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The randomized study aimed to evaluate the comparability of in situ (iS) and in vitro (iV) study protocols regarding remineralization of artificial enamel lesions. Two toothpastes (group A: 1450 ppm sodium fluoride, group B: placebo 0 ppm F-), were investigated. IV, a pH-cycling model with toothpaste slurry treatment was applied for 10d. IS, remineralization was performed in 9 participants wearing splints with embedded enamel samples for 10 and 21d, randomly allocated to groups A and B. Samples were scanned by X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) and grayscale value line profiles corresponding to mineral density (rel.ΔZ) were analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using MedCalc Statistical Software, v22.021. T-Test for dependent and independent data and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for further analyses (α = 0.05). Rel.ΔZ of fluoride treated samples (A) were iV = 40.2%, iS 10d = 11.5% and iS 21d = 46.1% (p > 0.05). Rel.ΔZ of placebo treated samples (B) were: iV = − 6.2%, iS 10d = 25.2% and iS 21d = 11.0% (p > 0.05). Remineralization potential of both toothpastes was significantly different regarding iV (p < 0.001) and iS after 21d (p = 0.034), while in case of iS 10d no significant difference was detected (p = 0.4). Despite different study protocols the μCT results after remineralization were comparable between iV and iS. The results suggest that selected studies can be carried out in faster, simplified iV studies using pH-cycling instead of iS studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The randomized study aimed to evaluate the comparability of in situ (iS) and in vitro (iV) study protocols regarding remineralization of artificial enamel lesions. Two toothpastes (group A: 1450 ppm sodium fluoride, group B: placebo 0 ppm F-), were investigated. IV, a pH-cycling model with toothpaste slurry treatment was applied for 10d. IS, remineralization was performed in 9 participants wearing splints with embedded enamel samples for 10 and 21d, randomly allocated to groups A and B. Samples were scanned by X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) and grayscale value line profiles corresponding to mineral density (rel.ΔZ) were analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using MedCalc Statistical Software, v22.021. T-Test for dependent and independent data and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for further analyses (α = 0.05). Rel.ΔZ of fluoride treated samples (A) were iV = 40.2%, iS 10d = 11.5% and iS 21d = 46.1% (p > 0.05). Rel.ΔZ of placebo treated samples (B) were: iV = − 6.2%, iS 10d = 25.2% and iS 21d = 11.0% (p > 0.05). Remineralization potential of both toothpastes was significantly different regarding iV (p

