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This study aimed to investigate the effect of different activations on the properties of bio-based activated carbons (BACs) for water treatment. BACs were produced via pyrolysis by the carbonization stage and were followed by four different activation procedures. Chemical activation included the introduction of metal oxides or alkali on the structure of the sawdust-derived BACs, resulting in iron-activated carbon (BAC-Fe), copper-activated carbon (BAC-Cu), and sodium-activated carbon (BAC-Na). The physical activation was conducted in a CO2 environment with the usage of two types of locally available biomasses, resulting in husk-activated carbon (HAC) and wood-activated carbon (WAC). Depending on the activation, BACs can be developed with high porosity, active sites, and different additional functionalities such as antimicrobial and magnetic. The adsorption of natural organic matter (NOM) with chemically activated BACs yielded high removal percentages (97, 87, and 80% for BAC-Fe, BAC-Cu, and BAC-Na, respectively). The physically activated BACs demonstrated high adsorption capacities for dye – 278 mg/g for WAC and 213 mg/g for HAC. This outlines a wide range of BAC production possibilities with advanced functionalities.

Funding Information: This review was prepared within the framework of the PRIN SHOWCAVE ‘’ – code 2017HTXT2R (PI: Marco Isaia), funded by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research. S. M. acknowledges support from the European Commission the Marie Sklodowska‐Curie Individual Fellowships project number 882221 (‘’) and the Biodiversa+ project DarCo (‘’). Open Access Funding provided by Universita degli Studi di Torino within the CRUI‐CARE Agreement. A multidisciplinary research project to study, classify and mitigate the environmental impact in tourist caves via Testing macroecological theory using simplified systems The vertical dimension of conservation: A cost‐effective plan to incorporate subterranean ecosystems in post‐2020 biodiversity and climate change agendas Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Authors. Biological Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Cambridge Philosophical Society. Alien species are a significant threat to natural ecosystems and human economies. Despite global efforts to address this challenge, the documented number of alien species is rapidly increasing worldwide. However, the magnitude of the impact of alien species may vary significantly across habitats. For example, some habitats are naturally less prone to biological invasions due to stringent abiotic and biotic characteristics, selecting for a limited number of introduced species possessing traits closely related to the native organisms. Subterranean ecosystems are quintessential examples of habitats with strong environmental filters (e.g. lack of light and scarcity of food), driving convergent adaptations in species that have successfully adapted to life in darkness. Despite these stringent environmental constraints, the number of records of alien species in subterranean ecosystems has increased in recent decades, but the relevant literature remains largely fragmented and mostly anecdotal. Therefore, even though caves are generally considered very fragile ecosystems, their susceptibility to impacts by alien species remains untested other than for some very specific cases. We provide the first systematic literature survey to synthesise available knowledge on alien species in subterranean ecosystems globally. This review is supported by a database summarising the available literature, aiming to identify gaps in the distribution and spread of alien invertebrate species in subterranean habitats, and laying the foundations for future management practices and interventions. First, we quantitatively assessed the current knowledge of alien species in subterranean ecosystems to shed light on broader questions about taxonomic biases, geographical patterns, modes of dispersal, pathways for introductions and potential impacts. Secondly, we collected species-specific traits for each recorded alien species and tested whether subterranean habitats act as ecological filters for their establishment, favouring organisms with pre-adaptive traits suitable for subterranean life. We found information on the presence of 246 subterranean alien species belonging to 18 different classes. The dominant alien species were invertebrates, especially insects and arachnids. Most species were reported in terrestrial subterranean habitats from all continents except Antarctica. Palaearctic and Nearctic biogeographic regions represented the main source of alien species. The main routes of introductions into the recipient country are linked to commercial activities (84.3% of cases for which there was information available). Negative impacts have been documented for a small number of case studies (22.7%), mostly related to increased competition with native species. For a limited number of case studies (6.1%), management strategies were reported but the effectiveness of these interventions has rarely been quantified. Accordingly, information on costs is very limited. Approximately half of the species in our database can be considered established in subterranean habitats. According to our results, the presence of suitable traits grants access to the stringent environmental filter posed by subterranean environments, facilitating establishment in the new habitat. We recommend that future studies deepen the understanding of invasiveness into subterranean habitats, raising public and scientific community awareness of preserving these fragile ecosystems.

