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Japan faces a significant demographic challenge with far‐reaching social, economic, and political ramifications due to its declining birth rate and rapidly rising aging population. Addressing the intricate aspects of these serious emergent phenomena, this study has proposed a mathematical model using a system of ordinary differential equations that has been observed analytically and numerically. As part of the analytical solution, we have verified the model's existence and uniqueness, investigated its stability at the equilibrium points, and explored its characteristics concerning different state variables. Besides, a sensitivity analysis has been conducted to identify the sensitive parameters based on the estimated parameters. Additionally, the Runge–Kutta fourth‐order approach has been used to find the numerical solutions. This study's findings have been investigated using a newly proposed mathematical model to highlight the demand for a broad awareness campaign in Japan to address the possible effects of a declining birth rate on social structure and the country's economy, as well as concerns about rising prices influencing family planning decisions. To sustain population growth in Japan, the government should provide proper initiatives to boost the birth rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Access to high-quality healthcare without financial constraints is necessary for inclusive universal health coverage. Low socioeconomic status (SES) individuals have less access to palliative care services. The study was conducted to evaluate the demographics and socioeconomic status of palliative care patients with advanced cancer. Patients and methods: The prospective observational study included 118 patients with advanced cancer receiving palliative treatment. Their clinical, demographic, and socioeconomic data were collected in predesigned social assessment sheets and medical records. The socioeconomic status was evaluated using the modified Kuppuswamy scale. Descriptive statistics were performed. Student's t-test and Chi-square tests were performed to compare continuous and categorical variables respectively. Results: Out of the total 118 patients, 71 (60.2%) were females and 47 (39.8%) were males. The mean age of the patients was 49.9 ± 13.9 years. Out of the total study participants, 54 (45.8%) were illiterate. Most of the participants had social insecurities like financial insecurity (n = 50, 42.4%), followed by insecurities regarding the future of the family members (n = 37, 31.4%). The frequency of lung cancer (n = = 30, 25.4%) was the highest among the participants, followed by breast (n = 20, 17%) and gall bladder cancer (n = 15, 12.7%). The mean family income of the patients was Indian Rupees (INR) 10,847.50 ± ± 8,026.30 ($130.61 ± 96.64). Most of the participants (38, 32.2%) belonged to lower middle SES. Type of cancer, social insecurities, and type of caregiver were significantly associated with gender (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The majority of patients and their families were financially limited, and a significant portion of patients expressed financial insecurities and social stress about the future of their families. Gender was significantly associated with a type of cancer, social insecurities, and type of caregiver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the moderating effect of demographics in the relationship between graduate employability and course outcomes contribution. In this study, graduate employability is evaluated by allowing graduates to self-assess their skills. Additionally, graduates assess how their course outcomes have contributed to their graduate skills. This study utilized the descriptive correlational design with moderation analysis to determine the significant relationship among the variables. Stratified Random sampling was used with a total sample size of 125 employed graduates. The statistical tools employed in the study were frequency and percentage distribution, mean and standard deviation, Analysis of variance, Regression analysis, and Moderation analysis. The findings revealed no significant difference in the graduate's employability when respondents were grouped according to profile. A test of influence was conducted between graduate employability and course outcomes contribution, with a coefficient of 1.032 and p-value<0.001 indicating a strong significant relationship. However, it was found that demographics have no moderating effect on the relationship between graduate employability and course outcomes contributions. In conclusion, graduate employability is significantly influence by course outcomes contribution, which established the fact that the stronger the curriculum is the higher the graduate employability of the graduates. Curriculum intervention is simplified eliminating profile segregation, it makes it easier to give activity, seminar, trainings and other activities to graduates. Overall, regardless of future career path the graduates would take, the curriculum should have a well-grounded curriculum and activity to nourished versatile skills for graduates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine the Engineering students' knowledge on Renewable Energy (RE) resources. An online survey through proving Google form was conducted by using descriptive methodology. The participants for the survey were the engineering undergraduate students from Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Dhaka, Bangladesh. A set of e-questionnaire with 19 items including 4 demographic and 15 knowledge measuring items was developed to collect data from the MIST undergraduate students. A total of 153 students responded to the survey. The demographic results indicated that male students of first and third study year with 20 to 30 years of age range from mechanical or industrial and production-engineering fields of study are the maximum respondents to the survey of this study. The main findings of the study highlighted that engineering students at MIST possess a higher level of understanding about various aspects of renewable energy, including solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy, biogas energy, laws and policies of renewable energy (RE), establishment of RE, sources of information for RE, and the application of renewable energy in Bangladesh. Since the mean score for the questions was 3.72, reflecting a knowledge level between neutrality and agreement, the majority of the students responded positively to all the questions, indicating their strong grasp of these topics. The results also revealed that female students had a good understanding of renewable energy compared to male students, with an average score of 3.83 for females and 3.69 for males. Additionally, the study found that 3rd-year students displayed the highest level of understanding, while 1st-year students exhibited the lowest level of comprehension regarding renewable energy resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is widely recognized as the leading cause of death worldwide. Diabetes and hypertension are common risk factors. This is the only study on CKD from Rajasthan that highlights basic CKD profiles in patients attending public tertiary care centers. Materials and Methods: This observation study included diagnosed cases of CKD attending nephrology outpatient department (OPD) from January to December 2020. Data regarding the cause of CKD, its stage, mode of renal replacement therapy (RRT), and direct cost of medication were collected. The state runs various schemes, including free dialysis facilities for all, below-poverty level cards (below poverty line [BPL] cards, which had complete free treatment), and state health cards Bhamasha Swasthya Bima Yojana (BSSY) under the government scheme. Results: A total of 252 patients were included in the study. Patients on dialysis were highest, followed by stage V and stage IV CKD, representing 33.73%, 18.65%, and 17.86%, respectively. Hypertension was the predominant cause of CKD, representing 29.37% and CKD (u) prevalence in our study was 14.68%. The direct cost of treatment at CKD stages I, II, III, IV, and V were Rs. 520 ($6.93), Rs. 2435.71 ($32.48), Rs. 3400 ($45.33), Rs. 3405.57 ($45.41), and Rs. 4815.97 ($64.21) per month, respectively. The monthly medicine cost of treatment on hemodialysis was Rs. 6730.60 ($89.74), Rs. 30,278 ($403.71) on peritoneal dialysis, and Rs. 5021.74 ($66.96) on renal transplant. BPL card holders were 8.33%, 39.68% had BSSY card, 16.27% had Insurance, and around one-third (35.71%) were without support. Conclusion: Age, socioeconomic status, and geographical location affect CKD etiology. The accessible dialysis facility, insurance, and government policies affect the selection of the RRT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mediastinal lymphoma is uncommon, and only 10% of lymphomas occur primarily in the mediastinum. Very few Indian studies have discussed the frequency, presentation, and diagnostic approach of primary mediastinal lymphomas. Aims: This study aims to detail the frequency and histological features of mediastinal lymphomas diagnosed in our Institute, discuss the close differentials, and compare the morphological and immunohistochemistry (IHC) features of primary mediastinal lymphomas. Settings and Design: A retrospective observational study. Materials and Methods: Fifty-nine cases of primary mediastinal lymphomas diagnosed over 5 years using hematoxylin and eosin (H and E)-stained and IHC slides. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics. Results and Conclusions: Forty-five (76%) cases had predominant involvement of the anterior mediastinum; Hodgkin lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma constituted 12 and 47 cases, respectively. T lymphoblastic lymphoma comprises the most common primary mediastinal lymphoma. There is a marked difference between the demographic profiles of cases with primary mediastinal lymphomas in India and worldwide. A meticulous histological examination to direct a limited panel of IHC markers can help arrive at the final diagnosis in settings where molecular and cytogenetic studies are not performed.

