also studied on the basic principles of Protestantism. Although he won general approval for his contributions to Reform theology, he was criticized for the transformation of his thoughts during the Reformation struggle. The Sacrament of the Eucharist, which is one of the issues he was criticized for, is one of the obstacles to the doctrinal unification of the Protestant denominations such as Calvinism and Lutheranism. The discussions among the reformist clergy about the existence of Jesus Christ in the Eucharist played an important role in determining the ranks of the Protestant leaders. Through intense discussions, Philip Melanchthon shared the same ideas with his companion Martin Luther about the physical existence of Jesus Christ. However, in the upcoming years of the Reformation, he was harshly criticized by the Lutheran clergy with the accusations that he betrayed Luther because of his new interpretations on the matter. It is understood that social events, religious radicalism and political developments in Germany influenced his thoughts. In this study, it is mentioned that Philip Melanchthon's studies in the Reformation movement, his contributions to Reformation theology, and his importance in the history of the Reformation. The primary concern of this study is the Sacrament of the Eucharist and Melanchthon's thoughts about the nature of the existence of Jesus Christ. In addition, Melanchthon and Reformed clergy’s thoughts about the Eucharist were compared, and it was aimed to reveal his original position in Protestantism by considering his approaches on this matter.

Cataloged from PDF version of article. Thesis (Ph.D.): Bilkent University, Department of Economics, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University, 2022. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-157). This thesis consists of three essays on the effects of two education policies on education and labor market outcomes in Turkey. The first essay examines the causal effects of the drastic expansion in Turkish higher education, which occurred in 2006-2008 with the establishment of new universities and increasing the educational opportunities both in the new and established universities, on the educational attainment disadvantage of women in higher education. The expansion increases the attainment rates of both genders but does not significantly reduce the gender gap after controlling for the time trends. Studying the mechanisms shows that the expansion in social sciences, which constitutes more than half of the additional slots, benefited men and women evenly; but the expansion in engineering, about 25% of additional slots, benefited men more. The second essay investigates the causal impact of the same expansion policy in higher education on college wage premium in Turkey. The expansion increases the share of college graduates significantly and decreases the college wage premium for young men exposed to the policy. The expansion has lower but significant adverse effects on older age groups, whose human capital accumulation is not affected by the expansion policy. This result provides causal evidence that the increase in the supply of skilled workers reduces the wage advantages enjoyed by these workers. The third essay analyzes the impact of extending mandatory years of schooling from 5 to 8 years in 1997 on the gender gap in intergenerational educational persistence. Prior to the reform, there was a gender gap in the association of parents’ educational attainment with their offspring’s. Daughters’ educational attainment is more dependent on their parents’ educational background. The education reform reduces the impact of parental education on the completion of new compulsory schooling (8 years) and post-compulsory schooling (high school) for both sons and daughters. The gender gap in intergenerational education transmission decreases in the completion of new compulsory schooling level but remains unchanged at the post-compulsory schooling level after the reform. by Merve Demirel Ph.D.

Dispersion and distribution of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in polymer matrices without the use of any functionalization and application of conventional procedures such as mixing or sonication does not display the full potential of the fillers due to agglomeration which limits the use of the corresponding nanomaterials. Contrarily, varying GNP and CNT based fillers were integrated to an aerospace grade epoxy resin, which has a high curing temperature of 180 °C and is commonly used as matrix to manufacture structural parts, by use of three-roll milling in this study. This procedure is of major interest for industrial applications, especially for the aerospace sector, since the process is scalable and works for resins with high curing temperatures. Microstructure and thermal properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. Moreover, mechanical and electrical performances were studied. Results show that certain fillers yield multifunctional properties, i.e. enhanced flexural strength up to 64±41 % in combination with low electrical resistivity with orders of magnitude of ∼10−1−10−2 Ωm in comparison to the electrical resistivity of the epoxy being 109 Ωm.