openaire: EC/H2020/771049/EU//FREEDLES Funding Information: We thank Juho Antikainen, Lukáš Fajmon, Petri Forsström, Karel Holouš, Mihkel Kaha, Bijay Karki, Lauri Korhonen, Andres Kuusk, Mait Lang, Titta Majasalmi, Jan Pisek, Ville Ranta, and the staff of the Hyytiälä forestry field station for their assistance in the field and airborne campaigns and data preprocessing. The study was carried out using PRISMA Products, © of the Italian Space Agency (ASI), delivered under an ASI License to use. This study has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme [grant agreement No 771049]. The text reflects only the authors' view and the Agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. This study was also funded by the Academy of Finland grant DIMEBO [grant number 323004]. Funding Information: We thank Juho Antikainen, Lukáš Fajmon, Petri Forsström, Karel Holouš, Mihkel Kaha, Bijay Karki,Lauri Korhonen, Andres Kuusk, Mait Lang, Titta Majasalmi, Jan Pisek, Ville Ranta, and the staff of the Hyytiälä forestry field station for their assistance in the field and airborne campaigns and data preprocessing. The study was carried out using PRISMA Products, © of the Italian Space Agency (ASI), delivered under an ASI License to use. This study has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme [grant agreement No 771049 ]. The text reflects only the authors' view and the Agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. This study was also funded by the Academy of Finland grant DIMEBO [grant number 323004 ]. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Authors Forest floor vegetation can account for a notable fraction of forest productivity and species diversity, and the composition of forest floor vegetation is an important indicator of site type. The signal from the forest floor influences the interpretation of optical remote sensing (RS) data. Retrieval of forest floor reflectance properties has commonly been investigated with multiangular RS data, which often have a coarse spatial resolution. We developed a method that utilizes a forest reflectance model based on photon recollision probability to retrieve forest floor reflectance from near-nadir data. The method was tested in boreal, hemiboreal, and temperate forests in Europe, with hemispherical photos and airborne LiDAR as alternative data sources to provide forest canopy structural information. These two data sources showed comparable performance, thus demonstrating the value of using airborne LiDAR as the structural reflectance model input to derive wall-to-wall maps of forest floor reflectance. We derived such maps from multispectral Sentinel-2 MSI and hyperspectral PRISMA satellite images for a boreal forest site. The validation against in situ measurements showed fairly good performance of the retrievals in sparse forests (that had effective plant area index less than 2). In dense forests, the retrievals were less accurate, due to the small contribution of forest floor to the RS signal. We also demonstrated the use of the method in monitoring the recovery of forest floor vegetation after a thinning disturbance. The reflectance model that we used is computationally efficient, making it well applicable also to data from new and forthcoming hyperspectral satellite missions.

International audience; Transport and mobility systems need to be transformed to meet climate change goals and reduce negative environmental and social effects. Despite EU policies having targeted such problems for more than three decades, transitions have been slow and geographically uneven. For effective change to happen, transport and mobility research needs fresh perspectives and better integration of knowledge from the Social Sciences and Humanities. Based on a Horizon Scanning approach, which allowed for a great deal of openness and variety in scholarly viewpoints, this paper presents a novel research agenda consisting of 8 themes and 100 research questions that may contribute to achieving environmentally sustainable mobility transitions within Europe. This research agenda highlights the need to not only support technological solutions for low-carbon mobility, but the importance of transformative policies that include new processes of knowledge production, civic participation and epistemic justice. We contend that the agenda points to the need for further research on the dynamics of science-society interactions.

openaire: EC/H2020/819202/EU//SOS.aquaterra Funding Information: EW, MP and PSJ are funded by the Erling-Persson Family Foundation through the Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere programme (GEDB) at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . MP is funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 819202 ). MN and PSJ are funded by The Swedish Research Council , grant no. 2020-04586 . PSJ is funded by the European Union (ERC, INFLUX, 101039376), Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation (MMW 2017.0137 ), FORMAS grant no. 2020-00371 and the IKEA Foundation. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. Funding Information: EW, MP and PSJ are funded by the Erling-Persson Family Foundation through the Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere programme (GEDB) at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. MP is funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 819202). MN and PSJ are funded by The Swedish Research Council, grant no. 2020-04586. PSJ is funded by the European Union (ERC, INFLUX, 101039376), Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation (MMW 2017.0137), FORMAS grant no. 2020-00371 and the IKEA Foundation. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Authors International trade plays a fundamental role in today's globalized food system, however, trade-related disruptions to national food supply have become increasingly prevalent. Although national food self-sufficiency and the resilience of domestic food production are both increasingly discussed, they are rarely investigated in tandem. This hinders our understanding of the diversity of risks to national food supply. In this article we investigate the contribution of production to these risks, through the compilation of a comprehensive national production dataset and a multi-indicator assessment of self-sufficiency and diversity. Our results show that most of the world (127 countries and territories, 87% of the global population) achieves high levels of potential self-sufficiency (≥6 nutrients fulfilled), however only 33% of the world population (41 countries) are fully self-sufficient. Of countries with high levels of self-sufficiency, fruit and vegetable production (a proxy for many micronutrients) is the most common “missing” sufficiency. 66 countries (6% of population) have a low degree of self-sufficiency, highlighting potential vulnerability to trade-related disruptions. The relationship between sufficiency and diversity is not homogeneous, highlighting that some production systems are reliant on very few products.