Context: The primary objective of using dentifrice is to remove plaque biofilm from tooth surfaces and additionally protect teeth from sequelae of events – halitosis, gingivitis, periodontal inflammation, and dental caries. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and consumer satisfaction profile of using herbal and nonherbal dentifrice in controlling dental plaque. Settings and Design: The randomized clinical trial was conducted on dental students at K. D. Dental College and Hospital, Mathura. Subjects and Methods: The triple-blinded trial was conducted during July 2022 over 15 days among 50 dental students of the institute, aged 18–21 years selected using simple random sampling and allocated into two groups: Group A – herbal dentifrice (Patanjali Dant Kanti dentifrice) and Group B – nonherbal dentifrice (Colgate dentifrice). At baseline, open ended self administered questionnaire regarding general information was recorded followed by full mouth prophylaxis and instructions to brush twice daily with allocated dentifrice following modified bass technique. Plaque assessment was done for index teeth on the 7th and 15th days using the plaque index. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were analyzed using SPSS. Intergroup comparisons were done using paired t-test and descriptive statistics for consumer satisfaction profile assessment. Results: The mean plaque index scores for Groups A and B was reduced at 15th day in comparison to scores on 7th day. Consumer satisfaction feedback was found statistically significant for Group A with insignificant for Group B on few parameters. Conclusions: Herbal dentifrice had similar antiplaque efficacy to nonherbal dentifrice with satisfactory consumer feedback without side effects on using them.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the uninstructed use of a toothpaste containing herbal ayurvedic ingredients on parameters of gingival health in a cohort of periodontal aftercare patients affected by gingival inflammation compared to the use of a standard, non‐herbal toothpaste. Materials and Methods: The monocentric, randomized, double‐blinded, two‐arm parallel‐group intervention was performed in a cohort of 88 periodontal aftercare patients with clinical signs of gingival inflammation. At baseline, bleeding on probing (BoP), gingival index (GI) and Quigley–Hein plaque index (QHI) were recorded. Subsequently, the study patients were randomly provided with a herbal ayurvedic toothpaste (n = 44) or a conventional, non‐ayurvedic control toothpaste (n = 44) and without additional oral hygiene training instructed to use it 2× daily for the next 28 days. On day 28, BoP, GI and QHI were recorded again. Results: At baseline, there were no significant differences between both groups. On day 28, mean GI and BoP scores were significantly lower (p < 0.001) compared to baseline in both groups. Differences between the groups could not be verified. Mean QHI scores did not change significantly between day 0 and day 28 in both groups. Conclusions: The impact of uninstructed toothbrushing with an ayurvedic toothpaste on the manifestation of gingival inflammation in periodontal aftercare patients is not significantly different to the use of a conventional, non‐herbal toothpaste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the use of 15% carbamide peroxide in combination with fluoro calcium phosphosilicate desensitizing dentifrice during bleaching to evaluate postoperative dentinal tubule occlusion. Materials and Methods: Premolars which were extracted and bleached using 15% carbamide peroxide with fluoro calcium phosphosilicate dentifrice were used in this investigation, and the shade change was assessed. They were subsequently divided into sections and examined with scanning electron microscope. The quantity of open tubules, fully obstructed as well as moderately obstructed tubules, was recorded for each specimen. The statistical analysis of shade changes was conducted using the paired t-test. The tubule numbers were statistically evaluated after being assigned a mean and standard deviation. Results: The mean values between test and control groups in completely blocked tubules are 81.370 ± 1.989 and 42.586 ± 11.316, respectively. In partially blocked tubules, the mean values were found to be 13.219 ± 1.747 and 32.264 ± 11.554, respectively. In open tubules, the mean values are 5.398 ± 1.260 and 25.149 ± 8.781. The mean values of shade comparison for test group and control group are 1.95 ± 2.78 and 3.40 ± 2.83, respectively. Conclusions: According to the findings of the study, dentinal tubules were blocked when fluoro calcium phosphosilicate dentifrice was administered with 15% carbamide peroxide, but the bleaching process was unaffected. The potential clinical advantage of using a single paste system for both bleaching and desensitizing was also emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To compare the effectiveness of using a 0.454% stannous fluoride-containing dentifrice twice daily in relieving dentinal hypersensitivity (DH) in a Chinese population. Materials and methods: This was a single-centre, randomized, controlled, examiner-blind, three-treatment-arm, parallel-group study in participants with clinically diagnosed DH. Subjects who met inclusion criteria (n = 197) were randomly allocated into 3 groups: test group (n = 66)—using a 0.454% stannous fluoride-containing dentifrice twice daily; positive control group (n = 64)—using a 5.0% calcium sodium phosphosilicate-containing dentifrice twice daily; negative control group (n = 67)—using a 1150 ppm of NaF dentifrice twice daily. Status of DH was assessed at week 4 and week 8 by the same independent examiner. Changes from baseline in Schiff sensitivity score, tactile threshold and Dentine Hypersensitivity Experience Questionnaire (DHEQ) score were analysed using analysis of covariance models. The DHEQ evaluated subject-perceived oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). Results: Statistically significant improvements in mean Schiff scores (p < 0.0001 for all products at Weeks 4 and 8), tactile threshold (p < 0.0001 for test and negative control at Weeks 4 and 8: Week 4 p = 0.0040 and Week 8 p < 0.0001 for positive control) and all DHEQ scores (p < 0.01 for all groups) were observed. No statistically significant differences were observed in the adjusted mean between all dentifrices at both timepoints, potentially driven by a placebo effect. Forty-two treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported (n = 32 subjects), with 2 serious AEs (n = 1) in the test group. TEAEs were not considered treatment-related. Conclusions: All groups demonstrated statistically significant improvements in Schiff score, tactile threshold and OHRQoL. However, due to a possible placebo effect in the negative control, there were no statistically significant differences between the dentifrices. Clinical relevance: This study adds to the growing research exploring why the placebo effect is a common phenomenon in DH studies. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04950465. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The oral cavity is an important entry point for SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study tested whether four commercially available mouthrinses and dentifrices have in vitro virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2 (=4 log10 reduction in viral titer). Materials and Methods: One part of stock SARS-CoV-2 virus plus one part 0.3 g/l bovine serum albumin were mixed with eight parts of test product solution. After 30 s for the rinses, or 60 s for the dentifrices, the mixture was quenched in an appropriate neutralizer, serially diluted, and inoculated onto Vero E6 cells to determine viral titer. Triplicate runs were performed for each test condition with appropriate controls for test product cytotoxicity, viral interference, and neutralizer effectiveness. Test products included: 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) rinse; 0.07% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) rinse; 0.454% stannous fluoride (SnF2) dentifrice A; and 0.454% SnF2 dentifrice B. Results: The 1.5% H2O2 rinse, 0.07% CPC rinse, SnF2 dentifrice A, and SnF2 dentifrice B all produced > 4 log10 reduction in SARS-CoV-2 titer. Conclusion: All four test products displayed potent virucidal activity in vitro. Clinical studies are warranted to determine what role, if any, these oral care products might play in preventing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 or in the management of patients currently diagnosed with COVID-19 illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern toothpastes are complex formulations with various ingredients. The aim of this study was to analyze the improvement of toothpaste formulations from 1900 to 2023 focusing on active ingredients with remineralizing, antibacterial, or plaque-removing effects, and to discuss their influence on caries prevention. For this, worldwide patent applications were searched using the international database Espacenet from the European Patent Office. Additionally, toothpaste products were searched using the Mintel product database from 1996 to 2023. The searched ingredients were (in alphabetical order): calcium carbonate, calcium phosphates, hydrated silica, sodium fluoride, sodium lauryl sulfate, triclosan, xylitol, and zinc salts as they are known from the scientific literature to be remineralizing or antibacterial/antiplaque agents. It was shown that the number of patent applications containing these ingredients significantly increased since the 1970s. As these ingredients have remineralizing, antibacterial, or plaque-removing effects, they all can contribute to caries prevention. In conclusion, and within the limitations of this approach, this study shows that toothpaste formulations have greatly improved over the past decades by using various active anticaries ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate dentin chemical and ultrastructural changes upon exposure to remineralizing dentifrices. Dentin disks were obtained from permanent human molars and treated for 7 days with the dentifrices: (1) C group—control (no dentifrice); (2) S group—Sensodyne Repair & Protect; (3) D group—Dentalclean Daily Regenerating Gel; and (4) DB group—D group + Dentalclean regenerating booster. Afterwards, samples were submitted to an additional 7 days of toothbrushing associated with daily acidic challenge. Samples were imaged and analyzed (days 1, 7, and 14) for Young's modulus by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). SEM and AFM revealed precipitate deposition on dentin surfaces in groups S, D, and DB, formed as early as day 1. Surface elemental analysis showed a Si increase on all brushed surfaces. Similar surface morphology was maintained after the acidic challenge period. Bright-field TEM/SAED revealed the formation of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite inside the dentin tubules of groups S, D, and DB after day 7. Group C presented a gradual reduction of Young's modulus from days-1–14, whereas all remaining groups had increased values. All evaluated dentifrices led to successful formation of hydroxyapatite and increased dentin stiffness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Aim: The objective of this research was to compare the abrasive potential of dentifrices containing activated charcoal with those of a conventional dentifrice on the development of erosive tooth wear (ETW) in vitro. Methods: Enamel and dentin samples were divided into toothpastes (n = 12): group (G)1–Colgate Triple Action (1450 ppm F) (positive control); G2–Colgate Natural Extracts (1450 ppm F); G3–Colgate Luminous White Activated Carbon (1450 ppm F); G4–Oral-B Whitening Therapy Charcoal (1100 ppm F); G5–Oral-B 3D White Mineral Clean (1100 ppm F); G6–Curaprox Black Is White (950 ppm F); and G7–erosion only (no abrasion, negative control). All samples were submitted to erosive pH cycles and G1 to G6 to abrasive challenges (15 seconds) using toothpastes’ slurries plus 45 seconds of treatment for 7 days. The final profile was overlaid to the baseline one for the ETW calculation (µm). The data were subjected to analysis of variance/Tukey or Kruskal–Wallis/Dunn tests (P < .05). Results: Oral-B 3D White (13.0 ± 1.0, 9.37 [1.36] μm), Oral-B Whitening Therapy (15.1 ± 1.2, 8.58 [1.71] μm), and Colgate Luminous White (13.6 ± 1.0, 7.46 [0.94] μm) toothpastes promoted the greatest enamel and dentin wear. On the other hand, Colgate Triple Action (12.2 ± 1.2, 5.30 [1.26] μm), Colgate Natural Extracts (10.8 ± 1.1, 4.16 [1.11] μm), and Curaprox Black Is White (11.5 ± 1.5, 4.06 [0.92] μm) toothpastes promoted lower wear values, similar to erosion only (4.16 [0.94] μm) in the case of dentin but not enamel (7.1 ± 0.8 μm). Conclusions: Toothpastes containing charcoal combined with pyrophosphate may have a high abrasive effect on eroded tooth surfaces. Many patients influenced by digital marketing use toothpastes containing activated charcoal with the aim of bleaching their teeth. However, care should be taken when using these products, as they may have a high abrasive effect.

