Search

Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Kenya, Uganda, and Jordan identified multidrug-resistant high-risk bacterial clones: Escherichia coli sequence types 131, 1193, 69, 167, 10, 648, 410, 405 and Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence types 14, 147, 307, 258. Clones emerging in those countries exhibited high resistance mechanism diversity, highlighting a serious threat for multidrug resistance.

The rapid emergence of antimicrobial-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae threatens treatment options and control efforts. The Uniformed Services University Gonococcal Reference Laboratory and Repository of the Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Program receives isolates from several geographically distinct regions worldwide. We analyzed 962 isolates collected during 2014–2022 for genomic and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance. Resistance to antimicrobial drugs previously used for gonococcal infections was high, but of most concern were increases of resistance to currently used antibiotic drugs, such as extended-spectrum cephalosporins and the alternative antibiotic treatment gentamicin. The percentage of isolates with reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone was 3.6%, to cefixime was 2.5%, and to gentamicin was 15.0%. Although isolates were collected from populations of limited diversity, 706 (73.4%) of isolates demonstrated novel multiantigen sequence types, and 225 (23.4%) had novel multilocus sequence types. Continued surveillance of N. gonorrhoeae is essential to monitoring the prevalence and spread of resistant organisms worldwide.

Wilson’s disease is severe autosomal recessive disease manifested primarily by hepatic, neurological, and psychiatric disorders due to excessive copper deposition in organs and tissues. Clinical case description. The variant with uncertain clinical value of the ATP7B gene, c.2111C>T (p.T704I, chr13:52534294G>A (HG19)), was described in the family where parents are cousins. The eldest daughter out of four children died at the age of 11 due to liver cirrhosis. Wilson’s disease was genetically confirmed in two children (clinically — abdominal form). The younger son was diagnosed heterozygous state of the disease (without any clinical manifestations). The revealed variant of the ATP7B gene was previously identified in 3 more patients with Wilson’s disease, however, in a compound heterozygous state with known pathogenic genetic variant. Conclusion. c.2111C>T (p.T704I) variant of the ATP7B gene can be considered as probably pathogenic. Further research is required to evaluate its functional significance in Wilson’s disease pathogenesis.

Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is an essential food crop globally, especially for farmers facing resource limitations. Like other crops, sweetpotato cultivation faces significant production challenges due to viral infections. This study aimed to identify and characterize viruses affecting sweetpotato crops in Uganda, mostly those associated with sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD). Infected leaf samples were collected from farmers’ fields in multiple districts spanning three regions in Uganda. MiSeq, a next-generation sequencing platform, was used to generate reads from the viral nucleic acid. The results revealed nine viruses infecting sweetpotato crops in Uganda, with most plants infected by multiple viral species. Sweet potato pakakuy and sweet potato symptomless virus_1 are reported in Uganda for the first time. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that some viruses have evolved to form new phylogroups, likely due to high mutations and recombination, particularly in the coat protein, P1 protein, cylindrical inclusion, and helper component proteinase regions of the potyvirus. The sweet potato virus C carried more codons under positive diversifying selection than the closely related sweet potato feathery mottle virus, particularly in the P1 gene. This study provides valuable insights into the viral species infecting sweetpotato crops, infection severity, and the evolution of sweet potato viruses in Uganda.

Abstract Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are a diverse group of viruses causing a broad range of infections of the respiratory, urogenital and gastrointestinal tracts and keratoconjunctivitis. There are seven species of human adenoviruses with 113 genotypes which may contain multiple genetic variants. This study characterised respiratory human adenoviruses and associated factors in samples collected from selected hospitals in Uganda. A total of 2,298 nasopharyngeal samples were collected between the period of 2008 to 2016 from patients seeking health care at tertiary hospitals for influenza-like illness. They were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the prevalence of HAdV. HAdV was cultured in A549 cell lines and the hexon gene was sequenced for genotyping. Of the 2,298 samples tested, 225 (9.8%) were adenovirus-positive by PCR. Age was found to be significantly associated with HAdV infections (p = 0.028) with 98% (220/225) of the positives in children aged 5 years and below and none in adults above 25 years of age. The sequenced isolates belonged to species HAdV-B and HAdV-C with most isolates identified as genotype B3. The results showed a high prevalence and genetic diversity in respiratory HAdV circulating in Ugandan population. Deeper genomic characterization based on whole genome sequencing may be necessary to further elucidate possible transmission and impact of current adenovirus-vectored vaccines in Africa.

Abundant academic research has shown evidence of the growing polarization across the globe both in general and in terms of affective polarization. Previous research on this topic primarily employed reactive research methods like surveys or experiments, which however do not allow researchers to observe the behavior of the units of analysis in a natural setting. Presents an alternative approach that involves analyzing the observed behavior of social media users and identifying the key polarizing cleavages through the study of hate speech with respect to distinct target groups. We present a novel coding schema for textual data, which includes two components: first, an operationalized definition of hate speech as a phenomenon with at least one of the three elements - insult, discrimination, or aggression; and second, an original coding guide for human coders annotating the use of hate speech. We apply our approach to the analysis of empirical data that includes over 5000 posts on the social media platform VK about the meetings between the Presidents of Russia and Belarus in 2020-2021. After coding the collected data, we performed the empirical analysis that identified two generic cleavages. One is about domestic politics in Belarus and Russia, whereas the other is related to the opposition between these two countries on the one hand, and Western countries on the other. We also found an additional Russian/Belarusian cleavage that is peculiar to the collected dataset. Our methodology also allowed us to identify and analyze the dynamics of macro-groups that were targets of hate speech. Importantly, these results - as any other dynamic aspect of analysis - would be highly challenging in research based on reactive methods. Thereby our results highlight the prospects of applying the proposed methodology to a broad range of textual data, as well as the benefits of exploratory analysis that helps overcome the limitations of survey instruments.