This paper sought to explore the adventure tourism activities that are preferred by adventure tourists in Gauteng, South Africa. The research data were collected quantitatively through a self-administered questionnaire. 206 Respondents were chosen utilizing a snowball sampling technique. Descriptive and inferential statistics, the Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests, were applied and the results were presented using tables, figures, and charts. Based on the results presented, adventure tourists in Gauteng have certain adventure activities they prefer more than others. They prefer participating in hard adventure activities that are land-based. The results further indicate that gender, age, highest qualification, and income significantly affect the level of preference for adventure tourism activities. These findings will help adventure tourism organizations plan and develop adventure activities according to the participants' preferences.

Culture encompasses a broad range of influences on how people behave in a group, an organization (Education Institutions), or a public space. It primarily refers to a collection of universal ideas, values, behaviours, norms, and course of action that can be explicit or implicit. Academics in a variety of fields, including education, have paid close attention to the analysis of organisational culture. Universities have a collection of values, beliefs, traditions, perceptions, principles, and philosophies that they follow. The culture of a university influences performance, decisions, human resources, and individuals' responses to circumstantial challenges, all of which have a significant impact on success. In this context, it is important to determine the impact of employees' demographics on organisational culture which form the primary objective the current study. The private universities located in the region of Delhi/NCR in India were chosen for conducting the research. The mode of collection of data was the structured questionnaire which was analyzed by using SPSS 23 software. The study's findings indicate that there is significant variation in organizational culture between married and unmarried individuals. However, there is no variation in terms of gender. In addition, age and experience does not have a significant impact on the organizational culture (private universities). The current study highlights limitations and discusses future scope since organizational culture plays a very vital role in creating a balanced organizational environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing effective study habits is crucial for academic success and establishing good study habits early on can lead to long-term benefits. This study, grounded in Walberg's Theory of Educational Productivity, explored the intricate interactions among student aptitude, instruction, and the environment in shaping academic outcomes. Employing a descriptive-correlational design, the study examined the impact of environmental factors, study habits, and demographic profiles on the academic performance of 31 BSED English majors. Data were collected using a researcher-developed questionnaire, validated by experts, to assess students' demographic profiles-- specifically, the gadgets available at home for study, parents' educational attainment, reading materials at home, and hours spent reading per subject. The study also investigated students' study habits and their academic performance across individual subjects, as well as the relationships between demographic profiles, study habits, and academic outcomes. The findings revealed a negative correlation between the number of gadgets at home and study habits, but a positive yet weak correlation between gadgets and academic performance. Overall, the study found no significant relationship between students' demographic profiles to study habits and academic performance as well as the relationship between study habits and academic performance across individual courses. Specifically, parents' educational attainment, the availability of reading materials, and the time spent studying did not significantly influence academic performance. While these results are not conclusive, they suggest that other factors, such as student aptitude and instructional quality, may play a more critical role in academic success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on profiling the abaca stakeholders in Eastern Visayas and elucidates their various functions in the industry. Primary information was gathered from a random sample of abaca farmers and other stakeholders through a researchers' developed survey questionnaire. The data were analyzed through descriptive measures and presented in statistical tables and graphs. Results showed that the majority of abaca farmers are in their prime working years (25 to 54 years old), are married females, are elementary graduates, and are owners of small abaca farms with an average area of 1.88 hectares. The small traders are mostly married females in their prime working years and are college degree holders. The Local Government Unit (LGU) personnel are mostly municipal agriculturists, males, married, and college graduates. The majority of the Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority (PhilFIDA) personnel are married males who are of prime age and college degree holders. Half of the enablers were male and married, who finished graduate studies and either belonged to prime or mature working age. Moreover, findings revealed that several players in the abaca value chain have important roles and functions to play along the supply chain to make the industry vibrant. As they do their respective roles and functions, they also have needs, expectations, and concerns that should be addressed for them to function effectively in the system. Hence, the study recommends that an in-depth training needs assessment should be conducted to determine their real needs as the basis for designing training programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is divided into three parts. First, we analyze data from the 2016-2020 American Community Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau to assess the demographic structure of Florida families. We find differences between Florida and other parts of the United States. These differences are the result of trends and patterns in migration to, from and within the state. Second, we examine the role that disasters in general and hurricanes in particular play in the family life of Floridians. Third, we review the literature to assess how responses to the COVID-19 pandemic influenced family life and the migration of families into, out of, and within Florida. This paper highlights the dramatic changes that have occurred in family life in Florida. The implications of these trends are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Skills Among Secondary Teachers in the Division of Lanao Del Norte with respondents of one hundred twenty (120) teachers and was conducted in the 2nd quarter of the School Year 2022-2023. The study used the descriptive-correlational research design. Descriptive research was used in describing the demographic profile in terms of age, gender, marital status, educational attainment, length of service and hours of ICT training; and the Information and Communication Skills (ICT) level competency of teachers in terms of their setup, maintenance, and troubleshooting skills, word processing skills, spreadsheet skills, telecommunications skills, basic programming, video editing, and graphics design. It was also correlation research since the demographic profile of the respondents will be correlated to the Information and Communication Skills (ICT). The data collected were subjected to analysis, the mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while the hypotheses were tested with an F-value of 9.799 with a corresponding p-value of 0.000 level of significance. Based on the results of the study, most of the teachers were of millennial age, female, married, with Master's Units, have 6-10 years length of service, and 8 hours and below ICT hours of training. It was recommended that teachers should have high confidence and competency in using ICT in the classroom since ICT is a tool that could help in the learning process, especially with real-life practices and they can facilitate instruction without losing time and energy in achieving the learning outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is the most common autoimmune disease. RA can cause permanent deformity and loss of productivity. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the relationship of BMI with Disease Activity Score in RA patients. The secondary objective was to evaluate the presence of comorbidities such as diabetes, thyroid, hypertension, periodontitis, and pregnancy outcomes (in the case of females) in the RA patients population presented at the tertiary healthcare centre. Method: The presented study was a cross-sectional study. 100 Patients presented to the joint clinic were recruited. RA diagnosis of patients was based on the ACR/ELULAR criteria. Their demographic and clinical data was collected through one-on-one interviews. Results: The recruited population shows that BMI has a moderate positive correlation (r=0.347, p=0.001) with disease activity scores. 51% of RA patients have one or more comorbidities. 45.2 % of female RA patients suffered one or two miscarriages during their pregnancy. It is significantly higher as compared normal female population. Conclusions: Active control of BMI may be required to prevent RA symptom aggravation. RA patients are prone to develop comorbidities and females with RA may need close monitoring during their pregnancy period.