Purpose: This study analyzed associations of cumulative learning, demographic characteristics, fluoride content, and toothbrush head size with the amount of toothpaste used by dental students. Methods: Students in the third and fifth year of dental school were recruited. Each participant was asked to dispense three toothpastes (pediatric, regular fluoride, and high fluoride) on five toothbrushes (rotation-oscillation, sonic, manual pediatric, and two manual adult toothbrushes). The length and weight of the toothpaste dispensed were recorded. The data were evaluated by nonparametric correlation analysis (P < 0.05). Results: Eighty-one students (third year = 42; fifth year = 39; mean age: 26.2 ± 5.3 years) participated in the study. More toothpaste was dispensed by third-year students than by fifth-year students (weight: P = 0.014; length: P = 0.037). Men dispensed more toothpaste than did women (weight: P < 0.001; length: P = 0.042). Participants with higher educational attainment dispensed less toothpaste (weight: P < 0.001; length: P < 0.001). The type of toothbrush was associated with the weight of toothpaste dispensed (P < 0.001). Toothbrush head size was inversely associated with the length of toothpaste dispensed (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The amount of toothpaste used by dental students was associated with cumulative learning, educational attainment, sex, and toothbrush head size but not with the fluoride content of the toothpaste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aim To assess the anti-plaque effect of a high concentration sodium bicarbonate dentifrice on plaque formation, and gingivitis, as compared to a control toothpaste, irrespective of individual brushing technique and plaque quality. Methods The experimental gingivitis model, with a split-mouth design was used to assess the anti-plaque effect of a high concentration sodium bicarbonate dentifrice on plaque formation. By producing individual fitted trays, the toothpaste was applied in the test quadrant and a control dentifrice in the contralateral. The participants used the individual fitted trays for 1 min every morning and evening, for 21 days. In this period, the participants was only allowed to brush the teeth in the opposite jaw, as usual. Twenty healthy individuals successfully completed the study. Results At 21 days, there was no statistically significant difference between test quadrant and control quadrant with regard to plaque indices, gingival index and number of bleeding sites. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the high concentration sodium bicarbonate dentifrice used did not produce statistically significant anti-plaque effect compared to the control dentifrice, in terms of Plaque- and Gingival Indices, number of bleeding sites or by Quigely and Hein, the Turesky modification Plaque Index, irrespective of brushing technique and individual plaque quality. Trial registration Regional Committee for Medical Research and Ethics, South-East Norway in 2021 (REK.2021/370116). Clinical Trial Registration: NCT05441371 (First registered 09/06/2022, First posted 01/07/2022) ( http://www.clinicaltrials.gov ). (Retrospectively registered).

Purpose: This study examined the occlusion effect of a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride (SnF2) and sodium fluoride (NaF) on periodontally involved teeth in comparison with healthy teeth using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in comparison with a dentifrice containing NaF alone. Methods: Sixty dentine samples obtained from single-rooted premolars, 15 of them extracted for orthodontic reasons (Group H) and 15 because of periodontal destruction (Group P), were included in the study. Each group of specimens was further divided into subgroups: HC and PC (control), H1 and P1 (treated with SnF2 and NaF), and H2 and P2 (treated with NaF). The samples were brushed twice a day for 7 days, kept in artificial saliva, and examined by SEM. The diameters of open tubules and the numbers of tubules were assessed at ×2,000 magnification. Results: The H and P groups showed similar diameters of open tubules. The numbers of open tubules in Groups H1, P1, H2, and P2 were significantly lower than in Groups HC and PC (P < 0.001), and consistent with the percentages of occluded tubules. Group P1 had the highest percentage of occluded tubules. Conclusions: Although both dentifrices were found to successfully occlude dentinal tubules, the dentifrice containing SnF2 and NaF provided the highest degree of occlusion in periodontally involved teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Nowadays, people have an insatiable desire for white and beautiful teeth. The present in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of experimental toothpaste containing ozonated olive oil commercial whitening toothpaste and ozone-free olive oil toothpaste, on color change and enamel microhardness. Material and Methods: In this in vitro study, 48 bovine incisors were mounted in an acrylic resin. After the immersion of samples in tea solution, each sample was subjected to the Vickers microhardness test and colorimetry (T1). The samples were then randomly assigned to four groups (n=12) and brushed twice a day for two min with an electric toothbrush with toothpaste specific to each group; Group 1: commercial whitening toothpaste (positive control), Group 2: Experimental toothpaste containing ozone-free olive oil , Group 3: Experimental 10 mg/ml ozonated olive oil toothpaste, Group 4: Experimental toothpaste containing ozonated olive oil with an ozone concentration of 15 mg/ml. Surface microhardness measurements and color evaluation were repeated after two (T2) and four weeks (T3). Data were analyzed by, repeated measures analysis of variance, Friedman, ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis. Results: The highest mean of color change (DE) was related to toothpaste containing 15 mg/ml ozonated olive oil, and the lowest mean pertained to toothpaste containing ozone-free olive oil (P=0/019). In these four groups, the amount of microhardness increased after the end of the study (P=0.001); nonetheless, these changes were not significant. Conclusions: The addition of ozone to toothpaste in a specific concentration results in teeth whitening; however, it does not significantly affect enamel microhardness.

Aim: To assess the anti-plaque effect of a high concentration sodium bicarbonate dentifrice on plaque formation, and gingivitis, as compared to a control toothpaste, irrespective of individual brushing technique and plaque quality. Methods: The experimental gingivitis model, with a split-mouth design was used to assess the anti-plaque effect of a high concentration sodium bicarbonate dentifrice on plaque formation. By producing individual fitted trays, the toothpaste was applied in the test quadrant and a control dentifrice in the contralateral. The participants used the individual fitted trays for 1 min every morning and evening, for 21 days. In this period, the participants was only allowed to brush the teeth in the opposite jaw, as usual. Twenty healthy individuals successfully completed the study. Results: At 21 days, there was no statistically significant difference between test quadrant and control quadrant with regard to plaque indices, gingival index and number of bleeding sites. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the high concentration sodium bicarbonate dentifrice used did not produce statistically significant anti-plaque effect compared to the control dentifrice, in terms of Plaque- and Gingival Indices, number of bleeding sites or by Quigely and Hein, the Turesky modification Plaque Index, irrespective of brushing technique and individual plaque quality. Trial registration: Regional Committee for Medical Research and Ethics, South-East Norway in 2021 (REK.2021/370116). Clinical Trial Registration: NCT05441371 (First registered 09/06/2022, First posted 01/07/2022) (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov). (Retrospectively registered). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern toothpastes are complex formulations with various ingredients. The aim of this study was to analyze the improvement of toothpaste formulations from 1900 to 2023 focusing on active ingredients with remineralizing, antibacterial, or plaque-removing effects, and to discuss their influence on caries prevention. For this, worldwide patent applications were searched using the international database Espacenet from the European Patent Office. Additionally, toothpaste products were searched using the Mintel product database from 1996 to 2023. The searched ingredients were (in alphabetical order): calcium carbonate, calcium phosphates, hydrated silica, sodium fluoride, sodium lauryl sulfate, triclosan, xylitol, and zinc salts as they are known from the scientific literature to be remineralizing or antibacterial/antiplaque agents. It was shown that the number of patent applications containing these ingredients significantly increased since the 1970s. As these ingredients have remineralizing, antibacterial, or plaque-removing effects, they all can contribute to caries prevention. In conclusion, and within the limitations of this approach, this study shows that toothpaste formulations have greatly improved over the past decades by using various active anticaries ingredients.

The aim of this study is to investigate dentin chemical and ultrastructural changes upon exposure to remineralizing dentifrices. Dentin disks were obtained from permanent human molars and treated for 7 days with the dentifrices: (1) C group—control (no dentifrice); (2) S group—Sensodyne Repair & Protect; (3) D group—Dentalclean Daily Regenerating Gel; and (4) DB group—D group + Dentalclean regenerating booster. Afterwards, samples were submitted to an additional 7 days of toothbrushing associated with daily acidic challenge. Samples were imaged and analyzed (days 1, 7, and 14) for Young’s modulus by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). SEM and AFM revealed precipitate deposition on dentin surfaces in groups S, D, and DB, formed as early as day 1. Surface elemental analysis showed a Si increase on all brushed surfaces. Similar surface morphology was maintained after the acidic challenge period. Bright-field TEM/SAED revealed the formation of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite inside the dentin tubules of groups S, D, and DB after day 7. Group C presented a gradual reduction of Young’s modulus from days-1–14, whereas all remaining groups had increased values. All evaluated dentifrices led to successful formation of hydroxyapatite and increased dentin stiffness.