Background. Pyoderma is the most common skin infectious disease of early age, it is a group of dermatoses characterized by purulent-inflammatory damage to the skin, dermal appendages, and subcutaneous fat. The diagnosis is based on medical history and physical examination. The main treatment methods are antibacterial therapy (local or systemic) and antiseptic skin toilet. Some forms of deep pyoderma require surgical interventions.Clinical case description. Girl A., 14 days of life, was admitted to the neonatal department of infectious disease with complaints of the mass in the left shoulder joint area. Historical information: 27 years old mother was not observed in any maternity welfare centre; chorioamnionitis was revealed at admission to the obstetric hospital. She received broad-spectrum antibacterial therapy perinatally. A girl from spontaneous vaginal delivery born on the 39th week with body weight of 2700 g, body length of 50 cm, and APGAR score of 8/9, she was breastfed. The condition on admission was severe. There were multiple indurated rash elements (pustules with turbid fluid) on the skin of the chest, limbs, and back. Skin desquamation was noted. There was hyperemia area up to 3.5 × 1.5 cm in the left shoulder joint area, with soft-elastic consistency, fluctuation symptom was positive. Complete blood count has shown: leukocytosis and neutrophilosis. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was revealed in blood via PCR method, in hemoculture, and in throat and nose cultures. C-reactive protein level was increased. Abscess culture — MRSA. Screening by immunological assay was performed to exclude primary immunodeficiency. Abscess incision and drainage were performed; 5 mL of thick yellow-green pus was obtained. Combination therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotic was carried out.Conclusion. There was positive dynamics on the administered therapy: the child condition was satisfactory, skin cleared of infectious rash, abscess was sanitized, laboratory parameters normalized, the child had no fever.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a threat to public health due to its continued evolution. In this study, we investigated the evolution, convergence, and transmission of hypervirulent and multi-drug resistant (MDR) clones of K. pneumoniae within healthcare facilities in Uganda. There was high resistance to piperacillin (90.91%), cefuroxime (86.96%), ceftazidime (84.62%), cefotaxime (84.00%), amoxicillin/clavulanate (75%), nalidixic acid (73.68%), and nitrofurantoin (71.43%) antibiotics among K. pneumoniae isolates. The isolates were genetically diverse, consisting of 20 different sequence types (STs) and 34 K-serotype groups. Chromosomal fosA (for fosfomycin) and oqxAB efflux pump genes were detected in all isolates. Two carbapenem resistance genes, blaNDM-5 and blaOXA-181 plus extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (blaCTX-M-15) gene (68.12%), quinolone-resistant genes qnrS1 (28.99%), qnrB1 (13.04%), and qnrB6 (13.04%) and others were found. All, except three of the isolates, harbored plasmids. While the isolates carried a repertoire of virulence genes, only two isolates carried hypervirulent genes demonstrating a low prevalence (2.90%) of hypervirulent strains. Our study demonstrated genetically diverse populations of K. pneumoniae, low levels of carbapenem resistance among the isolates, and no convergence of MDR and hypervirulence. Emerging high-risk international pandemic clones (ST11, ST14, ST147, ST 86 and ST307) were detected in these healthcare settings which are difficult to treat.

Commensal Escherichia coli with broad repertoire of virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes pose serious public health risks as reservoirs of AMR and virulence. This study undertook whole genome characterization of commensal E. coli from food-producing animals in Uganda to investigate their genome variability (resistome and virulome). We established that the E. coli had high genomic diversity with 38 sequence types, 24 FimH types, and 33 O-antigen serotypes randomly distributed within three phylogroups (A, B1, and E). A greater proportion (≥93.65%) of the E. coli were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanate and ampicillin antibiotics. The isolates were AmpC beta-lactamase producers dominated by blaEC-15 (71.88%) and tet(A) (20.31%) antimicrobial resistant genes besides a diverse armory of virulence-associated genes in the class of exotoxin, adhesins, iron uptake, and serine protease autotransporters which varied by host species. Cattle were found to be the major source of E. coli carrying Shiga toxin genes, whereas swine was the main source of E. coli carrying colicin-like Usp toxin gene. The study underscores the importance of livestock as the carrier of E. coli with antimicrobial resistance and a large repertoire of virulence traits with a potential of causing disease in animals and humans by acquiring more genetic traits.

