Search

This paper develops and tests a conceptual model to examine the effect of a perceived threat of informal actors on the business performance of formal actors. Drawing on a sample of 130 inbound tour...

The characteristics of ETO production call for further analysis to investigate the implications of traditional (deterministic) systems of planning i.e., centralized, and hierarchal, compared with decentralized systems. Accordingly, this study delineates the potential implications of centralized and decentralized planning approaches in the context of ETO. Hence, the contradictory pressure for either decentralized or centralized approaches promote one-sided solutions accentuating the crucial significance of a theoretical discussion. Our analysis suggests that implementing decentralized systems should engender flexibility, transparency and responsive, which in turn can strengthen the impact of production planning on project delivery. In contrast, implementing centralized systems is likely to stifle the impact of production planning due to the rigidity, sequential interdependence, and the top-down nature of this approach. As such, our study provides opportunities for extending extant theory on centralized and decentralized production planning within ETO contexts, while providing a tentative framework for ETO practitioners that can be applicable when decisions concerning an (re)evaluation of production planning systems are to be made.

This paper reports a confirmatory composite analysis of a scale for measuring privacy concerns, and the effect of privacy concerns on the willingness to provide personal data. The analysis is based on 468 survey responses, divided into two contexts: airport digital services and online retail services. Results from both contexts confirm that privacy concerns consist of a third-order construct comprising two-second order constructs (interaction management and information management) and a first-order construct (awareness). The effect of privacy concerns on the willingness to provide personal data is higher in the airport digital context than in the online retail context. Also, the relevance of the three dimensions varies by context. Thus, researchers must carefully consider their research context and include items for the most relevant dimensions of privacy concerns in measurement models. Likewise, managers must prioritise dimensions of privacy concerns according to their business context.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the drivers, enablers, barriers, key success factors, pitfalls and benefits of implementing public procurement of innovations (PPoI) in an organization. Design/methodology/approach The study deployed multiple-case design, whereby six case organizations were selected according to purposeful sampling. Data collection was carried out through in-depth semi-structured one-on-one interviews with key informants. Data analysis involved coding, synthesis, categorization and aggregation. Findings The study revealed that implementation of PPoI represents significant change in an organization, and thus, it identifies key enablers and barriers that organizations must overcome. Furthermore, the study revealed that implementation of PPoI is a necessary but not sufficient condition for reaping its benefits. Moreover, the study identified key success factors for achieving the desirable results and potential pitfalls that organizations should avoid to ensure that the execution phase is not hurt. Social implications Overall, the findings of the study imply that PPoI and the practices associated with it are valuable to the organizations implementing it and society at large. Thus, time and financial investments and the costs associated with the challenges and barriers of implementing it are justified by the resulting wider benefits and outcomes. Originality/value The study contributes by providing useful insights related to implementation of PPoI at an organizational level. Considering that extant literature provides limited insights on this subject, findings of this study should be of interest to researchers, public authorities, procurement practitioners, small- and medium-sized enterprises and other stakeholders. In particular, the study contributes to the body of knowledge on PPoI and offers actionable implications to both practitioners and policymakers.

The COVID-19 crisis has become the most intense and long-lasting in the history of aviation. There is already a significant literature on the immediate impact of the outbreak, as well as on speculation on the future evolution of the industry. This paper seeks to contribute to this discussion by assessing a year into the crisis the demand related aspects and passenger behavioural impacts of the pandemic. Specifically, the paper aims to identify discrete market segments of air passengers according to their shared attitudes and preferences about air travel in light of the COVID-19 crisis, as well as past behaviour and future travel intentions. To achieve this, we analyse data from a large (n = 2096) online questionnaire survey of air passengers in Norway. The cluster analysis identifies four distinct passenger segments, with each displaying varying attitudes, behaviours, and levels of concern about air travel. One of these groups, described as the 'Apprehensive Elders', were identified as having the highest level of concern about flying, and subsequently showed a sharp decline in their intention to travel in the future. Another group, termed the 'Cautious Commuters', showed similarly enhanced levels of concerns about flying, but maintained a high propensity to fly following the pandemic despite these concerns. Regarding possible interventions to increase confidence in flying in the future, across all segments the data shows a clear preference for more 'traditional' active interventions, including wearing of face masks and enforcement of physical distancing, over and above passive or technological interventions. Norway represents a valuable case as a possible signal for future policy and practice in relation to the recovery of air travel following the pandemic. The findings have important implications for air transport managers and decision makers in terms of managing the perceptions and expectations of different passenger groups as air travel begins to return.