Objective:Overall aim of this prospective, randomized, positive controlled, double-blind in vivo study was to identify the effects of a test dental gel containing 2.6% edathamil with an added carrier and permeability enhancer vs. a positive control dentifrice on periodontal health measures in patients with Stage II and III periodontitis. Methods:In this prospective double-blinded, randomized study, 33 subjects were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to brushing their teeth with either the test gel (LivFresh®, Livionex Dental Gel, Los Gatos, CA 95030) or the positive control toothpaste (Crest ProHealth®, P&G, Cincinnati, OH 45202).Full-mouth gingival index, modified sulcus bleeding index, and periodontal pocket probing depths were recorded for all teeth at baseline, and on days 90 and 180.Subjects brushed with the study material twice a day. Results:The test dental gel reduced gingival inflammation and bleeding, as well as periodontal pocket probing depths significantly more than a control dentifrice. Conclusions:In this pilot study in subjects with Stage II and III periodontitis, a test dental gel was found to improve gingival inflammation and bleeding, as well as periodontal pocket depths significantly better than a control dentifrice.

Objective: Assess the effects of activated charcoal‐based products on whitening and changes on dental enamel surface. Material and Methods: Fifty‐two blocks of bovine dental enamel were randomly distributed in four groups (n = 13): brushing with activated charcoal‐based powder (PW); brushing with activated charcoal‐based dentifrice (AC); brushing with a conventional dentifrice containing 1450 ppm of fluoride (CD); and whitening with 10% carbamide peroxide (CP). Color, microhardness, and surface alteration were analyzed at baseline and after 14 days of treatment. Three samples per group were randomly selected and examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze the morphology. Results: PW exhibited greater color change for the ΔE00, ΔWID, Δb* and ΔL* parameters than other groups (p < 0.05). After treatment, microhardness decreased in AC and CP groups (p < 0.05). Also, PW and AC groups showed more surface alteration than CD and CP (p < 0.001). Changes in the morphology of dental enamel were observed by SEM in PW and AC groups. Conclusion: Activated charcoal‐based products showed a lower whitening effect than 10% carbamide peroxide. These products also influenced dental enamel microhardness, resulting in greater surface alteration. Clinical Significance: Activated charcoal‐based products promoted minimum whitening effects with significant enamel surface alteration. The 10% carbamide peroxide was more effective for whitening and caused slight enamel surface alteration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a highly prevalent dental developmental disorder with a significant health burden for patients and high treatment needs, yet no comprehensive review article on all remineralization systems as a non-invasive treatment approach for MIH has been published. Typical characteristics of MIH-affected teeth are a lower mineral density and lower hardness compared to healthy teeth leading to sensitivity and loss of function. Thus, the use of formulations with calcium phosphates to remineralize MIH-affected teeth is reasonable. This review presents an up-to-date overview of remineralization studies focusing on active ingredients investigated for remineralization of MIH, i.e., casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate (CPP-ACFP), hydroxyapatite, calcium glycerophosphate, self-assembling peptide, and fluoride. Overall, 19 studies (in vitro, in situ, and in vivo) were found. Furthermore, an additional search for studies focusing on using toothpaste/dentifrices for MIH management resulted in six studies, where three studies were on remineralization and three on reduction of sensitivity. Overall, the studies analyzed in this review showed that MIH-affected teeth could be remineralized using calcium phosphate-based approaches. In conclusion, calcium phosphates like CPP-ACP, calcium glycerophosphate, and hydroxyapatite can be used to remineralize MIH-affected teeth. In addition to MIH-remineralization, CPP-ACP and hydroxyapatite also offer relief from MIH-associated tooth sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human saliva contains natural antimicrobial enzymes. In this in-vitro study, we evaluate the antimicrobial activity of a dentifrice containing a salivary enzyme complex (SEC) with xylitol versus a standard 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) dentifrice. Adherent cells of Streptococcus gordonii, Strep. mutans, Actinomyces naeslundii, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp polymorphum , and Corynebacterium matruchotii were exposed to SEC-xylitol and CHX dentifrices for 2 min and viable CFUs were enumerated. Exposure to the SEC-xylitol dentifrice resulted in a significant reduction in bacterial viability, which was greater than that shown by the CHX dentifrice, against all organisms tested. The SEC-xylitol dentifrice also exhibited greater antimicrobial activity against all organsims in well diffusion assays compared to CHX. Dentifrice activity was also evaluated against a three species community of Strep. gordonii, Strep. mutans , and Coryne. matruchotii using bacterial live/dead stain. The SEC-xylitol dentifrice was at least as effective as CHX in removal of the multispecies community. The combination of SEC and xylitol generates a highly effective antimicrobial dentifrice with greater antibacterial activity than a standard 0.12% CHX formulations. SEC and xylitol combinations are worthy of further investigation for routine use and in the management of gingivitis and periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluoride toothpastes have made a significant contribution towards oral hygiene. This study proposes instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) as a suitable technique for determining fluorine in toothpastes. The method involved a 10 s irradiation, followed by 10–20 s decay, and counting for 10 s, using a pneumatic system and high purity germanium detector. All irradiations were performed at miniature neutron source reactor with thermal neutron flux 1 × 1012 cm−2 s−1. Since Na was present in all toothpastes, the quantification of fluorine required correction for 23Na(n,α)20F threshold reaction. Fluorine determination was validated by analysing the samples by ion chromatography. All toothpastes were also analysed for other elements by k0-INAA and ICP-OES. Both techniques quantified 28 elements including Al, As, Ba, Ca, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, Hf, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sb, Sc, Si, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Ti and Zn. This study, categorized toothpastes in five groups based on concentrations of Ca, P and Ti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This article reports on estimated daily fluoride intake from water, other beverages and selected foods, dentifrice, and dietary fluoride supplements by both individual sources, and all sources combined, among 787 children participating in the Iowa Fluoride Study (IFS) from 6 to 17 years of age. Methods: Total daily fluoride intake (mg F) and fluoride intake per kilogram bodyweight (mg F/kg bw) were estimated using responses to questionnaires sent every 3–6 months. Dietary assessments included frequencies and amounts of beverage intake for the previous week from water, milk, ready‐to‐drink beverages, beverages made by adding water to concentrate or powder, and selected foods with substantial water content. Descriptive statistics and bivariate and multivariable analyses with linear mixed models were used to assess associations with each of mg F and mg F/kg bw. Results: Mean combined dietary fluoride (mg F) from all sources examined in the study increased slightly with age, whereas the fluoride intake per kg bw decreased with age. Age, sex, and socioeconomic status were significantly associated with fluoride intake (mg F and mg F/kg bw). Each year increase in age was associated with a 0.02‐mg increase in fluoride consumption, on average, after adjusting for the effects of covariates. Conclusions: Daily mean fluoride intakes from single and combined sources were relatively stable, while the intake of fluoride per kg bw decreased from 6 to 17 years of age. Fluoridated water was the major source of ingested fluoride, contributing over 50% of total daily intake at all ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Dental caries is one of the most common bacterial diseases in childhood. Using proper dentifrice is suggested to reduce the incidence of this disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of different brands of children's dentifrice available in Iran’s market on Streptococcus mutans (PTCC1683) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (PTCC4356) strains. Materials and methods: After culturing standard bacterial strains, different kids dentifrice brands, including Irox, Bath, Misswake, Colgate, Oral-B, Bencer, and Frice were prepared by distilled water in 2 mg/ml and 4 mg/ml and added to pits in cultures medium. Then, the samples were incubated at 37°C for 24-48 hours and diameter of the antibacterial inhibitory haloarchaea was reported in millimeters. T-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: All dentifrices recorded an inhibitory haloarchaea diameter of 3-25 mm (except Bath and Irox at 2 mg/ml against S. mutans, 0 mm). The antibacterial strength of dentifrices was as follows: Oral-B> Colgate> Frice> Bencer> Misswake> Bath> Irox. At 4 mg/ml, the diameter of haloarchaea against L. acidophilus was approximately twice than that of S. mutans. The mean haloarchaea diameter was not significantly different between the control group and dentifrices at 4 mg/ml against S. mutans (P= 0.080). In other conditions, the mean diameter of haloarchaea in dentifrices was lower than that of the control group (P≤0.001). Conclusion: In this in-vitro study, Oral-B and Colgate (sodium fluoride 500 ppm) had the highest antibacterial effect and Bath and Irox (sodium monofluorophosphate 500 ppm) had the lowest antibacterial strength against the studied microorganisms. In addition, except for Bath and Irox, other dentifrices in various concentrations had desirable antibacterial properties.