Abstract Background Human coronaviruses are causative agents of respiratory infections with several subtypes being prevalent worldwide. They cause respiratory illnesses of varying severity and have been described to be continuously emerging but their prevalence is not well documented in Uganda. This study assessed the seroprevalence of antibodies against the previously known human coronaviruses prior 2019 in Uganda. Methods A total 377 serum samples collected from volunteers that showed influenza like illness in five hospital-based sentinel sites and archived were analyzed using a commercial Qualitative Human Coronavirus Antibody IgG ELISA kit. Although there is no single kit available that can detect the presence of all the circulating coronaviruses, this kit uses a nucleoprotein, aa 340–390 to coat the wells and since there is significant homology among the various human coronavirus strains with regards to the coded for proteins, there is significant cross reactivity beyond HCoV HKU-39849 2003. This gives the kit a qualitative ability to detect the presence of human coronavirus antibodies in a sample. Results The overall seroprevalence for all the sites was 87.53% with no significant difference in the seroprevalence between the Hospital based sentinel sites (p = 0.8). Of the seropositive, the age group 1–5 years had the highest percentage (46.97), followed by 6–10 years (16.67) and then above 20 (16.36). An odds ratio of 1.6 (CI 0.863–2.97, p = 0.136) showed that those volunteers below 5 years of age were more likely to be seropositive compared to those above 5 years. The seropositivity was generally high throughout the year with highest being recorded in March and the lowest in February and December. Conclusions The seroprevalence of Human coronaviruses is alarmingly high which calls for need to identify and characterize the circulating coronavirus strains so as to guide policy on the control strategies.

Abstract Background Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen that has been implicated as one of commonest cause of hospital and community acquired infections. The K. pneumoniae infections have considerably contributed to morbidity and mortality in patients with protracted ailments. The capacity of K. pneumoniae to cause diseases depends on the presence of an array virulence factors. Coexistence and expression of virulence factors and genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance complicates treatment outcomes. Thus, emergence of pathogenic MDR K. pneumoniae poses a great threat to the healthcare system. However, the carriage of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic K. pneumoniae is yet to be investigated in Uganda. We sought to investigate the carbapenem resistance profiles and pathogenic potential based on capsular serotypes of K. pneumoniae clinical isolates. Methods This was a cross sectional study involving use of archived Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates collected between January and December, 2019 at four tertiary hospitals in Uganda. All isolates were subject to antimicrobial susceptibility assays to determine phenotypic antibiotic resistance, pentaplex PCR to detect carbapenemases encoding genes and heptaplex PCR to identify capsular serotypes K1, K2, K3, K5, K20, K54 and K57. Results The study found an overall phenotypic carbapenem resistance of 23.3% (53/227) and significantly higher genotypic resistance prevalence of 43.1% (98/227). Over all, the most prevalent gene was bla OXA-48-like (36.4%), followed by bla IMP-type (19.4%), bla VIM-type (17.1%), bla KPC-type (14.0%) and bla NDM-type (13.2%). bla VIM-type and bla OXA-48-like conferred phenotypic resistance in all isolates and 38.3% of isolates that harbored them respectively. Capsular multiplex PCR revealed that 46.7% (106/227) isolates were pathogenic and the predominantly prevalent pathotype was K5 (18.5%) followed by K20 (15.1%), K3 (7.1%), K2 (3.1%) and K1 (2.2%). Of the 106 capsular serotypes, 37 expressed phenotypic resistance; thus, 37 of the 53 carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae were pathogenic. Conclusion The high prevalence of virulent and antibiotic resistant K. pneumoniae among clinical isolates obtained from the four tertiary hospital as revealed by this study pose a great threat to healthcare. Our findings underline the epidemiological and public health risks and implications of this pathogen.

Abstract Of recent, immense attention has been given to chitosan in the biomedical field due to its valuable biochemical and physiological properties. Traditionally, the chief source of chitosan is chitin from crab and shrimp shells. Chitin is also an important component of fish scales, insects and fungal cell walls. Thus, the aim of this study was to isolate and characterize chitosan from locally available material for potential use in the biomedical field. Chitosan ash and nitrogen contents ranged from 1.55 to 3.5% and 6.6 to 7.0% respectively. Molecular weight varied from 291 to 348KDa. FTIR spectra revealed high degree of similarity between locally isolated chitosan and commercial chitosan with DD ranging from 77.8 to 79.1%. XRD patterns exhibited peaks at 2θ values of 19.5° for both mushroom and banana weevil chitosan while Nile perch scales chitosan registered 3 peaks at 2θ angles of 12.3°, 20.1° and 21.3° comparable to the established commercial chitosan XRD pattern. Locally isolated chitosan exhibited antimicrobial activity at a very high concentration. Ash content, moisture content, DD, FTIR spectra and XRD patterns revealed that chitosan isolated from locally available materials has physiochemical properties comparable to conventional chitosan and therefore it can be used in the biomedical field.

Sub-Saharan Africa was historically considered an animal influenza cold spot, with only sporadic highly pathogenic H5 outbreaks detected over the last 20 years. However, in 2017, low pathogenic avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses were detected in poultry in Sub-Saharan Africa. Molecular, phylogenetic, and antigenic characterization of isolates from Benin, Togo, and Uganda showed that they belonged to the G1 lineage. Isolates from Benin and Togo clustered with viruses previously described in Western Africa, whereas viruses from Uganda were genetically distant and clustered with viruses from the Middle East. Viruses from Benin exhibited decreased cross-reactivity with those from Togo and Uganda, suggesting antigenic drift associated with reduced replication in Calu-3 cells. The viruses exhibited mammalian adaptation markers similar to those of the human strain A/Senegal/0243/2019 (H9N2). Therefore, viral genetic and antigenic surveillance in Africa is of paramount importance to detect further evolution or emergence of new zoonotic strains.