Background: Alcohol dependence compromises on the quality of life of not only the individual who is consuming it but also on their family. This study aims to assess the demographic factors which play a role in patients with alcohol dependence. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 patients presenting to the OPD of Department of Psychiatry, Guntur Medical College, Guntur over a period of 18 months were included. The degree of alcohol dependency was assessed using the severity of alcohol dependency questionnaire (SADQ). Results: Middle age group, unemployment, nuclear families have shown to have significantly higher rate of severe alcohol dependence. Conclusion: The study concludes with the fact that the severity of alcohol dependency is significantly influenced by the patient's social and demographic characterisitics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clinico-demographic profile, pre-anesthetic illness of patients, surgical procedure and anaesthetic technique, experience of surgeon and anaesthetist and duration of anaesthesia play a vital role in the development of peri-operative complications and subsequent admission to intensive care unit (ICU). Over 40% admissions in ICU are of postoperative patients. Aim: To study the clinical and demographic profile, reason for admission, course and outcome of postoperative patients, in our intensive care unit. Methods: Admission profile of 135 patients in the Intensive Care Units of SMHS and SSH hospital (Associated hospital of GMC Srinagar) was observed over a period of one and half year belonging to various surgical specialities, both elective and emergency admissions were included in the study. Evaluation was done under demographic and clinical parameters. Statistical Analysis: The recorded data was compiled and entered in a spreadsheet (Microsoft Excel) and then exported to data editor of SPSS Version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Continuous variables were expressed as Mean±SD and categorical variables were summarized as frequencies and percentages. Graphically the data was presented by bar and pie diagrams. Chisquare test or Fisher's exact test, whichever appropriate, was applied for comparing categorical variables. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The age of study patients vary from 20 to 70 years with mean age of distribution was 47.2±20.97 years. Maximum numbers of study patients were between the age of 41 and 49 years. Highest numbers of patients (41.5%) were post-surgical with exploratory laparotomy followed by Craniotomy with tumor decompression (12.6%). 58.5% were emergency surgeries while as 41.5% were elective cases. Main reason for ICU admission was haemodynamic unstability (37.8%) followed by Metabolic acidosis with hemodynamic unstability (15.6%) among the study population. 52.6% of patients admitted to our ICU during study period belong to planned group, among which 80.4% were elective surgical patients and 19.6% emergency surgical patients, while as 47.4% of the ICU patients were unplanned, among which 19.6% were elective surgical patients and 67.1% were emergency surgical patients. Mortality in planned group was 35.2% (25/71) and in unplanned group it was 39.1% (25/64). The overall mortality rate was 37.0%. Conclusion: Thorough preoperative evaluation and preoperative optimization of patients whenever possible can reduce the incidence of unplanned admission to ICU. Early recognition of complications, timely intervention, and timely intensive care admission and monitoring are essential to improve outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counterfeiting is a worldwide spread phenomenon with serious economic, social and political impacts on the society. This study examines the profile of consumers who admit to purchasing counterfeit products in Portugal. Specifically, it investigates whether demographic profile is able to impact the decision factors that drive consumers to purchase counterfeit products. The investigation reveals that a high proportion of consumers have been involved in some way in the purchase of counterfeit products, although consumers distinguish between counterfeit products that can be dangerous for its well-being (medicine) and vanity (clothes and shoes, perfume), and relatively risk-free (auto-parts, machinery) products. The study developed shows that the factors that influence the buying process of counterfeiting products in Portugal can be grouped into intangible (status, brand, design, exclusivity, fashion) and rational (price, perceived quality and personal satisfaction) factors. Finally, the findings suggest that only in one factor (price) and for age and education, the demographic characteristics seems to be important in the moment of buying counterfeit products.