Introduction: Bacterial plaque accumulation is the primary etiological factor for periodontal disease; hence, prevention of its accumulation is the cornerstone to any oral hygiene practice. Mechanical tooth cleaning by means of toothbrush and a dentifrice remains the most reliable and common method for controlling supragingival plaque. The objective of the study was to evaluate the factors considered while choosing a dentifrice and also to assess the role of socioeconomic status in determining these factors. Materials and Methods: This was a questionnaire study carried out among undergraduate students from the business and mass communication background of two private degree colleges in Dakshina Kannada, India. Two hundred and fifty-five students were included in the study. The questionnaire consisted of 24 close-ended questions. Results and Conclusion: The parameters of brand name, availability, and the flavor of the dentifrice are among the most accepted factors that a consumer takes into consideration in selecting a dentifrice. Parameters of influence (parents, colleagues, and celebrities), advertisement, and dentist recommendations of a dentifrice were also found to have a major influence on the consumer in selecting a dentifrice.

The main causative factor for periodontal diseases is dental plaque. The most effective way to remove plaque is tooth brushing using dentifrice. Recently, due to the side effects of commercially available chemical dentifrices, herbal toothpaste is gaining popularity. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of herbal and nonherbal toothpaste on gingival health. The current study involved 100 outpatients reported to Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. Each patient received oral prophylaxis and for 3 days, they were told not to use any other oral hygiene products. The subjects were assigned randomly into the test group (Colgate Herbal) and control group (Colgate). Thirty days later, the plaque and gingival indices were recorded and compared with the baseline using an unpaired t-test (SPSS software, version 23). The mean plaque index at baseline was 1.4 ± 0.6 (herbal) and 1.3 ± 0.7 (nonherbal), and after 30 days, the scores were 1.0 ± 0.5 and 0.9 ± 0.3, respectively. The mean gingival index score for herbal and nonherbal dentifrice at baseline was 1.19 ± 0.5 and 0.9 ± 0.2, and at 30th day, it was 1.1 ± 0.4 and 1.0 ± 0.4, respectively. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. Herbal dentifrices are just as effective as nonherbal dentifrices at reducing plaque and improving gingival health.

ABSTRACT Mechanical cleaning remains the standard of care for maintaining oral hygiene. However, mechanical cleaning is often augmented with active therapeutics that further promote oral health. A dentifrice, consisting of the “Dual Zinc plus Arginine” (DZA) technology, was found to be effective at controlling bacteria using in vitro laboratory studies, translating to clinical efficacy to deliver plaque and gingivitis reduction benefits. Here, we used biophysical analyses and confocal laser scanning microscopy to understand how a DZA dentifrice impacted the mechanical properties of dental plaque biofilms and determine if changes to biofilm rheology enhanced the removal of dental plaque. Using both uniaxial mechanical indentation and an adapted rotating-disc rheometry assay, it was found that DZA treatment compromised biofilm mechanical integrity, resulting in the biofilm being more susceptible to removal by shear forces compared to treatment with either arginine or zinc alone. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that DZA treatment reduced the amount of extracellular polymeric slime within the biofilm, likely accounting for the reduced mechanical properties. We propose a model where arginine facilitates the entry of zinc into the biofilm, resulting in additive effects of the two activities toward dental plaque biofilms. Together, our results support the use of a dentifrice containing Dual Zinc plus Arginine as part of daily oral hygiene regimens. IMPORTANCE Mechanical removal of dental plaque is augmented with therapeutic compounds to promote oral health. A dentifrice containing the ingredients zinc and arginine has shown efficacy at reducing dental plaque both in vitro and in vivo. However, how these active compounds interact together to facilitate dental plaque removal is unclear. Here, we used a combination of biophysical analyses and microscopy to demonstrate that combined treatment with zinc and arginine targets the matrix of dental plaque biofilms, which destabilized the mechanical integrity of these microbial communities, making them more susceptible to removal by shear forces.

ObjectivesThe goal of this clinical study was to determine the effects of a dental gel containing 2.6% edathamil on overnight plaque re-accumulation and plaque removal.MethodsIn this double-blind, randomized crossover study, 10 subjects first brushed for one week with a washout toothpaste. On the evening of Day 7, prior to tooth brushing, Plaque Index (PI) was recorded, then plaque stained and photographed. Subsequently subjects were randomized to either brush with the test dental gel or the control. After overnight plaque accumulation, PI was recorded. Plaque was stained and photographed before and after subjects brushed with the same toothpaste as the previous night. Subsequently, the process was repeated with the second toothpaste. Image J software was used to quantify plaque presence.ResultsMean increase in PI overnight after brushing (1.78 versus 0.94) and final PI after tooth brushing the next morning (2.20 versus 1.31) were significantly (p < 0.05) better after use of the test gel. Tooth surface covered by plaque overnight was significantly higher after using the control gel (22.3%) than the test gel (11.8%; p < 0.05). After morning brushing, the residual area of plaque on the teeth was significantly higher for the control gel (9.2%) than for the test gel (3.6%; (p < 0.05).ConclusionsA test dental gel more effectively reduced overnight plaque re-accumulation and achieved better plaque removal than a control dentifrice.