The greatest challenge of the current generation and generations to come is antimicrobial resistance, as different pathogenic bacteria have continuously evolved to become resistant to even the most recently synthesized antibiotics such as carbapenems. Resistance to carbapenems limits the therapeutic options of MDR infections as they are the only safe and effective drugs recommended to treat such infections. This scenario has complicated treatment outcomes, even to the commonest bacterial infections. Repeated attempts to develop other approaches have been made. The most promising novel therapeutic option is the use of nanomaterials as antimicrobial agents. Thus, this study examined the efficacy of Camellia sinensis extract (CSE) and Prunus africana bark extract (PAE) green synthesized Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) against carbapenem-resistant bacteria. Furthermore, the photocatalytic and antioxidant activities of CuONPs were evaluated to determine the potential of using them in a wide range of applications. CuONPs were biosynthesized by CSE and PAE. UV vis spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the nanoparticles. CuONPs susceptibility tests were carried out by the agar well diffusion method. The photocatalytic and antioxidant activities of the CuONPs were determined by the methylene blue and DPPH free radical scavenging assays, respectively. UV vis absorbance spectra registered surface plasmon resonance peaks between 272 and 286 nm, confirming the presence of CuONPs. The XRD array had nine strong peaks at 2θ values typical of CuONPs. FTIR spectra exhibited bands associated with organic functional groups confirming capping and functionalization of the CuONPs by the phytochemicals. DLS analysis registered a net zeta potential of +12.5 mV. SEM analysis revealed that the nanoparticles were spherical and clustered with a mean diameter of 6 nm. Phytosynthesized CuONPs exhibited the highest growth suppression zones of 30 mm with MIC ranging from 30 to 125 μg/ml against MDR bacteria. Furthermore, the CuONPs achieved a methylene blue dye photocatalysis degradation efficiency of 85.5% and a free radical scavenging activity of 28.8%. PAE and CSE successfully bio-reduced copper ions to the nanoscale level with potent antimicrobial, photocatalysis, and antioxidant activities.

Antibiotics have been the nucleus of chemotherapy since their discovery and introduction into the healthcare system in the 1940s. They are routinely used to treat bacterial infections and to prevent infections in patients with compromised immune systems and enhancing growth in livestock. However, resistance to last-resort antibiotics used in the treatment of multidrug-resistant infections has been reported worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate green synthesized nanomaterials such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as alternatives to antibiotics. UV-vis spectroscopy surface plasmon resonance peaks for AgNPs were obtained between 417 and 475 nm. An X-ray diffraction analysis generated four peaks for both Prunus africana extract (PAE) and Camellia sinensis extract (CSE) biosynthesized AgNPs positioned at 2θ angles of 38.2°, 44.4°, 64.5°, and 77.4° corresponding to crystal planes (111), (200), (220), and (311), respectively. A dynamic light-scattering analysis registered the mean zeta potential of +6.3 mV and +0.9 mV for PAE and CSE biosynthesized nanoparticles, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra exhibited bands corresponding to different organic functional groups confirming the capping of AgNPs by PAE and CSE phytochemicals. Field emission scanning electron microscopy imaging showed that AgNPs were spherical with average size distribution ranging from 10 to 19 nm. Biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited maximum growth inhibitory zones of 21 mm with minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of 125 and 250 μg/ml, respectively, against carbapenem-resistant bacteria.

Uganda is a Newcastle disease (ND) endemic country where the disease is controlled by vaccination using live LaSota (genotype II) and I2 (genotype I) vaccine strains. Resurgent outbreak episodes call for an urgent need to understand the antigenic diversity of circulating wild Avian Avulavirus serotype-1 (AAvV-1) strains. High mutation rates and the continuous emergence of genetic and antigenic variants that evade immunity make non-segmented RNA viruses difficult to control. Antigenic and functional analysis of the key viral surface proteins is a crucial step in understanding the antigen diversity between vaccine lineages and the endemic wild ND viruses in Uganda and designing ND peptide vaccines. In this study, we used computational analysis, phylogenetic characterization, and structural modeling to detect evolutionary forces affecting the predicted immune-dominant fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) proteins of AAvV-1 isolates from waterfowl and poultry in Uganda compared with that in LaSota vaccine strain. Our findings indicate that mutational amino acid variations at the F protein in LaSota strain, 25 poultry wild-type and 30 waterfowl wild-type isolates were distributed at regions including the functional domains of B-cell epitopes or N-glycosylation sites, cleavage site, fusion site that account for strain variations. Similarly, conserved regions of HN protein in 25 Ugandan domestic fowl isolates and the representative vaccine strain varied at the flanking regions and potential linear B-cell epitope. The fusion sites, signal peptides, cleavage sites, transmembrane domains, potential B-cell epitopes, and other specific regions of the two protein types in vaccine and wild viruses varied considerably at structure by effective online epitope prediction programs. Cleavage site of the waterfowl isolates had a typical avirulent motif of 111GGRQGR'L117 with the exception of one isolate which showed a virulent motif of 111GGRQKR'F117. All the poultry isolates showed the 111GRRQKR'F117 motif corresponding to virulent strains. Amino acid sequence variations in both HN and F proteins of AAvV-1 isolates from poultry, waterfowl, and vaccine strain were distributed over the length of the proteins with no detectable pattern, but using the experimentally derived 3D structure data revealed key-mapped mutations on the surfaces of the predicted conformational epitopes encompassing the experimental major neutralizing epitopes. The phylogenic tree constructed using the full F gene and partial F gene sequences of the isolates from poultry and waterfowl respectively, showed that Ugandan ND aquatic bird and poultry isolates share some functional amino acids in F sequences yet do remain unique at structure and the B-cell epitopes. Recombination analyses showed that the C-terminus and the rest of the F gene in poultry isolates originated from prevalent velogenic strains. Altogether, these could provide rationale for antigenic diversity in wild ND isolates of Uganda compared with the current ND vaccine strains.