openaire: EC/H2020/856602/EU//FINEST TWINS Public participation and collaboration supported by the opportunities that digital technologies offer are prolific themes in urban and landscape planning. In the past two decades, there has been a growing interest in the capacity of 3D visualisations to support citizen and stakeholder engagement in communicative planning processes. However, the technical advances of 3D visualisations still outstrip the current understanding of their benefits, appropriate uses and usability in practical planning contexts. There are no reviews or systematic mapping of literature, to our knowledge, that investigate the available evidence on the usability of particular 3D visualisations or that document the scope and gaps in current research on 3D applications in communicative planning. To answer this need we conducted a systematic mapping of academic literature reporting recent case studies of 3D visualisations that have been utilised or developed for communicative urban and landscape planning contexts. We follow established guidelines for systematic reviews and used Scopus and Web of Science as primary electronic databases. Altogether, we reviewed 46 case studies globally. Our findings highlight the heterogeneity of planning contexts and purposes, terminology and technological 3D solutions. Moreover, the scarcity of real-life planning cases and robust and well-documented usability evaluations are evident in the literature. We discuss limitations of the existing academic literature for evidence-based understanding and suggest a common framework for reporting in the field of participatory and collaborative 3D visualisations to enable more rigorous and systematic evaluation of the usability and benefits of these technologies in urban and landscape planning.

Funding Information: We thank the organizers and funders of the ILTER Nitrogen Initiative Training Course and Workshop in Hokkaido, Japan in June 2016, which brought together many of the participants in this project. Templer was supported by a US National Science Foundation LTER grant NSF DEB 1637685. McDowell was supported by US National Science Foundation LTER grant NSF DEB 1831592. We are grateful to the EU Horizon 2020 funded eLTER PLUS project (Grand Agreement No. 871128) for financial support to Haase and Dirnböck. Dirnböck was also funded by the LTER-CWN project (FFG project number 858024). This study was partly supported by the Research Initiative Grants of the ILTER, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (17H03833), and Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN; a constituent member of NIHU) Project No. 14200156. Sharif was supported by NRT-INFEWS: UMD Global STEWARDS (STEM Training at the Nexus of Energy, WAter Reuse and FooD Systems) that was awarded to the University of Maryland School of Public Health by the National Science Foundation National Research Traineeship Program, Grant number 1828910. The monitoring of the Svartberget site in Sweden was funded by the SITES program from the Swedish Research Council. The monitoring of the Volbu Nyhaga site in Norway was part of JOVA—The Norwegian Agricultural Environmental Monitoring Programme, financed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Lajtha was supported by NSF grants DEB-1257032 and DEB-1440409 to the H. J. Andrews Long Term Ecological Research program. The data collection in the Wüstebach catchment was supported by TERENO (Terrestrial Environmental Observatories) funded by the Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft. We thank the “Hessisches Landesamt für Naturschutz, Umwelt und Geologie” for providing data from the Rhine-Main-Observatory. I.Kokorīte was supported by the University of Latvia grant No. AAp2016/B041//Zd2016/AZ03. We thank the Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Center for providing the monitoring data for Latvian site. Anna Avila was supported by Spanish Ministry of Science projects CGL2017-84687-C2-2-R and CGL2009-13188-C03-01. We thank the Tyrolean Alps Long-Term Sociological Ecological and Research (LTSER, Austria) and R. Psenner and S. Morales for helping with data for Piburger See. Data from Hubbard Brook were supported by the National Science Foundation (DEB-1907683) and US Forest Service, Northern Research Station. A. Robison was supported by US National Science Foundation LTER grant NSF OCE 1637630. W. Dodds was supported by NSF DEB 2025849. Observations at Lange Bramke site were funded by the Ministry of Nutrition, Agriculture and Consumer Protection of Lower Saxony under the Permanent Soil Monitoring Programme. The Krofdorf site was funded by the Hessian Ministry of Environment, Climate Protection, Agriculture and Consumer Protection under the “Waldökosystemstudie Hessen”. SRM Lins was supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation—FAPESP, grant number 2012/20377-9. Long-term monitoring at Lake Maggiore (LTER site EU-IT08-001-A) was funded by the International Commission for the Protection of Swiss-Italian waters (CIPAIS). We thank Emma Conrad-Rooney for help with Fig. . Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Previous studies have evaluated how changes in atmospheric nitrogen (N) inputs and climate affect stream N concentrations and fluxes, but none have synthesized data from sites around the globe. We identified variables controlling stream inorganic N concentrations and fluxes, and how they have changed, by synthesizing 20 time series ranging from 5 to 51 years of data collected from forest and grassland dominated watersheds across Europe, North America, and East Asia and across four climate types (tropical, temperate, Mediterranean, and boreal) using the International Long-Term Ecological Research Network. We hypothesized that sites with greater atmospheric N deposition have greater stream N export rates, but that climate has taken a stronger role as atmospheric deposition declines in many regions of the globe. We found declining trends in bulk ammonium and nitrate deposition, especially in the longest time-series, with ammonium contributing relatively more to atmospheric N deposition over time. Among sites, there were statistically significant positive relationships between (1) annual rates of precipitation and stream ammonium and nitrate fluxes and (2) annual rates of atmospheric N inputs and stream nitrate concentrations and fluxes. There were no significant relationships between air temperature and stream N export. Our long-term data shows that although N deposition is declining over time, atmospheric N inputs and precipitation remain important predictors for inorganic N exported from forested and grassland watersheds. Overall, we also demonstrate that long-term monitoring provides understanding of ecosystems and biogeochemical cycling that would not be possible with short-term studies alone.