Freeways play a critical role in the transportation network. They also present several equity concerns for the users and communities they serve. Thus, it is critical to have a concrete understanding of the populations that use freeways. Currently, there is no methodology to determine this demographic profile for freeways or any other transportation network, nor are there data sets that capture this information empirically. This paper fills this literature gap by presenting a methodology utilizing ecological regression to estimate the demographic profile of freeways and other transportation networks. Ecological regression, also called ecological inference, allows for the extraction of individuallevel characteristics from aggregate data sources. This makes it ideal for this situation because choosing to travel on a particular transportation network is based on individual-level characteristics such as income, car ownership, and so on. To complete this calculation, an ecological regression model must be built such that demographic data, which are often aggregated based on geography (i.e., census data), can be translated to capture the subset of the demographic profile that uses a specific transportation network. In this paper, Washington State’s Central Puget Sound regional freeway network is used to verify this methodology. The demographic profile of incomes for freeway users is calculated and compared with the demographic profile of incomes for the region. It was found that the income profile of freeway users is 0.5066% dissimilar to that of the entire population, indicating that freeway usage is essentially representative when assessing user income. This result is meaningful because it shows the effectiveness of this methodology for evaluating the demographics of critical transportation networks, which can further the study of transportation equity by providing a critical step for uniform equity metric quantification, which relies on understanding these critical demographics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was performed to determine the demographic profile and clinical characteristics in patients with Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) reporting to a tertiary eye care center in India. It is a retrospective, single-center, observational study. Methods: The study included 280 patients (559 eyes) diagnosed with FECD presenting between January 2013 and December 2020. The data was collected from the electronic medical record system of the institute. Patient data included demographic features, clinical characteristics, investigations, and surgical interventions. Results: The mean age of the patients was 62 years. Late-onset FECD (95.7%) was more common than early-onset FECD (4.3%). Male: female ratio for late-onset FECD and early-onset FECD was 1:1.65 and 3:1, respectively. More than one-third of the patients had associated systemic history. Preexisting ocular diseases were seen in 5.9% of eyes. Blurring of vision was seen in 383 eyes (68.5%), 13 eyes (2.1%) had glare, and 163 eyes (29.2%) were asymptomatic. A total of 113 surgical interventions were done in 108 eyes (including repeat transplants). Only cataract surgery was done in 40 (7.2%) eyes, whereas penetrating keratoplasty, Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty, and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty without or with cataract surgery (sequential or triple procedure) were done in 12 (2.1%), 47 (8.4%), and 14 (2.5%) eyes, respectively. Conclusion: Patients with FECD present mostly during the sixth decade. Posterior lamellar keratoplasty is the most common transplant procedure being performed on FECD patients.

Background: India has the third largest number of people living with HIV/Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is important to understand the presentation of HIV disease in the local context and culture. Aims and Objectives: The present study is aimed at identifying the socio-demographic characteristics, clinical presentations of HIV/ AIDS patients, opportunistic infections (OI), and the possible risk factors for acquiring HIV infection. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on HIV patients from September 2021 to December 2021. The HIV-positive patients of all age groups and all categories were included in the study. However, the clinical staging was done according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of HIV/AIDS. Data were expressed as mean and percentage proportion with chi square test for measuring statistically significance. Results: Among 140 HIV patients 88 (62.9%) were males. More than half were 101 (72.1%) in the reproductive age group 18–40 years with mean age 35±11.5 years. The commonest mode of HIV transmission was heterosexual 114 (81.4%). Maximum belonged to social Class IV 51 (36.4%) and Class III 47 (33.6%) of socioeconomic status. Fever 92 (65.7%), weight loss 82 (58.7%), and cough 68 (48.6%) were the common presenting. Pulmonary tuberculosis and diarrhea were the most predominant secondary OI accounting for 46 (32.9%) and 35 (25.0%), respectively. More than half 82 (58.6%) of patients were in the WHO clinical Stage II of HIV disease. CD4 counts of the patients were significantly inversely correlated with the number of symptoms and the number of OI. Conclusion: There was a high frequency of behavioral risk factors, together with unawareness among HIV patients, socio- demographic, and clinical profile of study participants reflects an impact of early case detection and timely institution of highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Copyright of Revista Anuario de Historia Regional y de las Fronteras is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Counterfeiting is a worldwide spread phenomenon with serious economic, social and political impacts on the society. This study examines the profile of consumers who admit to purchasing counterfeit products in Portugal. Specifically, it investigates whether demographic profile is able to impact the decision factors that drive consumers to purchase counterfeit products. The investigation reveals that a high proportion of consumers have been involved in some way in the purchase of counterfeit products, although consumers distinguish between counterfeit products that can be dangerous for its well-being (medicine) and vanity (clothes and shoes, perfume), and relatively risk-free (auto-parts, machinery) products. The study developed shows that the factors that influence the buying process of counterfeiting products in Portugal can be grouped into intangible (status, brand, design, exclusivity, fashion) and rational (price, perceived quality and personal satisfaction) factors. Finally, the findings suggest that only in one factor (price) and for age and education, the demographic characteristics seems to be important in the moment of buying counterfeit products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of unknown persons, particularly those who are decomposed or burnt, is a global challenge. Forensic Anthropology Cape Town (FACT) is a service provider that assists the South African state with the identification of human remains. However, empirical data pertaining to anthropologically analysed forensic cases in the Western Cape Province of South Africa are lacking. Therefore, anthropological data pertaining to the forensic cases submitted to FACT between 2006 and 2018 from Forensic Pathology Services were retrospectively reviewed (n = 172). This study also sought to assess demographic, traumatic and pathological factors that impacted successful identification. Most decedents were male (67%) and older than 35 years (54%). While ante-mortem trauma was observed in 41% of decedents, the lack of medical records on ante-mortem injuries hindered the use of this information for identification. Positive identifications were reached for 37% of decedents, and of these, anthropological estimations were correct in 98% of cases for sex, 84% of cases for age at death and 100% of cases for stature. Considering globally accepted accuracies of 70–80%, these estimations were considered highly accurate, suggesting the anthropological methods used are suited to the population. However, 63% of cases remained unidentified, and this study showed that skeletal completeness and pathological conditions were the main factors that hindered demographic estimations. Lastly, not all unidentified bodies in the province were referred to FACT; given the highly accurate estimations, these data advocate for the routine, if not mandatory, use of forensic anthropology services for skeletonised remains in South Africa, with the overall purpose of positively impacting human identification. To improve identification rates globally, these data highlight the value of retrospective and region-specific studies to identify strengths and weaknesses in the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being old comes with a lot of health crises that inhibit an aged person from adequately living a comfortable life as desired. However, advancement in medicine and technology is expected to make life comfortable for every human, particularly the ageing population. This paper relies on secondary data sourced from the internet to measure the health crises facing the ageing population. Evidence from the works of scholars showed that Nigeria has a very high, consistent, and rapid growth rate of the older population with serious health, social, economic and political implications. Findings revealed that old people without adequate care are often confronted with physical and psychological crises that eventually compound their socioeconomic and political lives. It is affirmed in this paper that maintaining a healthy state in old age is hampered by the onset of mental diseases, neurological disorders, drug use disorders and other health crises (diabetes, hearing loss and osteoarthritis). It is concluded that old age is crisis-driven and devastating to individuals and society. Thus, the paper recommends adequate medical and social support tailored to the specific need of individuals. Additionally, access to medical care should be tailored to the physical activity, occupation, education, and communication of the aged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the profile of patients with oral cavity cancer seen at the Ear, Nose and Throat – Head and Neck Surgery (ENT-HNS) Department of the Bicol Medical Center from January 2018 to December 2020. Methods: Design: Retrospective review of records Setting: Tertiary Government Training Hospital Participants: Medical records of patients with oral cavity lesions with malignant biopsy results seen at the Bicol Medical Center Department of ENT-HNS from January 2018 to December 2020. Results: Records of 42 patients were included, 30 (71%) male; 12 (29%) female with the mean age of 62 ± 10.02 (range 34 to 80 years old). Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histopathologic diagnosis (38/42; 91%), mostly affecting the anterior tongue (16/42; 38%) and buccal regions (14/42; 33%). Most tumors were in advanced stages: 25/42 (59%) in stage IVA; 7 (17%) in stage IVB. A total of 61% (17) of 28 oral cavity cancer patients with recorded risk factors practiced a combination of two or three high risk habits (betel nut chewing, tobacco smoking, alcoholic beverage intake) and a third practiced all three (10/28; 36%). Conclusion: The profile of oral cavity cancer patients in our study is different from the reported profiles in Asia and European and US counterparts. Our profile patient is a married male farmer in the 7th decade of life with poor dental hygiene and advanced stage IV squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and buccal region, and combined habits of regular alcoholic beverage drinking, chronic tobacco smoking, and/or betel nut chewing, who lives in coastal or mountainous communities where access to health care may be limited.