The main causative factor for periodontal diseases is dental plaque. The most effective way to remove plaque is tooth brushing using dentifrice. Recently, due to the side effects of commercially available chemical dentifrices, herbal toothpaste is gaining popularity. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of herbal and nonherbal toothpaste on gingival health. The current study involved 100 outpatients reported to Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. Each patient received oral prophylaxis and for 3 days, they were told not to use any other oral hygiene products. The subjects were assigned randomly into the test group (Colgate Herbal) and control group (Colgate). Thirty days later, the plaque and gingival indices were recorded and compared with the baseline using an unpaired t-test (SPSS software, version 23). The mean plaque index at baseline was 1.4 ± 0.6 (herbal) and 1.3 ± 0.7 (nonherbal), and after 30 days, the scores were 1.0 ± 0.5 and 0.9 ± 0.3, respectively. The mean gingival index score for herbal and nonherbal dentifrice at baseline was 1.19 ± 0.5 and 0.9 ± 0.2, and at 30th day, it was 1.1 ± 0.4 and 1.0 ± 0.4, respectively. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. Herbal dentifrices are just as effective as nonherbal dentifrices at reducing plaque and improving gingival health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Bacterial plaque accumulation is the primary etiological factor for periodontal disease; hence, prevention of its accumulation is the cornerstone to any oral hygiene practice. Mechanical tooth cleaning by means of toothbrush and a dentifrice remains the most reliable and common method for controlling supragingival plaque. The objective of the study was to evaluate the factors considered while choosing a dentifrice and also to assess the role of socioeconomic status in determining these factors. Materials and Methods: This was a questionnaire study carried out among undergraduate students from the business and mass communication background of two private degree colleges in Dakshina Kannada, India. Two hundred and fifty-five students were included in the study. The questionnaire consisted of 24 close-ended questions. Results and Conclusion: The parameters of brand name, availability, and the flavor of the dentifrice are among the most accepted factors that a consumer takes into consideration in selecting a dentifrice. Parameters of influence (parents, colleagues, and celebrities), advertisement, and dentist recommendations of a dentifrice were also found to have a major influence on the consumer in selecting a dentifrice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professional application of plaque-disclosing solutions (PDS) by dental surgeons can promote patient awareness. Verbal communication of oral hygiene instructions and demonstration of brushing techniques can improve self-performed dental plaque control. Dental plaque is a major cause of many oral diseases, and prompt removal ensures better oral health. In this case report, we demonstrate the usage of such a technique for improving the oral hygiene of an adolescent. Commercially available PDS was used at baseline to document the Turesky-modified Quigley-Hein plaque index and Loe and Silness gingival index scores. Oral hygiene measures and proper brushing techniques were demonstrated. The patient was followed up after 12 hours, 24 hours, one week, and four weeks to monitor the variations in plaque and gingival index. We observed a progressive reduction in plaque and gingival index, indicating an efficient self-performed dental plaque control., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Kamra et al.)

Abstract Background Orthodontic debonding procedure produces inevitable enamel surface alterations, sequelae to which are enamel demineralization, sensitivity and retention of pigments. Several agents have been employed to counterbalance the same. The purpose of this study was (1) To evaluate the hypothesis that no significant difference exists in the remineralising potential of nano hydroxyapatite (NanoHAP) dentifrice and fluoridated dentifrice after orthodontic debonding, (2) To estimate the enamel topographic parameters following use of nano HAP dentifrice, post orthodontic debonding. Methods Sixty upper first bi-cuspids (30 subjects) planned for therapeutic extraction for the orthodontic treatment were bonded with a light cured adhesive. Envelope method of randomisation was followed in this prospective in-vivo study. In each subject, one of the first premolar brackets was debonded using a debonding plier and polished following standard protocols. Envelope method of randomisation was used to determine the side of the premolar to be debonded first. Patient was advised to use fluoridated (Group I) dentifrice for the first 15 days, then the first premolar was covered with a heavy-bodied putty cap, extracted and subjected to atomic force microscopy (AFM). Contralateral first premolar was then debonded and polished using similar protocol, and patient was advised to use nano hydroxyapatite dentifrice (Group II) for next 15 days. The premolar was then extracted and analyzed for surface roughness using AFM. The remineralizing potential of dentifrices was assessed by evaluating surface roughness parameters of the two groups and were compared using a two-sample t test. Results A significant difference was found amongst Group I (Fluoridated dentifrice) and Group II (NanoHAP dentifrice) (p > 0.001***) for enamel surface roughness variables which reflect remineralising potential of dentifrices. Group II showed significantly lesser value of surface roughness characteristics. Conclusions NanoHAP dentifrice was shown, after 15 days, to be superior to fluoridated dentifrice in remineralising enamel post orthodontic debonding.

Abstract Background Many studies have demonstrated efficacy of casein phosphopeptide (CPP) containing products for dentin tubule occlusion for treatment of dentin sensitivity, but their effectiveness under dynamic erosive challenges remains to be elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of a desensitizing dentifrice containing CPP in occluding dentin tubules and resisting erosive challenges in comparison to that containing polyvinyl methyl ether/maleic acid (PVM/MA) copolymers. Methods A total of 33 dentin discs were prepared from coronal sections of human third molars and divided into 3 groups: a toothpaste containing CPP; a toothpaste containing PVM/MA and submicron silica; and a regular toothpaste (Controls). A soft-bristle toothbrush was used to brush the dentin discs with the dentifrices for 45 strokes in 30 s at a force of approximately 200 g. The brushing cycle was repeated after immersion of the dentin discs in artificial saliva overnight. The dentin discs were then challenged in orange juice for 10 min in an incubator rocking at 120 rpm. Three fields were randomly selected on each dentin disk surface to assess dentin tubule occlusions after each brushing cycle and after orange juice challenge with a 3D laser scanning microscope. Specimen cross sections were examined with a scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Results After the first and second cycles of brushing, dentin tubules were occluded on average by 56.3% and 85.7% in CPP group, 66.2% and 88.1% in PVM/MA group, and 0.0 and 13.0% in the controls, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in dentin tubule occlusions between the CPP and PVM/MA groups after two cycles of brushing (p>0.05). After dynamic erosive challenges with orange juice, 20.3% of the dentin tubules in the CPP group, 79.1% in the PVM/MA group and none in the control remained occluded (P