Airports are increasingly focused on implementing digital technologies at key stages of the airport journey to enhance the passenger experience. However, passengers have different preferences. TwoStep Cluster Analysis is used to reveal the presence of distinct segments according to their preferences. The findings are based on a survey of 6082 passengers at airports in Norway. Three distinct segments are identified: those that prefer traditional manual processes, those that prefer automated technology-based processes, and those that prefer more personalised technology-based processes. Significant differences are revealed for each segment according to passenger and trip characteristics and opinions regarding how the use of digital technologies at airports impact on personal privacy and human dignity. The findings contribute to knowledge on passenger preferences at airports and can help to inform airport decision making.

This study develops and tests a theory-driven conceptual model that explains variations in collaborative supply risk mitigation. It is based on data collected from manufacturing firms in Norway. The results show that collaborative risk identification, perception of supply risks, and overall focus on mitigating disruptive risks have a significant direct effect on collaborative supply risk mitigation. Further, an increase in collaborative risk identification strengthens the effect that perceived supply risk has on the level of collaborative risk mitigation, while supplier performance weakens the effect of perceived supply risk on the level of collaborative supply risk mitigation. Finally, the importance-performance map analysis shows that collaborative risk identification and the buying firm’s overall focus on mitigating disruptive risks are the most important factors to explain variations in collaborative risk mitigation efforts. On the basis of the results, relevant theoretical implications are discussed and actionable managerial recommendations are provided. Keywords: supply risk, collaborative supply risk mitigation, supplier performance, collaborative risk identification

Based on the analysis of 2278 online passenger ratings of airports worldwide, this study uses a standard multinomial logit model to determine the likelihood of a passenger being a promoter of an airport when a service attribute has failed, controlling for several passenger and airport characteristics. Results show that failures associated with airport staff and queueing times are most likely to reduce the probability of a passenger being a promoter of an airport. Failures associated with airport shopping and wifi service are least likely to do so. More importantly, the failure of any service attribute in this study significantly reduces the probability of a passenger being a promoter of an airport. This suggests that all parts of the airport value chain are likely to suffer when a service attribute fails. Passenger and airport characteristics included in this study do not add significant explanation to whether a passenger becomes a promoter. Keywords: airport service quality, service failure, online ratings, airport value chain, passenger satisfaction

This study investigates the effect of organisational readiness, innovation and airport size and ownership on digital change at airports. Data is collected from a survey of managers at 94 airports worldwide and analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling. Organisational readiness is found to have a direct effect on digital change. Organisational readiness also has a direct effect on innovation, which subsequently affects digital change. Airport size has a direct effect on digital change while the effect of ownership is not significant. The findings show that successful development of organisational readiness can be used to speed up the rate of innovation needed for digital change at airports., Highlights • Clarity, collaboration, capabilities & culture determine organisational readiness. • Organisational readiness has a direct effect on digital change. • Organisational readiness has a direct effect on innovation. • Innovation has a direct effect on digital change. • Size of organisation has a direct effect on digital change.

This paper draws on data collected through multiple approaches and presents an exploration of the early stages of a large sustainability-oriented rural tourism development project. Through a streamlined qualitative analysis, the study revealed four tactical moves deployed in the early stages of the project. The moves include instilling project legitimacy, forging a support network, anchoring the project, and mobilising resources and capabilities. Further analysis revealed that these moves tend to reinforce each other, and thus they require concurrent implementation. Subsequently, the study develops a framework delineating drivers, enablers, challenges, and key success factors for navigating the early stages of a large sustainability-oriented rural tourism development project. Intriguingly, the study contradicts the path dependence perspective, which is often used in project management research. Instead, it suggests that the early stages of such projects require tactical path creation involving well-calculated actions that serve as a breeding ground for valuable random incidents.

Achieving partner acquiescence is critical in interfirm exchanges because it allows the focal firm to achieve its desired outcomes. Using a case study on dyadic relationships between inbound tour operators in Tanzania and their overseas outbound partners, this paper investigates the effect of partner irreplaceability and distributive fairness on acquiescence, and the subsequent effect that acquiescence has on conflict. The case study uses partial least squares structural equation modeling on data collected from 129 dyadic relationships. Results show that partner irreplaceability and distributive fairness are positively associated with acquiescence, which in turn reduces conflict. The effect of distributive fairness on acquiescence was found to be larger than that of irreplaceability. In addition, the direct effect of distributive fairness on conflict, although not hypothesised, was found to be significant. This emphasises the importance of distributive fairness, and its role as a possible buffer to conflict in less acquiescent exchanges.