Funding Information: I thank Seppo Laakso, Tuukka Saarimaa, Heidi Falkenbach, the Editor and two anonymous reviewers for their useful comments and suggestions. This study is partially funded by the ROBUST project, as part of the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union under Grant Agreement no. 727988. The information and views set out in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Research funding from the Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation and the City of Helsinki is also gratefully acknowledged. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Regional Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. This study examines the relationship between agglomeration and labor market matching by investigating the small-scale sociospatial determinants of a network created by the within-region mobility of employees across organizations. The local labor flow network is constructed on the basis of an establishment-level matched employer–employee database covering selected knowledge-intensive industries in the Helsinki–Uusimaa Region in Finland during the period 2001–2015. The results from the analysis of various tie formation processes reveal that the formation of a link by interorganizational employee mobility within an integrated labor market area is more likely between organizations geographically closer to each other, all else being equal. The findings highlight the importance of local density for the job search process.

Funding Information: This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland under Grants OKM/30/626/2019 and OKM/1097/626/2020. The funding agency had no role in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication. Publisher Copyright: 2023 Pesola, Esmaeilzadeh, Hakala, Kallio, Berg, Havu and Rinne. Objective: Cycling is an important part of children's active travel, but its measurement using accelerometry is a challenge. The aim of the present study was to evaluate physical activity duration and intensity, and sensitivity and specificity of free-living cycling measured with a thigh-worn accelerometer. Methods: Participants were 160 children (44 boys) aged 11.5 ± 0.9 years who wore a triaxial Fibion® accelerometer on right thigh for 8 days, 24 h per day, and reported start time and duration of all cycling, walking and car trips to a travel log. Linear mixed effects models were used to predict and compare Fibion-measured activity and moderate-to-vigorous activity duration, cycling duration and metabolic equivalents (METs) between the travel types. Sensitivity and specificity of cycling bouts during cycling trips as compared to walking and car trips was also evaluated. Results: Children reported a total of 1,049 cycling trips (mean 7.08 ± 4.58 trips per child), 379 walking trips (3.08 ± 2.81) and 716 car trips (4.79 ± 3.96). There was no difference in activity and moderate-to-vigorous activity duration (p >.105), a lower cycling duration (−1.83 min, p