A (H9N2) avian influenza A viruses were first detected in Uganda in 2017 and have since established themselves in live bird markets. The aim of this study was to establish the subsequent genetic evolution of H9N2 viruses in Uganda. Cloacal samples collected from live bird market stalls in Kampala from 2017 to 2019 were screened by RT-PCR for influenza A virus and H9N2 viruses were isolated in embryonated eggs. One hundred and fifty H9N2 isolates were subjected to whole genome sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform. The sequence data analysis and comparison with contemporary isolates revealed that the virus was first introduced into Uganda in 2014 from ancestors in the Middle East. There has since been an increase in nucleotide substitutions and reassortments among the viruses within and between live bird markets, leading to variations in phylogeny of the different segments, although overall diversity remained low. The isolates had several mutations such as HA-Q226L and NS-I106M that enable mammalian host adaptation, NP-M105V, PB1-D3V, and M1-T215A known for increased virulence/pathogenicity and replication, and PA-E199D, NS-P42S, and M2-S31N that promote drug resistance. The PA-E199D substitution in particular confers resistance to the endonuclease inhibitor Baloxavir acid, which is one of the new anti-influenza drugs. Higher EC50 was observed in isolates with a double F105L+E199D substitution that may suggest a possible synergistic effect. These H9N2 viruses have established an endemic situation in live bird markets in Uganda because of poor biosecurity practices and therefore pose a zoonotic threat. Regular surveillance is necessary to further generate the needed evidence for effective control strategies and to minimize the threats.

The production method of nanoscale detonation carbon (NDC) has recently been developed at Lavrentyev Institute of Hydrodynamics SB RAS. This method uses the reaction of acetylene with oxygen conducted in the detonation mode in fuel-rich acetylene–oxygen mixtures. The morphology and structural features of the NDC particles can be varied by changing the concentration of oxygen in the gaseous mixtures. The particles of NDC can serve as reinforcements in metal matrix composites and additives imparting electrical conductivity to polymer matrix composites. Before NDC can be considered for industrial applications, it is necessary to address the related biological safety concerns. The present work was aimed at determining the cytotoxicity of NDC. The NDC powders with two morphologies (obtained using different acetylene/oxygen ratios) were tested on HEK293A human cells. The NDC powder was added to the culture medium in concentrations ranging from 10 ng/mL to 400 μg/mL. The cell viability was determined by a colorimetric EZ4U test and a real-time cell analyzer xCELLigence. None of the NDC samples showed a cytotoxic effect. The results of this study allow us to recommend NDC as a safe and useful product for the development of advanced carbon-based and composite materials.

Human coronaviruses are known respiratory pathogens associated with a range of respiratory illnesses, and there are considerable morbidity and hospitalisation amongst immune-compromised individuals of all age groups. The emergence of a highly pathogenic human coronavirus in China in 2019 has confirmed the long-held opinion that these viruses are important emerging and re-emerging pathogens. In this review article, we trace the discovery and emergence of coronaviruses (CoVs) over time since they were first reported. The review article will enrich our understanding on the host range, diversity and evolution, transmission of human CoVs and the threat posed by these viruses circulating in animal populations but overtime have spilled over to humans because of the increased proximity between humans and animals.

The field research on building a rational subsystem of the operations and facilities for the efficiency upgrading of the combine harvester air-screen separator is resulted.

The methodology of evaluating airflow parameters in the air-screen separator of the combine harvester with the two-section fan is described. The applicability of the two-section fan in the air-screen separator of the combine harvester is shown.

OBJECTIVE: Cranial base parameters exhibit wide variations. This study evaluated cranial base morphological characteristics of class II and class I malocclusions to identify risk factors for class II skeletal malocclusions. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 30 class I adults and 30 class II adults and collected their lateral cephalograms. The cranial base length was calculated by measuring the base of the skull by determining the length of sella-to-nasion, basion to pterygomaxillary fissure, and pterygomaxillary fissure to point A. The cranial base angle was measured by the angle formed by the basion, sella, and nasion, and the base of the angle, which connects the basion and nasion, was measured. RESULTS: The independent t-test for combined values showed no significant differences in one angular and five linear measures between groups. However, one angular measurement was positively correlated when men and women in class I and class II groups were analyzed separately. CONCLUSION: Male patients with class II patterns exhibited larger cranial base angles than did those with class I patterns. Our study suggested that cranial base features have a minimal role in the development of class II malocclusions.

The development of new porous polymeric materials with nanoscale pore dimensions and controlled morphology presents a challenging problem of modern materials and membrane science, which should be based on scientifically justified approaches with the emphasis on ecological issues. This work offers a facile and sustainable strategy allowing preparation of porous nanostructured materials based on ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) via the mechanism of environmental intercrystallite crazing and their detailed characterization by diverse physicochemical methods, including SEM, TEM, AFM, liquid and gas permeability, DSC, etc. The resultant porous UHMWPE materials are characterized by high porosity (up to ~45%), pore interconnectivity, nanoscale pore dimensions (below 10 nm), high water vapor permeability [1700 g/(m2 × day)] and high gas permeability (the Gurley number ~300 s), selectivity, and good mechanical properties. The applied benefits of the advanced UHMWPE mesoporous materials as efficient membranes, breathable, waterproof, and insulating materials, light-weight materials with reduced density, gas capture and storage systems, porous substrates and scaffolds are discussed.