Self-regulated learning (SRL) has been identified as a crucial premise of academic achievement and effectual learning for students. A self-regulated learner can select, organize, and manage their learning with independent and effective use of suitable strategies and also mediate and observe their own learning process. Due to that duty and responsibility that the students take during their learning progress, they may need to exhibit these strategies in distance learning environment which prioritize students more to regulate their own learning in order to achieve success compared to traditional classes. The main purpose of this study is to know the extent of online self-regulated learning(OSRL) strategy use of learners of EFL across the different academic achievement levels. Additionally, the roles of gender and course attendance in online self-regulatory strategy use were investigated. The participants of the study are 184 students of a public high school in Turkey receiving online education during Covid 19 pandemic. The instruments to gather the data are the OSRL questionnaire and a followup semi-structured interview. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS in terms of numbers (n), frequencies, percentages (%), means (X̄), medians, standard deviations (Sd.), Shapiro-Wilk Test, Mann Whitney U-Test, and Kruskal Wallis H-Test. The findings revealed relatively less usage of two sub-skills of OSRL, which are helpseeking and self-evaluation, compared to the other skills. For all ORSL strategies scores, the groups of students with different academic achievement level (unsuccessful, mid-level and successful) were compared with each other. As a result, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference between academic achievement level groups only in terms of help seeking strategy use scores. Finally, it was found that vii course attendance did not contribute to the use of help-seeking strategies only and also, in terms of all OSLR scores, there was no statistically significant difference between the female and male groups. Furthermore, the interview findings uncovered the underlying reasons of questionnaire findings in depth., CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Research Problem and Justification ....................................................................... 2 1.2. Purpose Statement and Research Questions .......................................................... 3 1.3. Significance of the Study ....................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Theoretical Background of Self-Regulated Learning ............................................ 5 2.2. Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement .......................................... 8 2.3. Importance of Self-Regulation in Language Learning ........................................ 10 2.4. Studies on SRL in Language Learning ................................................................ 13 2.5. Self-Regulated Learning in Online Learning Context ......................................... 16 2.6. Studies on SRL in Online Learning Context ....................................................... 18 2.7. Online Self-Regulated Learning (OSRL) Strategies ........................................... 20 xi CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1. Research Design .................................................................................................. 23 3.2. Research Setting and Participants ........................................................................ 24 3.3. Data Collection Instruments ................................................................................ 28 3.3.1. Online Self-Regulated Learning Questionnaire (OSLQ) .......................... 28 3.3.2. Online Self-Regulated Learning Interview ................................................ 31 3.4. Procedure ............................................................................................................. 32 3.5. Data Analysis ....................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS 4.1. Findings of the Questionnaire .............................................................................. 37 4.1.1. Analysing Participants’ Online Self-Regulated Learning ........................ 37 4.1.2. EFL Learners’ Use of Online Self-Regulated Learning Strategies and their Academic Achievement Levels ................................................. 41 4.1.3. Online Self-Regulated Learning Strategy Use and Gender ...................... 43 4.1.4. Online Self-Regulated Learning Strategy Use and Attendance ................ 45 4.2. Findings of the Follow-up Interview Analysis .................................................... 47 4.2.1. External Factors for Lower Use of SRL Strategies in Online Learning Setting ......................................................................................... 48 4.2.2. Students’ Individual Factors in OSRL Strategy Use ................................. 50 CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 5.1. Research question 1: What is the online self-regulated learning strategy use of the learners of EFL in a high school? ....................................................... 53 5.2. Research Question 2: Are there statistically significant differences between the use of online self-regulated learning strategies by EFL learners with different academic achievement levels? ........................................ 56 xii 5.3. Research question 3: Are there statistical differences between female and male students’ use of self-regulation strategies? ................................................. 58 5.4. Research question 4: Does online self-regulatory strategy use of learners of EFL differ in regards to their course attendance? ........................................... 58 5.5. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 59 5.6. Educational Implications for the Present Study .................................................. 61 5.7. Suggestions for Future Researches ..................................................................... 62 5.8. Limitations .......................................................................................................... 63 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 64 APPENDICIES ............................................................................................................... 75

Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560), teolojik görüşleri, eserleri ve çalışmaları ile Reform döneminin öne çıkan şahsiyetlerinden biridir. Protestanların sözcüsü olarak üstlendiği önemli görevle birlikte Martin Luther’le (1483-1546) dava arkadaşlığını hayatının

We analyze the impact of an increase in compulsory schooling policy on the gender gap in intergenerational educational persistence using the Turkish Adult Education Survey (2012). Prior to the reform there is a gender gap in the association of parents' educational attainment with their offspring's. Daughters exhibit more intergenerational persistence than sons. We show that the education reform that increased compulsory schooling from 5 to 8 years, exposed children born after 1986 to 3 more years of schooling and reduced the effect of parental education on the completion probability of new compulsory schooling (8 years) from 30% to 1% percentage points for sons and from 49% to 11% percentage points for daughters, while the effect of parental education on post-compulsory schooling outcomes of sons and daughters decreased by 12 and 13 percentage points, respectively. The gender gap in intergenerational education transmission has decreased by 8 percentage points in the completion of new compulsory schooling level but remains unchanged at the post-compulsory schooling level after the reform.