Purpose: This study was performed to determine the demographic profile and clinical characteristics in patients with Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) reporting to a tertiary eye care center in India. It is a retrospective, single-center, observational study. Methods: The study included 280 patients (559 eyes) diagnosed with FECD presenting between January 2013 and December 2020. The data was collected from the electronic medical record system of the institute. Patient data included demographic features, clinical characteristics, investigations, and surgical interventions. Results: The mean age of the patients was 62 years. Late-onset FECD (95.7%) was more common than early-onset FECD (4.3%). Male: female ratio for late-onset FECD and early-onset FECD was 1:1.65 and 3:1, respectively. More than one-third of the patients had associated systemic history. Preexisting ocular diseases were seen in 5.9% of eyes. Blurring of vision was seen in 383 eyes (68.5%), 13 eyes (2.1%) had glare, and 163 eyes (29.2%) were asymptomatic. A total of 113 surgical interventions were done in 108 eyes (including repeat transplants). Only cataract surgery was done in 40 (7.2%) eyes, whereas penetrating keratoplasty, Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty, and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty without or with cataract surgery (sequential or triple procedure) were done in 12 (2.1%), 47 (8.4%), and 14 (2.5%) eyes, respectively. Conclusion: Patients with FECD present mostly during the sixth decade. Posterior lamellar keratoplasty is the most common transplant procedure being performed on FECD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Delirium is a severe organic disorder in the brain and a type of disorder in the cognitive state associated with reduced attention and cognition. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of delirium in patients undergoing hip joint surgery. Methods: In cross sectional study, the patient's demographic profile form and a checklist of intervening factors designed which were used to measure the prevalence of delirium. The researcher checked the delirium status of the patients on the day before the surgery, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after the surgery, and at the time of discharge. Ethical criteria in the research included obtaining informed consent of patients, keeping patients confidential, notifying the delirium status patients to the attending physician for further actions, and not imposing costs on patients. The data were analyzed using Spss software version 16 and descriptive and analytical tests. Results: Result showed, the overall prevalence of delirium in patients was equal to 58 (46.4%), and 92 (73.6%) of patients without a spouse, 112 (89.6%) of patients with poor economic status, 63 (50.4%) of smoking patients, 14 (11.2%) with a history of drug use, 54 (43.2%) with a history of hospitalization in the ICU. Also, the mean (SD) age of the patients was 75.44 (8.43). Conclusions: According to the findings, the prevalence of delirium in patients with hip joint surgery was high, that is why it is necessary to carry out preventive interventions to reduce delirium in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learners' academic performance is affected by a multifaceted array of aspects. This paper focused on the effects of the boarding houses' environment on the educational performance of 279 students of Central Mindanao University from SY 2015-2016. Data concerning the students' demographic profile, academic performance, and characteristics of their boarding houses were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. They were evaluated statistically using mean, frequency counts, percentage, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation statistical tools. Statistical outcomes showed that more than half of the respondents were below 18 years old, females, enrolled in a BS degree in Agriculture, and single. Regarding religion, Catholics composed the majority of the respondents. The monthly allowance varies according to the parent's income, as the majority were academic scholars with grades below 2.20 and 2.19 for the school's two semesters. All variables relating to the features of the boarding houses were rated as satisfactory based on rental rate, health and sanitation, facilities, accessibility, safety and security, and policies implemented. Moreover, the study found that gender and scholarship type were significantly related to academic performance. Government and private institutions can use the identified factors as the basis for educational program planning and implementation to support the learners' academic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Helminth and HIV infections are endemic among poor populations. Studies investigating the socio-demographic and economic risk factors associated with dual HIV and helminth coinfection are scarce. Objectives: This study aimed to describe risk factors associated with HIV and helminth coinfections among peri-urban South African adults residing in poorly developed areas with high poverty levels, lack of sanitation and a clean water supply. Method: Adult participants (n = 414) were recruited from clinics in the south of Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Participants' demographic, socio-economic, sanitation and household information, anthropometric measurements and HIV status were collected. Stool samples were donated for coproscopy to detect helminths using the Kato-Katz and Mini Parasep techniques. Blood was collected to confirm participants' HIV status and to determine Ascaris lumbricoides -specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) and immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) levels to improve microscopy sensitivity. Results: Overall coinfection was 15%, and single helminth and HIV prevalence were 33% and 52%, respectively. Ascaris lumbricoides was predominant (18%). Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that coinfection was 11.9% and 19.8%, respectively, among the 18–34 years and 35–59 years age groups (p = 0.0006), 16.4% and 19.9%, respectively, for the no income and < R1000.00 groups (p = 0.0358) and 22.8% and 17.1%, respectively, for the pit or public toilets and toilets not connected to sewage groups (p = 0.0007). Conclusion: Findings suggest that the dual infection with HIV and helminth infections among adults residing in under-resourced areas with poor sanitary conditions is frequent. Older age, poor toilet use and low income are associated with coinfection. More attention is required to break the cycle of coinfections and possible disease interactions. Contribution: The study highlights the importance of determining and treating helminth infections among adult population during HIV and helminth coinfection and the influence of poor sanitation and socioeconomic status on disease transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To determine the demographic profile of Victims of Fatal Head Injury in RTA Material and methods: A total of 100 deceased corpses from traffic accidents were transported to the morgue for medico-legal post mortem examination. A detailed history was obtained from family as well as eyewitnesses if they were accessible at the time of the autopsy. The inquest report, family, and hospital treatment records were also used to acquire necessary information. For the filling observation of the current research, a complete pro-forma for collecting history, epidemiological data, and injury information, among other things, was created. The data gathered in this manner was statistically analysed. Results: Males (81%) outweighed females (19%) in this research, with a male to female ratio of 4.26:1 among victims of all RTA head injury cases. The majority of the victims, 66 instances (66%), had only completed secondary school, while the remaining 34 (34%) had completed senior secondary school or beyond. The majority of the fatalities happened as a result of accidents on the highway. 