The nutritional and economic potentials of livestock systems are compromised by the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. A major driver of resistance is the misuse and abuse of antimicrobial drugs. The likelihood of misuse may be elevated in low- and middle-income countries where limited professional veterinary services and inadequately controlled access to drugs are assumed to promote non-prudent practices (e.g., self-administration of drugs). The extent of these practices, as well as the knowledge and attitudes motivating them, are largely unknown within most agricultural communities in low- and middle-income countries. The main objective of this study was to document dimensions of knowledge, attitudes and practices related to antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in livestock systems and identify the livelihood factors associated with these dimensions. A mixed-methods ethnographic approach was used to survey households keeping layers in Ghana (N = 110) and Kenya (N = 76), pastoralists keeping cattle, sheep, and goats in Tanzania (N = 195), and broiler farmers in Zambia (N = 198), and Zimbabwe (N = 298). Across countries, we find that it is individuals who live or work at the farm who draw upon their knowledge and experiences to make decisions regarding antimicrobial use and related practices. Input from animal health professionals is rare and antimicrobials are sourced at local, privately owned agrovet drug shops. We also find that knowledge, attitudes, and particularly practices significantly varied across countries, with poultry farmers holding more knowledge, desirable attitudes, and prudent practices compared to pastoralist households. Multivariate models showed that variation in knowledge, attitudes and practices is related to several factors, including gender, disease dynamics on the farm, and source of animal health information. Study results emphasize that interventions to limit antimicrobial resistance should be founded upon a bottom-up understanding of antimicrobial use at the farm-level given limited input from animal health professionals and under-resourced regulatory capacities within most low- and middle-income countries. Establishing this bottom-up understanding across cultures and production systems will inform the development and implementation of the behavioral change interventions to combat antimicrobial resistance globally.

BackgroundDrug susceptibility testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is difficult to perform in resource-limited settings where Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) smears are commonly used for disease diagnosis and monitoring. We developed a simple method for extraction of MTB DNA from AFB smears for sequencing-based detection of mutations associated with resistance to all first and several second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs.MethodsWe isolated MTB DNA by boiling smear content in a Chelex solution, followed by column purification. We sequenced PCR-amplified segments of the rpoB, katG, embB, gyrA, gyrB, rpsL, and rrs genes, the inhA, eis, and pncA promoters and the entire pncA gene.ResultsWe tested our assay on 1,208 clinically obtained AFB smears from Ghana (n = 379), Kenya (n = 517), Uganda (n = 262), and Zambia (n = 50). Coverage depth varied by target and slide smear grade, ranging from 300X to 12000X on average. Coverage of ≥20X was obtained for all targets in 870 (72%) slides overall. Mono-resistance (5.9%), multi-drug resistance (1.8%), and poly-resistance (2.4%) mutation profiles were detected in 10% of slides overall, and in over 32% of retreatment and follow-up cases.ConclusionThis rapid AFB smear DNA-based method for determining drug resistance may be useful for the diagnosis and surveillance of drug-resistant tuberculosis.

Influenza D virus (IDV) was first isolated in 2011 in Oklahoma, USA from pigs presenting with influenza-like symptoms. IDV is known to mainly circulate in ruminants, especially cattle. In Africa, there is limited information on the epidemiology of IDV, although the virus has likely circulated in the region since 2012. In the present study, we investigated the seropositivity of IDV among domestic ruminants and swine in West and East Africa from 2017 to 2020. Serum samples were analyzed using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. Our study demonstrated that IDV is still circulating in Africa, with variations in seropositivity among countries and species. The highest seropositivity was detected in cattle (3.9 to 20.9%). Our data highlights a need for extensive surveillance of IDV in Africa in order to better understand the epidemiology of the virus in the region.

Aquaculture is the fastest food-producing sector in the world, accounting for one-third of global food production. As is the case with all intensive farming systems, increase in infectious diseases has adversely impacted the growth of marine fish farming worldwide. Viral diseases cause high economic losses in marine aquaculture. We provide an overview of the major challenges limiting the control and prevention of viral diseases in marine fish farming, as well as highlight potential solutions. The major challenges include increase in the number of emerging viral diseases, wild reservoirs, migratory species, anthropogenic activities, limitations in diagnostic tools and expertise, transportation of virus contaminated ballast water, and international trade. The proposed solutions to these problems include developing biosecurity policies at global and national levels, implementation of biosecurity measures, vaccine development, use of antiviral drugs and probiotics to combat viral infections, selective breeding of disease-resistant fish, use of improved diagnostic tools, disease surveillance, as well as promoting the use of good husbandry and management practices. A multifaceted approach combining several control strategies would provide more effective long-lasting solutions to reduction in viral infections in marine aquaculture than using a single disease control approach like vaccination alone.

Genetic analysis of circulating avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in wild birds at different geographical regions during the same period could improve our knowledge about virus transmission dynamics in natural hosts, virus evolution as well as zoonotic potential. Here, we report the genetic and molecular characterization of H6N2 influenza viruses isolated from migratory birds in Turkey, Egypt, and Uganda during 2017–2018. The Egyptian and Turkish isolates were genetically closer to each other than they were to the virus isolated from Uganda. Our results also suggest that multiple reassortment events were involved in the genesis of the isolated viruses. All viruses contained molecular markers previously associated with increased replication and/or pathogenicity in mammals. The results of this study indicate that H6N2 viruses carried by migratory birds on the West Asian/East African and Mediterranean/Black Sea flyways have the potential to transmit to mammals including humans. Additionally, adaptation markers in these viruses indicate the potential risk for poultry, which also increases the possibility of human exposure to these viruses.