We examine the dramatic expansion in the Turkish higher education system during 2006-2008, which resulted in the establishment of 41 new public universities and a 60% increase in the number of available slots. Using the variation in the exposure intensity of expansion across cohorts and regions, we estimate the causal effect of the expansion on overall attainment and the gender gap in higher education. Before the expansion, women had lower higher education rates. The expansion increased the attainment rates of both men and women but failed to reduce the gender gap. Comparing the scale of expansion across fields of study, we observe that the largest growth in available slots was in social sciences and engineering. The expansion of slots in social sciences benefited men and women evenly, but the expansion in engineering benefited men more than women, thereby raising the gender gap.

Bu araştırma, obez ve kilolu yetişkin kadın bireylerde vücut ağırlık kaybı hedefleyen sağlıklı diyet programının bağırsak mikrobiyotalarındaki bakteri çeşitliliği, nispi bolluğu ve türler arası baskınlığı ile antropometrik ölçümler üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmek amacıyla planlanıp yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışma Aralık 2016- Mart 2017 tarihleri arasında Ankara Mamak Toplum Sağlığı Merkezi Obezite Polikliniğine başvuran 19-41 yaş aralığında olan (33,6±6,40 yıl) 11 obez ve kilolu kadın birey üzerinde yürütülmüştür. İlk aşamada bireylerin demografik özelliklerini sorgulayan anket formu, fiziksel aktivite kayıtları, besin tüketim sıklıkları sorgulanmış, 24 saatlik besin tüketim kayıtları alınmış, sağlıklı yeme indeksleri (SYİ) hesaplanmış, vücut bileşimleri ve antropometrik ölçümleri yapılarak gaita örnekleri toplanmıştır. İkinci aşamada vücut ağırlıklarının en az % 5-10'unu kaybetmesini hedefleyen bireye özgü, 12 haftalık diyet programı düzenlenmiş ve çalışma boyunca on beş günde bir kontrole çağrılarak diyet uyumları izlenmiş, vücut bileşimleri ve antropometrik ölçümleri yapılarak, fiziksel aktiviteleri kaydedilmiştir. Çalışma sonunda besin tüketim sıklıkları alınmış, SYİ tekrar hesaplanmış ve gaita örnekleri toplanmıştır. Bireylerin başlangıç ve 12. hafta arasındaki vücut ağırlığı, beden kütle indeksi, bel/kalça/boyun çevresi, bel/boy, vücut yağ, vücut su yüzdesi oranı ve viseral yağ ölçümü yüzde değişimleri arasındaki ve sağlıklı yeme indeksi puanı arasındaki farklar istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (p0,05) ve bakteri filum ile cinslerinin nispi bollukları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır (p>0,05). Farklı bakteri cinsleri ve filumları ile diyetin besin ögeleri, besin grupları ve SYİ bileşenleri arasında ters ve pozitif yönde ilişki bulmuştur (p0,05). Bu çalışma vücut ağırlık kaybından ziyade diyet içeriğinin bağırsak mikrobiyotasını etkilediğini ortaya koymaktadır. This study was planned and conducted to evaluate the effect of a healthy diet programme on the diversity, the relative abundance and the dominance of the bacteria in the gut microbiota and the anthropometric measurements of obese and overweight adult women. This study was performed with 11 obese and overweight women between the ages of 19-41 (33,6 ± 6,40 years) who applied to Mamak Community Health Center Obesity Outpatient Clinic, Ankara between December 2016 and March 2017. Initially, the demographic features of the individuals were questioned using a questionnaire. Physical activity records, food consumption frequencies were questioned, 24-hour food recall records were taken, healthy eating indexes (HEI) were calculated, the anthropometric measurements, the body compositions were recorded and fecal samples were collected. In the second step, individualized body weight loss targeted-healthy diet programme aiming 5-10 % of weight loss was conducted for 12 weeks. During the 12 weeks, individuals were called every fifteen days and diet compliances were reviewed, anthropometric measurements were collected, body compositions were analyzed and physical activities were recorded. At the end of the study, food consumption frequencies were asked, healthy-eating index scores of individuals were calculated again and fecal samples were collected. The differences between the initial to 12th-week HEI and measurements of the body weights, BMI, waist/hip/neck circumference, waist/height, body fat, body water percentage, visceral fat proportion were found statistically significant (p0,05) and the relative abundances of the phylum and species of the bacteria (p>0,05) were not found statistically significant. A positive correlation was found between different bacterial species along with phyla and dietary nutrients, food groups, the healthy eating index (p0,05). This study suggests that dietary content influences intestinal microbiota rather than body weight loss. 223