Background: This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of brazilian red propolis (BRP) dentifrice and compare in vitro. Materials and methods: Strains of S. mutans ATCC UA159 were used in the present study. This study compared the antibacterial effects of BRP extract, BRP containingdentifrice and one antimicrobial commercial dentifrice (Parodontax) against S. mutans. For the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity the microdilution method was used in culture broth. The strain was activated by incubation at 37°C overnight in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) culture medium, in an anaerobic jar. To the wells of the microplates were added 100μL of BHI broth, 20μL of the substances tested (experimental groups), at concentrations ranging from 100 μL/mL to 0.0488 μL/mL, and 80 μL/mL of the standardized microbial suspension. The microplates were incubated for 24 hr in a bacteriological oven at 37°C. Visual inspection of the colour changes and reading in BioTek microplate reader at 570nm was performed to determine the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Mean values and standard deviations were calculated. ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test was performed; p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: BRP extract and BRP containing-dentifrice showed antimicrobial activity against S. mutans up to the concentration of 0.3906 μg/mL. The BRP extract and dentifrice showed bactericidal effect at a concentration of 1.5625, but was able to reduce microbial viability at a concentration of up to 0.3906. Parodontax dentifrice showed antimicrobial activity at all dilutions (p< 0.05), presenting a bactericidal effect in the same concentration of the extract (1.5625). It was concluded that all the groups observed had antimicrobial activity against S. mutans. There was no difference between the propolis extract and the common dentifrice. Conclusion: BRP in pure form and processed in a toothpaste shows some antimicrobial activity against S. mutans but less than a commercial toothpaste containing herbal extracts and sodium bicarbonate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the in vitro effect of different application frequencies of dentifrices containing CPP-ACP and fluoride on enamel demineralisation inhibition using a pH cycling model.Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty blocks of human enamel were divided into 8 groups according to the treatment and number of times that the dentifrice slurry was applied (3 or 5 times).Control: dentifrice without fluoride (CO3 and CO5); fluoride dentifrice (FD3 and FD5, commercial dentifrice 1100 ppm as NaF); MI Paste (MP3 and MP5, Recaldent) and MI Paste Plus (MPP3 and MPP5, Recaldent 900 ppm as NaF). After pH cycling, cross-sectional microhardness (CSH) measurements were taken. The demineralised enamel changes were analyzed on three blocks per group by MicroCT. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's HSD post-hoc test (p = 0.05).Results: Statistically significantly higher CSH values (p < 0.05) were obtained for the surface layers (25 and 50 µm) for FD3, FD5, MP3 and MP5. The MP and FD groups showed similar results and had the least mineral loss. The MP increased the mineral density in enamel and decreased the depth of the lesion.Conclusion: Inhibition of subsurface enamel demineralisation is possible with MP and FD, independent of the application frequencies. However, the MP and MPP groups had higher mineral density when five applications were performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of brushing with two whitening dentifrices (Colgate Optic White (COW) and Colgate Optic White Charcoal (COC)) on surface gloss, micro-roughness, and micro-hardness of nanostructured hybrid conventional (Z350) and bulk-fill (Tetric N Ceram bulk-fill) polymer composite. In total, 96 disk samples using two nano-hybrid composite polymers (Z350 and Tetric N Ceram Bulk-fill) were prepared. All specimens were exposed to two different dentifrices (COW and COC), resulting in four main subgroups in the study. Specimens were assessed for surface gloss, micro-roughness (Ra), and micro-hardness using standardized methodology. Means and standard deviations of properties compared using paired t-test, one-way and two-way ANOVA, and post hoc test. The presence of dentifrices did not show any significant difference in micro-hardness values of Z350 (p > 0.05), whereas micro-hardness of bulk-fill composite significantly reduced on dentifrices exposure (p ≤ 0.05). Bulk-fill polymer composite showed significant reduction in gloss after dentifrice exposure (p < 0.05), however, Z350 showed no significant loss of gloss due to dentifrices (p > 0.05). A significant increase in Ra was observed for both resin materials after exposure to dentifrices (COC and COW). Conventional resin composite (Z350) showed comparable surface hardness and gloss before and after dentifrice exposure, however, micro-roughness increased significantly due to dentifrice exposure. Bulk-fill resin (Tetric N Ceram) showed significant loss of micro-hardness and gloss and increase in micro-roughness on dentifrice exposure. Conventional nano-hybrid composite polymer showed better durability in resisting loss of surface properties compared to bulk-fill resin polymer in the present experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Dental caries is one of the most common bacterial diseases in childhood. Using proper dentifrice is suggested to reduce the incidence of this disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of different brands of children's dentifrice available in Iran’s market on Streptococcus mutans (PTCC1683) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (PTCC4356) strains. Materials and methods: After culturing standard bacterial strains, different kids dentifrice brands, including Irox, Bath, Misswake, Colgate, Oral-B, Bencer, and Frice were prepared by distilled water in 2 mg/ml and 4 mg/ml and added to pits in cultures medium. Then, the samples were incubated at 37°C for 24-48 hours and diameter of the antibacterial inhibitory haloarchaea was reported in millimeters. T-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: All dentifrices recorded an inhibitory haloarchaea diameter of 3-25 mm (except Bath and Irox at 2 mg/ml against S. mutans, 0 mm). The antibacterial strength of dentifrices was as follows: Oral- B> Colgate> Frice> Bencer> Misswake> Bath> Irox. At 4 mg/ml, the diameter of haloarchaea against L. acidophilus was approximately twice than that of S. mutans. The mean haloarchaea diameter was not significantly different between the control group and dentifrices at 4 mg/ml against S. mutans (P= 0.080). In other conditions, the mean diameter of haloarchaea in dentifrices was lower than that of the control group (P≤0.001). Conclusion: In this in-vitro study, Oral-B and Colgate (sodium fluoride 500 ppm) had the highest antibacterial effect and Bath and Irox (sodium monofluorophosphate 500 ppm) had the lowest antibacterial strength against the studied microorganisms. In addition, except for Bath and Irox, other dentifrices in various concentrations had desirable antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to compare and valuate the aftereffect of herbal toothpaste containing curcumin and conventional dentifrices on chronic gingivitis. The sample consisted of 40 subjects randomly assigned into two groups. Participants were advised to brush their teeth twice daily for 4 weeks employing modified bass technique, with test group receiving curcumin-containing herbal toothpaste and control group receiving non-herbal toothpaste. Oral examination was performed at baseline, 2nd week and 4th week and the clinical parameters examined were Plaque index(PI), Gingival index(GI) and Papillary bleeding index(PBI) .The intra-group comparison of the clinical parameters in the test and control groups at 2nd and 4th week intervals showed a significant reduction(p = 0.0001). The inter-group comparison of PI and GI at 2 weeks was statistically significant in both the groups (p = 0.043, p = 0.020) whereas there was no statistically significant difference in PBI mean values at 2nd and 4th week (p value= 0.086, p value= 0.102). In conclusion, curcumin-containing herbal toothpaste was found to be as effective as conventional toothpaste, with the obvious added benefit of being a naturally derived safe agent for plaque removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dental caries is a multifactorial disease, which is preventable by adopting healthy behaviors like toothbrushing. Tulsi extract mouthrinse has confirmed its antibacterial efficacy against Streptococcus mutans. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess and compare the antibacterial efficacy of 4% tulsi leaf extract, commercially available fluoridated (Colgate Total Care), and placebo dentifrices on salivary S. mutans counts among 14–15-year-old schoolchildren in Davangere city. Subjects and Methods: A triple-blinded randomized controlled trial consisted of 84 randomly selected participants aged 14–15 years. Baseline unstimulated 2-ml saliva was collected and the microorganisms were cultured using mitis salivarius selective media. The participants with 105 colony-forming units were considered eligible. Block randomization and concealed randomization method was adopted to allocate the participants into three groups containing 28 each. After 7 days, postassessment of salivary S. mutans count was done. Statistical Analysis: Wilcoxon signed-rank test for within-group comparison and Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance for intergroup comparison were used. Missing data analysis was performed. Results: The study showed a significant reduction in salivary S. mutans counts from baseline to posttest (mean rank 37.95–28.45) in tulsi toothpaste group. Intergroup comparison showed a statistically significant difference (P = 0.035). Post hoc analysis showed a statistically significant difference between tulsi and placebo toothpaste group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Four percent tulsi extract incorporated in the form of toothpastes have shown a maximum reduction in the salivary S. mutans count for a period of 7 days when compared to fluoridated toothpaste.