The poultry sector contributes significantly to Kenya’s food and economic security. This contribution is expected to rise dramatically with a growing population, urbanization, and preferences for animal-source foods. Antimicrobial resistance is putting the poultry sector in Kenya—and worldwide—at risk of production losses due to the failure of medicines for animal (and human) health. The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance has been linked to overuse and misuse of antimicrobials in poultry and other sectors. Previous studies have documented poultry farmer antimicrobial use but without systematic consideration of the contexts (i.e., drivers) as important targets for behavior change, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. To improve understanding of antimicrobial use patterns in poultry systems, we conducted a mixed-methods knowledge, attitudes, and practices study of 76 layer farms in Kiambu County; Kenya. We found that commonly used antibiotics were often labeled for prophylactic, growth promotion, and egg production improvement purposes. Antimicrobial use was also motivated by the presence of diseases/disease symptoms, most of which could instead be managed through infection prevention measures. The results suggest that improving vaccination and biosecurity practices on farms and engaging with drug-makers to ensure proper labeling and marketing of antimicrobial drugs may represent important areas of opportunity for social behavior change communication and/or behavioral science interventions (i.e., nudges) to reduce disease burdens and promote prudent antimicrobial use. We conclude our findings with suggestions for further research into the behavioral insights at play in these scenarios to fuel future intervention development.

Avian paramyxovirus type-1 (APMV-1) viruses of the lentogenic pathotypes are often isolated from wild aquatic birds and may mutate to high pathogenicity when they cross into poultry and cause debilitating Newcastle disease. This study characterised AMPV-1 isolated from fresh faecal droppings from wild aquatic birds roosting sites in Uganda. Fresh faecal samples from wild aquatic birds at several waterbodies in Uganda were collected and inoculated into 9–10-day-old embryonated chicken eggs. After isolation, the viruses were confirmed as APMV-1 by APMV-1-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The cleavage site of the fusion protein gene for 24 representative isolates was sequenced and phylogenetically analysed and compared with representative isolates of the different APMV-1 genotypes in the GenBank database. In total, 711 samples were collected from different regions in the country from which 72 isolates were recovered, giving a prevalence of 10.1%. Sequence analysis of 24 isolates revealed that the isolates were all lentogenic, with the typical 111GGRQGR’L117 avirulent motif. Twenty-two isolates had similar amino acid sequences at the cleavage site, which were different from the LaSota vaccine strain by a silent nucleotide substitution T357C. Two isolates, NDV/waterfowl/Uganda/MU150/2011 and NDV/waterfowl/Uganda/MU186/2011, were different from the rest of the isolates in a single amino acid, with aspartate and alanine at positions 124 and 129, respectively. The results of this study revealed that Ugandan aquatic birds indeed harbour APMV-1 that clustered with class II genotype II strains and had limited genetic diversity.

Dromedary camels are the natural reservoirs of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Camels are mostly bred in East African countries then exported into Africa and Middle East for consumption. To understand the distribution of MERS-CoV among camels in North Africa and the Middle East, we conducted surveillance in Egypt, Senegal, Tunisia, Uganda, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq. We also performed longitudinal studies of three camel herds in Egypt and Jordan to elucidate MERS-CoV infection and transmission. Between 2016 and 2018, a total of 4027 nasal swabs and 3267 serum samples were collected from all countries. Real- time PCR revealed that MERS-CoV RNA was detected in nasal swab samples from Egypt, Senegal, Tunisia, and Saudi Arabia. Microneutralization assay showed that antibodies were detected in all countries. Positive PCR samples were partially sequenced, and a phylogenetic tree was built. The tree suggested that all sequences are of clade C and sequences from camels in Egypt formed a separate group from previously published sequences. Longitudinal studies showed high seroprevalence in adult camels. These results indicate the widespread distribution of the virus in camels. A systematic active surveillance and longitudinal studies for MERS-CoV are needed to understand the epidemiology of the disease and dynamics of viral infection.

Rotaviruses of species A (RVA) are a common cause of diarrhoea in children and the young of various other mammals and birds worldwide. To investigate possible interspecies transmission of RVAs, whole genomes of 18 human and 6 domestic animal RVA strains identified in Uganda between 2012 and 2014 were sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq platform. The backbone of the human RVA strains had either a Wa- or a DS-1-like genetic constellation. One human strain was a Wa-like mono-reassortant containing a DS-1-like VP2 gene of possible animal origin. All eleven genes of one bovine RVA strain were closely related to those of human RVAs. One caprine strain had a mixed genotype backbone, suggesting that it emerged from multiple reassortment events involving different host species. The porcine RVA strains had mixed genotype backbones with possible multiple reassortant events with strains of human and bovine origin.Overall, whole genome characterisation of rotaviruses found in domestic animals in Uganda strongly suggested the presence of human-to animal RVA transmission, with concomitant circulation of multi-reassortant strains potentially derived from complex interspecies transmission events. However, whole genome data from the human RVA strains causing moderate and severe diarrhoea in under-fives in Uganda indicated that they were primarily transmitted from person-to-person.

The field research on building a rational subsystem of the operations and facilities for the efficiency upgrading of the combine harvester air-screen separator is resulted.

The methodology of evaluating airflow parameters in the air-screen separator of the combine harvester with the two-section fan is described. The applicability of the two-section fan in the air-screen separator of the combine harvester is shown.