Bu çalışmanın amacı, rekabet stratejisi, kurum kültürü ve örgütsel uyumlanma ile ilgili tanımlamalar ve teorik çalışmalar incelendikten sonra, rekabet stratejisinin ve kurum kültürünün örgütsel uyumlanma sürecine etkisinin incelemektir.Bu amaç doğrultusunda, İstanbul’da faaliyet gösteren farklı küçük, orta ve büyük işletmelerde çalışan 170 kişi üzerinde bir araştırma yapılmıştır. Bu şekilde evren sahası geniş tutulmuştur. Elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda, rekabet stratejileri, kurum kültürü, çevresel koşullar ve örgütsel uyumlanma arasındaki ilişkileri ortaya koymak üzere korelasyon ve regresyon analizleri uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlar, örgütsel uyumlanma üzerinde rekabet stratejisi ve kurum kültürü gibi içsel unsurların daha etkili olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Buna ek olarak, farklılaşma stratejilerinin ve klan tipi kültüre sahip olmanın da önemli etkisi olduğu görülmektedir.--------------------The purpose of this study was, to search the effects of competitive strategies and corporate culture on organizational alignment after definitions and theoretical studies with these topics had examined. Among this purpose the research has been done on 170 employees who worked at different small, medium or large size companies in Istanbul. In this way, the search area is kept wide. In the way of the datas, correlation and regression analysis have been utilized to explain the relationships between the competitive strategies, corporate culture, environmental conditions and organizational alignment. The result showed internal factors such as competitive strategies and corporate culture were more effective on organizational alignment. In addition, differentiation strategies and having clan type culture have an important effect.

Yaşlanma, kişinin fiziksel ve ruhsal yönden değişime uğramasıdır. Bu durum bireysel olmakla birlikte, toplumsal değerler ve diğer etkenler de toplumda yaşlı ve yaşlılığa verilen değeri ve yeri belirlemektedir. Yaşlılık sadece biyolojik etkilerle kısıtlanmayıp, aynı zamanda toplumsal ve kültürel etkileri olan bir süreçtir. Yaşlılık zamana ve toplumdan topluma farklılık göstermektedir. Yaşlıların yaşlılık döneminde aktiviteleri yavaşlamakta, buna bağlı olarak yaşam memnuniyet durumları azalmakta ve psiko-sosyal sorunları ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ülkemizde özellikle de büyük şehirlerde yaşlılar bakım, sağlık, konut, gelirin korunması ve sosyal refah hizmetleri ile ilgili gereksinimlerinin giderilmesi konusunda bazı sorunlarla karşılaşmaktadır. Artan yaşlı nüfusuyla birlikte yaşlıların sorunları da artmaktadır. Bu süreçte, psiko-sosyal sorunlar gibi sorunlara tanık olunmaktadır. Araştırma ile Etimesgut ilçesinde ikamet eden yaşlıların psiko-sosyal sorunları, sosyal hizmetlere olan ihtiyaçlarının belirlenmesi ve ihtiyaçlarının karşılanma düzeyinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma evrenini Etimesgut ilçesinde ikamet eden yaşlılar oluşturmaktadır. Etimesgut Belediyesi Tıp Merkezine 21 Kasım-21 Aralık 2016 dönemi içerisinde başvuran 60 yaş üzeri bireylerden 214 kişi ise örneklemi temsil etmektedir. Araştırmanın modeli ilişkisel tarama modelidir. Bu modelle demografik özellikler, psiko-sosyal sorunlar ve bu sorunlar arası ilişkiye bakılmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri, nicel veri toplamak amacıyla değerlendirme formu kullanılarak bire bir görüşme yapılarak elde edilmiştir. Araştırmanın verilerinin elde edildiği değerlendirme formundaki soruların, geçerlik-güvenirliği yapılmıştır. Veriler, SPSS 22.0 paket programı ve istatistiksel analiz yöntemleri yardımıyla elde edilmiştir. Sorular; psiko-sosyal sorunlar, sosyal hizmetlere ihtiyaç duyma düzeyi ve ihtiyaçların karşılanma düzeyi olarak üç bölümde incelenmiştir. Araştırmaya katılan yaşlı bireylerin güçlerinin farkında olmadıkları, psiko-sosyal sorunlara karşılaştıkları ve sosyal hizmet uygulamalarına ihtiyaç duydukları ortaya çıkmıştır. Sonuç olarak, yaşlıların psiko-sosyal sorunlarına yönelik sosyal hizmet uygulamaları önerilerinde bulunulmuştur.Anahtar Sözcükler: Yaşlılık, Yaşlanma, Psikolojik Sorun, Sosyal Sorun, Sosyal Hizmet Aging is a change in physical and spiritual aspects of a person in behavior. Although these individual situations, social values and other factors in elderly and but also old age the given value and place in society. Age restriction not only biological effects, but also the social and cultural effects. Until then, old age and differ from society to society. Slows down the aging period of the elderly activities, consequently decreasing the life satisfaction States and psycho-social problems are emerging. In our country, especially in big cities, the elderly health, housing, income protection and elimination of requirements for social welfare services in partnership with some problem. Along with the increasing elderly population is increasing the problems of the elderly. In this process, the witness has issues such as psycho-social problems. Etimesgut district resident elderly people with psycho-social problems, social services which identify their needs and the needs of tolerated aimed to evaluate the level of. The universe of this research has Etimesgut district resident seniors. Etimesgut Municipality Medical Center November 21, 2016 to December 21, 2016 applicant is over the age of 60 individuals representing 214 sampling. The research model is the relational scan model. Demographic features of this particular model, the psycho-social problems and the relationship between these problems is deprecated. The survey data, to collect quantitative data evaluation form has been obtained by making a one-to-one conversation using. The data of the survey obtained the reliability, validity of questions in the questionnaire, the evaluation is made-. The data SPSS 22.0 with the help of statistical analysis program and method have been obtained. Questions; psycho-social problems, social services as the level and needs are met the need for level three section. They were not aware of the power of older individuals who participated in the survey, the psycho-social problems and social service applications they need. As a result, older people's psycho-social problems, social services applications for advice.Key Words: Elderly, Elderly Care, Psychological Problems, Social Problems, Social Work 92