47 instances (47%), followed by 39 cases (39%), and 14 cases (14%), respectively. Conclusion: Most car accidents are caused by drivers who are either going too fast for conditions or not paying attention, breaking traffic laws, overloading public transportation vehicles, or not properly maintaining their cars. The majority of those who die or are injured in car accidents could have avoided it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study the clinical and demographic profile of patients less than 40 years of age presenting to glaucoma services including the reasons for referral.Methods: Patients in the age group of 5 to 39 years, visiting the glaucoma clinic, who were either suspected to have glaucoma or who had been newly/previously diagnosed with glaucoma were included in the study. After informed written consent, basic demographic details of the participants including age, gender, education, socioeconomic status, and family history were obtained. A comprehensive ophthalmological evaluation was performed by glaucoma specialists.Results: The proportion of glaucoma in the study population (n = 384) was found to be 31.25%, and the incidence of glaucoma among new patients was found to be 11.9%. Among all glaucomas (n = 120), 44.2% of patients had secondary glaucomas, 27.5% had primary glaucomas, and 28.3% had congenital glaucomas. Also, 67.3% of all glaucoma patients were males. Newly diagnosed glaucoma patients presented with a mean intraocular pressure (IOP) of 32.9 mmHg and mild-moderate disc damage with a mean cup-disc ratio of 0.65. Nearly one-third of them had a presenting visual acuity worse than 5/60. The most common reason for referral was raised IOP. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that the odds of developing glaucoma were less in females (P = 0.04) and in patients with a higher standard of living index (P < 0.001).Conclusion: One-third of the patients had glaucoma and another one-third were suspects. Secondary glaucomas are more common than primary/congenital glaucomas. A comprehensive eye evaluation is a must, especially in those with predisposing factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulators and policymakers in many developing countries are facing challenges on how to create opportunities for the crypto industry to grow, but at the same time protect investors and consumers. This study aims to better understand the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of crypto adopters and their financial behavior. Our study advances the knowledge within an array of recent contributions to the token economy and covers the geographical and contextual research gaps through survey data from a developing country in South Eastern Europe. We use descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis and we find that Macedonian crypto-adopters are more men of younger age, employed, with higher education and living in their own apartments in an urban area, and are mainly passive investors. We compare the findings with studies from other countries to provide valuable insights for policymakers and regulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Disability assessment is a critical component in getting a comprehensive and amicable compensation in medico-legal cases. The data regarding acquired disability among the hospital-admitted patients are lacking. The purpose of this study was to determine the demographic profile of disability-assessed patients in tertiary care hospitals in Coastal Karnataka, India between 2010 and 2019. The study also aims to evaluate the pitfalls in the present assessment method. Materials and Methods: A record-based retrospective study of all the cases assessed by the investigator in tertiary care hospitals in Coastal Karnataka between 2010 and 2019 was analyzed. The disability was assessed using Govt. of India guidelines. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 2004 cases were analyzed; among them, 85% were males. The average percentage of disability was 26% (SD = 16.2). Mean age of the patients was 38 years, the median calculated for duration of hospital stay was 15 days, and 15% patients had multiple disabilities. The Brachial plexus injury resulted in the highest percentage of disability (76%) followed by spine (43%) and head injury (38%). Locomotor disability was found in 77% of cases, and lower limbs and right side were involved twice more than the upper limbs and left side. Conclusion: The study reveals the demographic profile of disability-assessed patients admitted in hospitals. This database will help to create awareness among health care professionals, Govt. bodies, and insurance companies about the magnitude of the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: HIV/AIDS remains world's most significant health challenges, particularly in low and middle income countries. The human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infects cells of the immune system, destroying or impairing their function. Infection with the virus results in progressive deterioration of the immune system, leading to immune deficiency. Acquired immune deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a term which applies to the most advanced stages of HIV infection. Material And Methods: It is a cross sectional study . A semi structured and pretested Questionnaire was used to interview and examine HIV+ve children. Prior verbal and written consent was taken from parents/attendant of children. This study included 144 HIV positive children (6month-14yr) coming to ART centre of M.K.C.G Medical College, Berhampur, Ganjam, Odisha as per the suitable inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected in the case record form. INCLUSION CRITERIA -- All children of >6mnth of age with confirmed HIV reports and attending ART centre of M.K.C.G Medical College. EXCLUSION CRITERIA- 1) Children <6mnth of age 2) Parents not giving consent 3) Children with other causes of immunodeficiency Results: There were 2( 1.3%) cases in 6mnth-1.5yr age group, 14 (9.7%) cases were in 1.5- 5yr age group. 50( 34.7%) cases were in >5yr-10yr age group. 78(54.1%) cases were in >10yr-14yr age group. Mean was 9.84yr and SD was 3.409 . In 131(90.9%)cases both parents were HIV positive. In 8(5.55%) cases only mother was HIV positive and father negative. In 3(2.08%) cases both father and mother were HIV negative. In 2(1.38%) cases parents HIV status was unknown. In 141(97.91%) cases the children got HIV from the mother during perinatal period( MTCT). In 3(2.08%) cases children got HIV infection due to blood transfusion. In 15(10.41%) cases all siblings were HIV +ve. In 40(27.77%) cases all siblings were HIV --ve. In 9(6.25%) cases some of the siblings were HIV +ve and some of the siblings were HIV --ve. In 80(55.55%) cases they don't had siblings. Conclusion: The prevalence of orphan-hood among the HIV-positive children was very high. It might lead to significant health consequence for the children. Larger community-based studies are needed to determine the true magnitude of orphan-hood. The menace of HIV is more profound in children due to its effect on social standing and upbringing of the child. There is a need to do community based study and to provide support to the parents/caregivers of these children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: India has the third largest number of people living with HIV/Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is important to understand the presentation of HIV disease in the local context and culture. Aims and Objectives: The present study is aimed at identifying the socio-demographic characteristics, clinical presentations of HIV/AIDS patients, opportunistic infections (OI), and the possible risk factors for acquiring HIV infection. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on HIV patients from September 2021 to December 2021. The HIV-positive patients of all age groups and all categories were included in the study. However, the clinical staging was done according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of HIV/AIDS. Data were expressed as mean and percentage proportion with chi square test for measuring statistically significance. Results: Among 140 HIV patients 88 (62.9%) were males. More than half were 101 (72.1%) in the reproductive age group 18-40 years with mean age 35±11.5 years. The commonest mode of HIV transmission was heterosexual 114 (81.4%). Maximum belonged to social Class IV 51 (36.4%) and Class III 47 (33.6%) of socioeconomic status. Fever 92 (65.7%), weight loss 82 (58.7%), and cough 68 (48.6%) were the common presenting. Pulmonary tuberculosis and diarrhea were the most predominant secondary OI accounting for 46 (32.9%) and 35 (25.0%), respectively. More than half 82 (58.6%) of patients were in the WHO clinical Stage II of HIV disease. CD4 counts of the patients were significantly inversely correlated with the number of symptoms and the number of OI. Conclusion: There was a high frequency of behavioral risk factors, together with unawareness among HIV patients, socio-demographic, and clinical profile of study participants reflects an impact of early case detection and timely institution of highly active antiretroviral therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study the clinical and demographic profile of patients less than 40 years of age presenting to glaucoma services including the reasons for referral. Methods: Patients in the age group of 5 to 39 years, visiting the glaucoma clinic, who were either suspected to have glaucoma or who had been newly/previously diagnosed with glaucoma were included in the study. After informed written consent, basic demographic details of the participants including age, gender, education, socioeconomic status, and family history were obtained. A comprehensive ophthalmological evaluation was performed by glaucoma specialists. Results: The proportion of glaucoma in the study population (n = 384) was found to be 31.25%, and the incidence of glaucoma among new patients was found to be 11.9%. Among all glaucomas (n = 120), 44.2% of patients had secondary glaucomas, 27.5% had primary glaucomas, and 28.3% had congenital glaucomas. Also, 67.3% of all glaucoma patients were males. Newly diagnosed glaucoma patients presented with a mean intraocular pressure (IOP) of 32.9 mmHg and mild–moderate disc damage with a mean cup-disc ratio of 0.65. Nearly one-third of them had a presenting visual acuity worse than 5/60. The most common reason for referral was raised IOP. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that the odds of developing glaucoma were less in females (P = 0.04) and in patients with a higher standard of living index (P < 0.001). Conclusion: One-third of the patients had glaucoma and another one-third were suspects. Secondary glaucomas are more common than primary/congenital glaucomas. A comprehensive eye evaluation is a must, especially in those with predisposing factors.

Backgroundand Introduction: Physical rehabilitation is vital for patients to regain maximum function. Approximately 80% of people with a disability live in developing countries, where they face multiple challenges in rehabilitation. The goal of the study was to conduct an analysis of indoor rehabilitation programs based on the demographics and medical conditions of the admitted patients and to relate to the available basic health and rehabilitation facilities.MethodsThis was a mixed method study conducted in an inpatient rehabilitation ward of a tertiary level academic university hospital in a developing country. All admitted patients who stayed for a period of minimum two weeks were included in the study. Demographic and clinical data were obtained by means of a retrospective medical record review utilizing a standardized data extraction form. The study was further strengthened by an online literature search for the available documents for analysis, relation, and discussion.ResultsAmong the 1,309 admitted patients was male- female ratio was 10:7, with the majority (31.4%) cases falling between the ages of 46 and 60yrs. Rehabilitation outpatient department was the principal mode of admission (78%), and musculoskeletal and neurological conditions represented the maximum number (79.8%). Majority of patients (60.8%) were discharged home on completion of the rehabilitation program with a large number of patients who were absconded. Poor health budget allocation and lack of prioritization of the rehabilitation sector face multiple challenges, including the rehabilitation team functioning resources, space crisis for expansion which was further impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.ConclusionsThe country's current health-related rehabilitation process and socio-demographic variables have a negative relationship. There was a large number of missing data in the medical records and many patients were lost prematurely from the indoor rehabilitation program. Musculoskeletal disorders were common, and the majority of patients were discharged home once the program was completed.

Background: Helminth and HIV infections are endemic among poor populations. Studies investigating the socio-demographic and economic risk factors associated with dual HIV and helminth coinfection are scarce. Objectives: This study aimed to describe risk factors associated with HIV and helminth coinfections among peri-urban South African adults residing in poorly developed areas with high poverty levels, lack of sanitation and a clean water supply. Method: Adult participants (n = 414) were recruited from clinics in the south of Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Participants’ demographic, socio-economic, sanitation and household information, anthropometric measurements and HIV status were collected. Stool samples were donated for coproscopy to detect helminths using the Kato-Katz and Mini Parasep techniques. Blood was collected to confirm participants’ HIV status and to determine Ascaris lumbricoides-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) and immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) levels to improve microscopy sensitivity. Results: Overall coinfection was 15%, and single helminth and HIV prevalence were 33% and 52%, respectively. Ascaris lumbricoides was predominant (18%). Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that coinfection was 11.9% and 19.8%, respectively, among the 18–34 years and 35–59 years age groups (p = 0.0006), 16.4% and 19.9%, respectively, for the no income and R1000.00 groups (p = 0.0358) and 22.8% and 17.1%, respectively, for the pit or public toilets and toilets not connected to sewage groups (p = 0.0007). Conclusion: Findings suggest that the dual infection with HIV and helminth infections among adults residing in under-resourced areas with poor sanitary conditions is frequent. Older age, poor toilet use and low income are associated with coinfection. More attention is required to break the cycle of coinfections and possible disease interactions. Contribution: The study highlights the importance of determining and treating helminth infections among adult population during HIV and helminth coinfection and the influence of poor sanitation and socioeconomic status on disease transmission.