Influenza surveillance was conducted in Uganda from October 2008 to December 2014 to identify and understand the epidemiology of circulating influenza strains in out-patient clinic attendees with influenza-like illness and inform control strategies.Surveillance was conducted at five hospital-based sentinel sites. Nasopharyngeal and/or oropharyngeal samples, epidemiological and clinical data were collected from enrolled patients. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to identify and subtype influenza strains. Data were double-entered into an Epi Info 3.5.3 database and exported to STATA 13.0 software for analysis.Of the 6,628 patient samples tested, influenza virus infection was detected in 10.4% (n = 687/6,628) of the specimens. Several trends were observed: influenza circulates throughout the year with two peaks; the major one from September to November and a minor one from March to June. The predominant strains of influenza varied over the years: Seasonal Influenza A(H3) virus was predominant from 2008 to 2009 and from 2012 to 2014; Influenza A(H1N1)pdm01 was dominant in 2010; and Influenza B virus was dominant in 2011. The peaks generally coincided with times of higher humidity, lower temperature, and higher rainfall.Influenza circulated throughout the year in Uganda with two major peaks of outbreaks with similar strains circulating elsewhere in the region. Data on the circulating strains of influenza and its patterns of occurrence provided critical insights to informing the design and timing of influenza vaccines for influenza prevention in tropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa.

In sub‒Saharan Africa, non‒typhoidal Salmonellae (NTS) cause invasive disease particularly in children and HIV infected adults, but the disease epidemiology is poorly understood. Between 2012 and 2013, we investigated NTS sources and transmission in Kampala. We detected Salmonella in 60% of the influent and 60% of the effluent samples from a wastewater treatment plant and 53.3% of the influent and 10% of the effluent samples from waste stabilization ponds that serve the human population; 40.9% of flush‒water samples from ruminant slaughterhouses, 6.6% of the poultry fecal samples from live bird markets and 4% of the fecal samples from swine at slaughter; and in 54.2% of the water samples from a channel that drains storm-water and effluents from the city. We obtained 775 Salmonella isolates, identified 32 serovars, and determined resistance to 15 antimicrobials. We genotyped common serovars using multiple‒locus variable number tandem repeats analysis or pulsed‒field gel electrophoresis. In addition, we analyzed 49 archived NTS isolates from asymptomatic livestock and human clinical cases. Salmonella from ruminant and swine sources were mostly pan‒susceptible (95%) while poultry isolates were generally more resistant. Salmonella Kentucky isolated from poultry exhibited extensive drug resistance characterized by resistance to 10 antimicrobials. Interestingly, similar genotypes of S. Kentucky but with less antimicrobial resistance (AMR) were found in poultry, human and environmental sources. The observed AMR patterns could be attributed to host or management factors associated with production. Alternatively, S. Kentucky may be prone to acquiring AMR. The factors driving AMR remain poorly understood and should be elucidated. Overall, shared genotypes and AMR phenotypes were found in NTS from human, livestock and environmental sources, suggesting zoonotic and environmental transmissions most likely occur. Information from this study could be used to control NTS transmission.

Control of fecal–orally transmitted pathogens is inadequate in many developing countries, in particular, in sub-Saharan Africa. Acquired resistance to antimicrobial drugs is becoming more prevalent among Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella enteritidis, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, and other pathogens in this region. The poor, who experience most of the infections caused by these organisms, bear the brunt of extended illness and exacerbated proportion of deaths brought about by resistance. Improved antimicrobial drug stewardship is an often cited, but inadequately implemented, intervention for resistance control. Resistance containment also requires improvements in infectious disease control, access to and quality assurance of antimicrobial agents, as well as diagnostic facilities. Structural improvements along these lines will also enhance disease prevention and control as well as rational antimicrobial drug use. Additionally, more research is needed to identify low-cost, high-impact interventions for resistance control.

The increasing availability of complete influenza virus genomes is deepening our understanding of influenza evolutionary dynamics and facilitating the selection of vaccine strains. However, only one complete African influenza virus sequence is available in the public domain. Here we present a complete genome analysis of 59 influenza A/H3N2 viruses isolated from humans in Uganda during the 2008 and 2009 season. Isolates were recovered from hospital-based sentinel surveillance for influenza-like illnesses and their whole genome sequenced. The viruses circulating during these two seasons clearly differed from each other phylogenetically. They showed a slow evolution away from the 2009/10 recommended vaccine strain (A/Brisbane/10/07), instead clustering with the 2010/11 recommended vaccine strain (A/Perth/16/09) in the A/Victoria/208/09 clade, as observed in other global regions. All of the isolates carried the adamantane resistance marker S31N in the M2 gene and carried several markers of enhanced transmission; as expected, none carried any marker of neuraminidase inhibitor resistance. The hemagglutinin gene of the 2009 isolates differed from that of the 2008 isolates in antigenic sites A, B, D, and to a lesser extent, C and E indicating evidence of an early phylogenetic shift from the 2008 to 2009 viruses. The internal genes of the 2009 isolates were similar to those of one 2008 isolate, A/Uganda/MUWRP-050/2008. Another 2008 isolate had a truncated PB1-F2 protein. Whole genome sequencing can enhance surveillance of future seasonal changes in the viral genome which is crucial to ensure that selected vaccine strains are protective against the strains circulating in Eastern Africa. This data provides an important baseline for this surveillance. Overall the influenza virus activity in Uganda appears to mirror that observed in other regions of the southern hemisphere.