openaire: EC/H2020/856602/EU//FINEST TWINS Publisher Copyright: Author This paper deals with traffic control at motorway bottlenecks assuming the existence of an unknown, time-varying, Fundamental Diagram (FD). The FD may change over time due to different traffic compositions, e.g., light and heavy vehicles, as well as in the presence of connected and automated vehicles equipped with different technologies at varying penetration rates, leading to inconstant and uncertain driving characteristics. A novel methodology, based on Model Reference Adaptive Control, is proposed to robustly estimate in real-time the time-varying set-points that maximise the bottleneck throughput, particularly useful when the traffic is regulated via a feedback-based controller. Furthermore, we demonstrate the global asymptotic stability of the proposed controller through a novel Lyapunov analysis. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is evaluated via simulation experiments, where the estimator is integrated into a feedback ramp-metering control strategy, employing a second-order multi-lane macroscopic traffic flow model, modified to account for time-varying FDs.

Funding Information: We are grateful to Matti Kummu for comments on this manuscript, Olli Varis for help in understanding the broader context of lake trophic state modeling, and Alexander Horton for assistance in improving the modeling design. We thank Jenni Attila and Teemu Hynönen from Finnish Environmental Institute (SYKE) for providing the satellite-observed chl a statistics data, and SYKE for providing data on catchment area boundaries. We are grateful to the two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments that helped us to clarify and improve this manuscript. We acknowledge CSC—IT Center for Science, Finland, as well as Aalto University for high-performance computing cluster resources. Sara Heikonen and Matias Heino received funding from Maa-ja vesitekniikan tuki ry and Academy of Finland funded project TREFORM (grant 339834). Sara Heikonen was also supported by the Aalto University School of Engineering and the Water and Environmental Engineering research group at Aalto University. Maria Yli-Heikkilä was supported by the European Union (grant 101033957). Funding Information: We are grateful to Matti Kummu for comments on this manuscript, Olli Varis for help in understanding the broader context of lake trophic state modeling, and Alexander Horton for assistance in improving the modeling design. We thank Jenni Attila and Teemu Hynönen from Finnish Environmental Institute (SYKE) for providing the satellite‐observed chl statistics data, and SYKE for providing data on catchment area boundaries. We are grateful to the two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments that helped us to clarify and improve this manuscript. We acknowledge CSC—IT Center for Science, Finland, as well as Aalto University for high‐performance computing cluster resources. Sara Heikonen and Matias Heino received funding from Maa‐ja vesitekniikan tuki ry and Academy of Finland funded project TREFORM (grant 339834). Sara Heikonen was also supported by the Aalto University School of Engineering and the Water and EnvironmentalEngineering research group at Aalto University. Maria Yli‐Heikkilä was supported by the European Union (grant 101033957). a Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Authors. Ecosphere published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Ecological Society of America. Anthropogenic eutrophication is one of the most common threats to inland water quality, often causing toxic algal blooms and loss of aquatic biodiversity. Mitigating the harmful impacts of eutrophication requires managing nutrient inputs from the catchment focusing on the major local drivers of eutrophication. These drivers can be identified using models that predict lake trophic state based on characteristics of the lake and its catchment. In this study, we aimed to extend the spatial scope of these models by identifying drivers of eutrophication in a large sample of lakes (1547) distributed across Finland. Moreover, we used satellite-observed chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration as trophic state indicator, instead of site-sampled data, which is commonly used in existing research. We identified major drivers of eutrophication on river basin district to country scale based on 11 catchment and lake characteristics, applying the random forest algorithm. On country scale, the catchment and lake characteristics explained 41% of the variation in lake chl a concentrations, and on river basin district scale, 20%–44%. Catchment and lake hydromorphology were the most important explanatory characteristics. Especially, high natural eutrophication level, shallow mean depth of lake, and small share of lake area in the catchment were related to increased lake chl a concentration. Moreover, depending on the dominant land use type in the model area, share of agricultural area and share of peatland area in the catchment were ranked among the most important drivers of increased lake chl a concentration. The results suggest that trophic state predictive models utilizing satellite-observed chl a concentration could provide an additional, cost-effective tool for addressing lake eutrophication, especially in areas without and extensive on-site monitoring network.