Background: Pregnancy itself is a hypercoagulable state. COVID-19 infection makes it more deleterious. As a consequence of exaggerated inflammatory response in COVID 19 infected mothers, there is alterations of coagulation system occurs, causing thrombi (micro and macro) in various organs reducing blood flow in capillaries, followed by emboli formation mainly in lung, heart, brain and kidney, resulting in multiple organ failure even death The present study aims to observe retrospectively the clinical outcome of parturients with COVID-19 infection undergoing caesarean sections. Methods: This observational study was done in the COVID dedicated operation theatre of Department of Anaesthesia, Pain, Palliative and Intensive Care, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh, between May 2020 and December 2021. A total 640 obstetric patients undergoing caesarean section (both COVID positive and suspected) were observed. The demographic and outcome data of mothers (transferred from post-operative ward to parent ward/ICU) were collected. Informations of ultimate fate (alive/death) of operated mothers were also noted. Demographic (sex) data and outcome data of newborn baby (alive/dead) were also included. The statistical analysis was carried out by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22.0 for Windows. Results: In this study, the age of the most (n=532, 83.13%) of the pregnant mothers belongs to 18-30 years of age group, remaining 16.86% patients are within the age group of 31-45 years (n=108). Although 18.75% study subjects were illiterate below class VIII(31.25), SSC(17.97%), HSC(16.40%), Graduate(12.5%), masters(3.13%)], miscellaneous type of occupational status [home-maker(70%), service holder(19.85%), entrepreneurship(1.56%) & others(8.59%. and came from different category of social classl most of the patients belong to lower(54.68%) and lower middle class (27.81 %) sodoeconomic status]. Among total study sample (n=640), 55.63% (n=356) patients were infected with COVID 19 virus confirmed by RT-PCR and 44.38% (n-284) mothers were clinically COVID infected or suspected cases. The majority of the pregnant mothers (n=565. 88.28%) experienced sub-arachnoid block or spinal anaesthesia whereas only 6.09% (n=39) patients got experience of general anaesthesia. Apparently, 93.44% (n=598) of mothers come back to the parent ward after observing in post-operative ward. Of them, (n=640), 2.19% of mothers were not survived in operation theatre or post-operative ward and 4.34% (n=21 )ofpatients had to go to Covid dedicated Intensive Care Unit. Survivors mothers (n=619, 96. 72%) were greater than that of non-survivors (n=21, 3.28%). Among the delivered new born babies, the number of female babies (n=330, 51.56%) were slightly higher than that of male (n=310, 48.44%). In a total 640 babies, 560 babies (87.50%) were survived but 12.50% (n-=80 ) of babies were not survived. Conclusions: This observational study represents that among 640 number of COVID positive or suspected pregnant mothers who were undergoing caesarean section, 93.44% of mothers come back to the parent ward, 2.19% of mothers were expired in operation theatre or post operative ward because of complications. Unfortunanely, 4.34% of mothers had experience to go to Intensive Care Unit. Survivors mothers were greater than that of non-survivors. New born babies of confirmed and suspected COVID mothers were slightly female predominant. Total of them, 8 7.50% of babies were survived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Household equivalence scales serve a key role in measuring income poverty. This paper analyzes poverty trends and levels under a set of alternative equivalence scales for Argentina and explores how the use of different scales modifies the demographic composition of the poor population. Results suggest that poverty levels are indeed affected by the choice of the scale, although trends are robust. There is evidence of changes in the demographic profile of the poor in favor of certain household types according to the scale employed. Results depend on how the poverty line is set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Thanks to antiretroviral treatment (ART), people living with HIV (PLHIV) are living longer and ageing. However, ageing involves increased risks of co‐morbidities, which also depend on when PLHIV individuals started ART. To tackle the HIV age‐related upcoming challenges, knowledge of the current and future age structure of the HIV population is needed. Here, we forecast the demographic profile of the adult population living with diagnosed HIV (aPLdHIV) in France until 2030, accounting for the impact of the ART initiation period on mortality. Methods: We used national data from the French Hospital Database on HIV (ANRS CO4‐FHDH) and a sample of the National Health Data System to, first, characterize the aPLdHIV in 2018 and estimate their mortality rates according to age, sex and ART initiation period. Second, we used national HIV surveillance data to define three scenarios for the numbers of newly diagnosed HIV cases over 2019–2030: 30% decrease in HIV cases (S1), status quo situation (S2) and epidemic elimination (S3). We then combined these data using a matrix model, to project the age structure of aPLdHIV and time since ART initiation. Results: In 2018, there was an estimated 161,125 aPLdHIV (33% women), of which 55% were aged 50 or older (50+), 22% aged 60+ and 8% aged 70+. In 2030, the aPLdHIV would grow to 195,246 for S1, 207,972 for S2 and 167,221 for S3. Whatever the scenario, in 2030, the estimated median time since ART initiation would increase and age distribution would shift towards older ages: with 65–72% aPLdHIV aged 50+, 42–48% 60+ and 17–19% 70+. This corresponds to ∼83,400 aPLdHIV (28% women) aged 60+, among which ∼69% started ART more than 20 years ago (i.e. before 2010) and ∼39% ≥30 years ago (i.e. before 2000), and to ∼33,100 aPLdHIV (27% women) aged 70+, among which ∼72% started ART ≥20 years ago and ∼43% ≥30 years ago. Conclusions: By 2030, in France, close to 20% of the aPLdHIV will be aged 70+, of which >40% would have started ART more than 30 years ago. These estimates are essential to adapt co‐morbidities screening and anticipate resource provision in the aged care sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]