BackgroundObjective was to evaluate the in vivo effects of a novel dental gel (Livionex gelR) vs. a comparison dental gel on the surfaces of pre-eroded enamel chips.MethodsOn days 1-5, after toothbrushing with dentifrice, nine subjects each wore 8 enamel chips mounted on a palatal appliance for 4 h. Enamel blocks were pre-demineralized daily. After 2 day washout, subjects repeated the protocol using fresh chips and the second toothpaste on days 8-12. Samples were evaluated using electron microscopy.ResultsTen standardized enamel surface photomicrographs/sample (total 1440 images) were evaluated for signs of erosion visually and on a scale of 0-3 by 1 evaluator. No significant differences were found between the 2 groups (p>0.32, 95% C.I.). Minimal surface erosion on approx. 15% of sample area was visible in both groups.ConclusionThe enamel surface appeared similar after usage of a test or control dentifrice. Based on this study, the test formulation did not affect enamel surface recovery from an erosive challenge.Practical implicationsDentifrices can contribute to maintaining a healthy enamel surface. An all-natural dental gel formulation with novel anti-plaque mechanism achieved similar recovery from acid challenge to enamel as a control gel.

BackgroundGoal of this in vivo prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blinded, cross over study was to compare the level of plaque control and gingivitis after use of a novel dental gel (test) vs. A Triclosan/copolymer dentifrice (control).MethodsAfter coronal polishing, 22 subjects with moderate gingivitis were randomly assigned to brush twice daily with test or control dentifrice for the first study Arm. Plaque, gingival and sulcus bleeding indices were recorded at baseline, week 2 and week 4. Professional coronal polishing was repeated, and then subjects brushed with the second dentifrice for 4 weeks. Clinical indices were again recorded at Baseline, week 2 and week 4. The effects of each dentifrice on clinical indices were compared using Student's t-test.ResultsBrushing with the test gel produced significantly greater levels of plaque reduction versus the Triclosan/copolymer control dentifrice at each time point. 45% less plaque was measured after 4 weeks of test agent use than after control agent use (p

Fluoride chemically soluble in toothpaste is an indicator of fluoride bioavailability when the teeth are brushed, and the same should be expected systemically when toothpaste is ingested. A 4-phases study was conducted, in which 8 participants were subjected in each phase to one of the assigned treatment groups: group I: fresh sample of a Na2FPO3/CaCO3 toothpaste with 1,334 μg F/g of total soluble fluoride (TSF) and groups II-IV: aged samples of toothpaste presenting TSF concentrations of 1,128, 808, and 687 μg F/g, respectively. In all phases, the participants ingested an amount of toothpaste equivalent to 70.0 μg F/kg body weight, as total fluoride (TF). Blood was collected before (baseline) and up to 180 min after toothpaste ingestion as indicator of fluoride bioavailability. Total urine (24 h before and 24 h after ingestion) was collected as indicator of absorbed fluoride that was excreted. F concentration in blood plasma and urine was determined with a fluoride ion-specific electrode. The areas under the curve (AUC) of F concentration versus time (AUC = ng F/mL × min) and the peaks of fluoride concentration in blood plasma (Cmax) were calculated. The net amount of fluoride excreted (mg/day) was calculated by subtraction. A significant correlation of the amount (mg) of TSF ingested was found between the AUC (r = 0.76; p < 0.01) and Cmax (r = 0.86; p < 0.01) in plasma, and the fluoride excreted (r = 0.65; p < 0.01). For TF, no statistical correlations were found (p > 0.05). Data suggest that the concentration of TSF found in Na2FPO3/CaCO3-based toothpastes is a useful predictor of how much fluoride will be systemically bioavailable when this type of formulation is ingested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preventive effect of fluoride toothpastes in reducing the prevalence of caries worldwide is a scientific fact. However, the anti-caries efficacy would be variable depending on the proposed formulation since some components may reduce the expected preventive efficacy. Thus, prescribing should take into account the actual efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of a dentifrice containing Brazilian Red Propolis (BRP) against salivary Lactobacillus spp. and plaque formation.Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Forty-two participants were randomized into two groups according to the dentifrice employed: G1 (fluoridated BRP dentifrice) and G2 (fluoridated common dentifrice). Saliva was collected and the visible plaque index (VPI) was recorded at the baseline (D0) and 4 weeks after day 0 (D28). Microbiological analysis was performed using two dilutions. Lactobacillus spp. isolates were identified and their abundance was expressed as log (CFU/mL).Results: For the first dilution, the counts of Lactobacillus spp. in G1 was 1.15 ± 0.41 at D0 and 0.68 ± 0.15 at D28 (P < 0.05) and in G2 it was 1.33 ± 0.52 at D0 and 1.84 ± 0.39 at D28 (P < 0.05). For the second dilution, the corresponding values in G1 and G2 were 0.87 ± 0.34 and 0.64 ± 0.37, respectively (P = 0.1547), and 1.54 ± 0.47 and 1.62 ± 0.37, respectively (P = 0.9999). The corresponding VPI values for G1 and G2 were 38.10 ± 17.95 and 20.60 ± 16.44, respectively (P < 0.05), and 38.38 ± 19.65 and 27.40 ± 14.63, respectively (P = 0.03).Conclusion: The dentifrice containing BRP showed antimicrobial activity against Lactobacillus spp. and decreased the VPI for up to 4 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dans le domaine bucco-dentaire, le conseil officinal est complémentaire du travail du chirurgien-dentiste. En raison de sa proximité et de son accessibilité, l'équipe officinale est impliquée dans la prévention et l'éducation. De bonnes connaissances anatomiques et physiopathologiques de la bouche sont nécessaires pour prodiguer un conseil de qualité et proposer des produits adaptés en fonction de la typologie de ses clients. In the oral health field, the pharmacist's advice is complementary to the work of the dental surgeon. Because of its proximity and accessibility, the pharmacy team is involved in prevention and education. Good knowledge of the anatomy and pathophysiology of the mouth is necessary to provide quality advice and to offer products adapted to the type of client. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pour lutter contre l'apparition des pathologies bucco-dentaires ou diminuer leur incidence et leur gravité, la prévention est indispensable. L'équipe officinale joue un rôle majeur en relayant des recommandations adaptées. To fight against the appearance of oral pathologies or reduce their incidence and severity, prevention is essential. The pharmacy team plays a major role in relaying appropriate recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study tries to compare and analyze the removal effect of dental plaque of general dentifrice and pregnant women’s dentifrice and quantify the results to provide basic data so that consumers can make reasonable choices when purchasing dentifrice, and also increase interest in the dental plaque.Methods: After forming a dental plaque (carbohydrate porridge) on the labial surface of the bovine teeth, a disclosing agent was applied. Then the same experimenter brushed the surface of the bovine teeth using an electric toothbrush and took photographs using a DSLR camera. Thereafter, the residual amount of dental plaque was analyzed using the ImageJ program, and SPSS 26.0 was used for statistical processing.Results: The average residual amount of dental plaque using the general dentifrice was 11.71% for Perio, 9.45% for Cliden, and 8.47% for 2080, and the average residual amount for the three types was approximately 9.88%. The average residual amount of dental plaque of pregnant women’s dentifrice was 13.95% for Jeninmothers, 12.53% for Tntnmoms, and 12.63% for Mommiracle, and the average residual amount of the three types was approximately 13.04%. On comparing the average residual amount of dental plaque between general and pregnant women’s dentifrices, it was observed to be 3.16% higher for the latter. However, the results were not statistically significant.Conclusion: According to the research results, there was no significant difference in removal effects of general dentifrice and pregnant women’s dentifrice. In addition, when a pregnant woman uses the right toothbrushing method with pregnant women’s dentifrice, it can prevent or inhibit the progression of the gestational periodontal disease. Therefore, we recommend pregnant women to use pregnant women’s dentifrices.