Obesity which has increased by two folds since 1980 according to the data from the World Health Organization WHO leads to the development of many health problems. Obesity is a multifactorial disease, and fundamentally it develops due to increased energy intake and the reduction of energy expenditure in proportion to intake. One other factor that has an important role in energy balancing that is implicated in the development of obesity is the intestinal microbiota. It is being It has been reported that eating habits affect the intestinal microbiota and the intestinal microbiota affects the body weight. It is believed that the intestinal microbiota enhances energy extraction and affects the host metabolism by changing the modulation of the immune system and the lipid metabolism. Studies that are researching the relationship between obesity and the intestinal microbiota, which has such a great effect on the human metabolism, support the evidence idea that the intestinal microbiota could be effective in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Increasing the number of studies in this area is important to acquire a deeper understanding of this subject and to shed light on aspects still uncovered, Dünya Sağlık Örgütünün DSÖ verilerine göre 1980 yılından bu yana iki kat artış gösteren obezite birçok sağlık sorununun gelişimine neden olmaktadır. Multifaktöriyel bir gelişimi olan obezite, temel olarak enerji alımının artması ve harcamanın azalmasının sonucunda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Enerji dengesinde önemli bir rol oynayan ve obezitenin oluşumunda etkisi oluğu düşünülen bir etmende bağırsak mikrobiyotasıdır. Beslenme alışkanlıklarının bağırsak mikrobiyotasını etkilediğini ve bağırsak mikrobiyomunun vücut ağırlığı üzerinde etkili olduğu bildirilmektedir. Bağırsak mikrobiyatasının enerji ekstraksiyonunu artırıp, immün sistem modülasyonunu ve lipid metabolizmasını değiştirerek konakçı metabolizmasını etkilediği düşünülmektedir. İnsan metabolizması üzerinde bu denli etkileri olan bağırsak mikrobiyotasının obezite ile ilişkisi üzerine yapılan çalışmalar, bağırsak mikrobiyotasının obezitenin önlenmesi ve tedavisinde etkili olabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu konunun öneminin ileri dönemlerde daha iyi anlaşılması için yapılan çalışmaların artması henüz tam olarak aydınlatılamayan konulara ışık tutması açısından önemlidir