Safeguarding specific investments and mitigation of potential opportunistic behaviours are among the most prominent functions of formal contracting in buyer–seller relationships. Extending the extant literature, the present study investigates the relationship between specific investments and the extent of formal contracting in cross-border and domestic relationships. Based on a sample of 156 buyer–seller relationships, the analysis shows that there is a positive association between specific investments and the extent of formal contracting. However, the emphasis on formal contracting is stronger in cross-border relationships than in the domestic ones. Interestingly, the association between specific investments and formal contracting becomes even stronger in cross-border relationships.

The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of detailed contracts and partner irreplaceability on interfirm conflict in cross-border package tour operations. The study is based on an analysis of relations between 129 inbound tour operators and their overseas outbound tour operator partners. Data were collected using a standard questionnaire containing questions that capture constructs of interest. Hypotheses were tested with partial least squares structural equation modeling using SmartPLS 3. The results show that more detailed contracts significantly reduce conflict. The direct effect of partner irreplaceability on conflict is not significant. However, partner irreplaceability significantly weakens the efficacy of detailed contracts to reduce conflict.

During the last few decades, a growing body of literature has been produced on various aspects of interorganizational relations (IOR) in tourism. This paper provides a review of that literature. Th...

This study investigates the effect of organizational support, perceived usefulness, and perceived availability of support schemes on public purchaser attitudes towards public procurement of innovations (PPI). Through a self-administered questionnaire, data were collected from a sample of public purchasers working in the Norwegian municipalities. The dataset was analysed through partial least squares structural equation modelling. The results show that organizational support is significantly associated with increased perceived usefulness of PPI, which in turn is positively associated with attitudes towards PPI. Contrary to our expectation, perceived availability of PPI support schemes is negatively associated with attitude towards PPI. Indeed, rather than strengthening the effect of public purchasers’ perceived usefulness of PPI on attitude it significantly weakens it. Although the results show that experience with PPI and the presence of a PPI strategy positively affect attitude towards PPI, their effects are not as strong as we expected. Further analysis showed that the most important factor in our model is the perceived usefulness of PPI, followed by organizational support. The study provides several managerial and policy implications. For instance, schemes for supporting PPI should be scaled up along with the dissemination of information about their mode of operation and the associated benefits. Keywords: innovations, public procurement, public purchaser, organizational support, perceived usefulness, support schemes, attitudes

Drawing on extant literature and eight case firms, this paper explores reputational risk as an essential factor in selecting offshore locations. By categorizing and aggregating insights from the empirical data and the relevant literature, the paper identifies country reputational risk as a factor determining the firm's propensity to exclude specific offshore locations. However, its effect is contingent upon managers' interpretation of the critical elements of the business environment in a particular country. Thus, the study contributes by demystifying the role of ‘managerial inputs’, which are often neglected within international sourcing literature. Further, reputational risk is delineated as a higher-order construct comprised of three lower-order constructs: unethical practices, institutional weakness, and quality concerns. Our findings distinguish reputational risk from the CSR framework because the dimensions of reputational risk identified in this study transcend beyond the governance, ethics, environmental and social spheres of CSR. This way, the study contributes to a holistic representation of reputational risk that can allow researchers to match its broad predictors with broad outcomes.

Purpose This paper aims to develop a conceptual framework on interfirm conflicts in tourism value chains. The framework includes types of conflict, triggers of conflict and their preconditions, consequences of conflict and measures for preventing conflict. Design/methodology/approach The framework is developed from a review of literature that is focused largely on tourism value chains, interfirm conflicts and interorganizational relations. It draws on the ideas, concepts and empirical evidence offered in the literature. Findings Conflicts can be distinguished by their level of explicitness and by the motives on which they are grounded. They may be triggered by opportunistic behaviours, coercive demands, perceptions of unfairness or dissatisfaction with partner’s performance. Preconditions include exogenous events, asymmetrical power distribution, antagonism of goals and differences in perceptions of reality and serve as a breeding ground for the triggers. Consequences are typically destructive but may also offer opportunities for constructive outcomes. Joint implementation of formal contracting and relational governance may be used to prevent conflicts. Originality/value This paper provides a conceptual framework that can be used by scholars wishing to conduct more detailed empirical research on the subject. It can also be used by practitioners to assess interorganizational relations within their tourism value chains and to develop appropriate measures for preventing interfirm conflicts.