Public transport service (PTS) analysis and provision is an important and challenging issue for public transport agencies. The results of the PTS analysis help transport planners to identify the areas in need of PTS improvement. Furthermore, relevant policy actions need to be determined for service provision to reach the desired level of PTS improvement in the identified areas. Without an appropriate decision support tool, planners need to apply several blind trials to find a policy action which improves the PTS in the examined areas. This paper introduces a data-driven decision support tool for PTS analysis and provision. The proposed framework combines a potentially large number of PTS measures while taking the correlation among the investigated measures into account and develops high-dimensional supervised classification models that predict the PTS levels for different policy actions. With this approach, planners can identify and prioritize the areas in need of PTS improvement, determine what policy actions should be targeted to improve the PTS in the identified areas, and predict the PTS impacts of these policy actions in the examined areas. The application of the proposed framework is demonstrated in detail through a case study of Budapest, Hungary, which is followed by a hypothetical policy implementation. The results show that mostly outskirts are in need of PTS improvement. Furthermore, the underlying reasons behind the areas with poor overall PTS are studied to target the relevant policy actions that improve the PTS in the identified areas. The PTS impacts of the targeted policy actions are studied by using the developed high-dimensional supervised classification models.

Funding Information: This study received no external funding. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Low-pressure membranes (including microfiltration and ultrafiltration) for natural organic matter removal in drinking water treatment have gained increasing interest in the Nordic countries. Microfiltration can produce stable water quality and requires less space than conventional treatment. Hollow fibre microfiltration coupled with chemical coagulation was tested at a Finnish surface water treatment plant to study its feasibility and environmental impact compared to clarification, rapid sand filtration and ozonation. Microfiltration improved both physical and chemical water quality, while natural organic matter removal was similar to that of conventional treatment. Membrane treatment would increase operational costs by 2.5–3.5 euro cents per m3. Most of the costs derive from chemicals used in membrane cleaning. Membrane treatment is an energy-intensive process, but energy production in the Nordic countries has a low emission factor. Greenhouse gas emissions from operating microfiltration are estimated at 16 g CO2-eq./m3 of permeate. Lowering chemical consumption and using renewable energy in production could decrease total emissions.

Funding Information: This research was funded by the Academy of Finland (326787), EU Water JPI-EviBAN project (Evidence-based assessment of NWRM for sustainable water management). Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Nature-based solutions and similar natural water retention measures to manage urban runoff are often implemented by cities in order to reduce runoff peaks, catch pollutants, and improve sustainability. However, the performance of these stormwater management solutions is relatively rarely assessed in detail prior to their construction, or monitored and evaluated following implementation. The objective of this study was to investigate the field-scale performance of road runoff filters with respect to the management of stormwater quantity and quality. This study synthesizes data from two intensive measurement surveys after the construction of sand and biochar-amended road runoff filters. The filters were able to strongly control the runoff volume and shape of the hydrograph. The long-term retention was about half that of the water inflow, and a hydrographic analysis showed the significant but strong event-size-dependent detention of runoff in both the sand and the sand–biochar filters. The biochar amendment in the filter showed no clear hydrological impact. The pollutant attenuation of the implemented road runoff filters was modest in comparison with that observed under controlled conditions. The impact of the biochar layer on the effluent water quality was observed as the levels of phosphorous, organic carbon, K, Ca and Mg in the sand–biochar filter effluent increased in comparison with the sand filter.

This article aimed to connect protein consumption with the nitrogen load to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Finland. The influence of the changes in nitrogen consumption on the WWTP environmental footprint was estimated using process simulation. As the main result, a connection was found between nitrogen loads from food consumption and the incoming load to a WWTP. This was done by analysing protein consumption data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and incoming nitrogen load data from the Finnish environmental institute, SYKE. The impact of nitrogen consumption was estimated using different diet scenarios. Decreasing dietary nitrogen consumption by 16–24% could decrease nitrous oxide emissions by 16–24% and aeration energy (AE) consumption by 6–11%. An increase in dietary nitrogen consumption of 6–42% could increase AE consumption by 2–14% when effluent requirements were met. When considering the environmental impact of this increased aeration, it corresponds to an increase of 2–16%. Furthermore, nitrous oxide emissions could rise by 6–42% This information can be valuable to WWTPs and even consumers for influencing incoming nitrogen loads.

Participants in the real estate market are exposed to a variety of endogenous and exogenous crises. Because the real estate market environment is closely interconnected with the broader society and its diverse forces, the direct and indirect impacts of crises are experienced through changes in real estate market dynamics. In the future, the market environment is expected to be even more challenging, full of complexity, uncertainties, and ambiguities, which will require developing the skills, first, to learn from crises already experienced and then to foresee, prevent, or adapt to ones yet unseen. This article aims to deepen the understanding of how crisis impacts were perceived in the real estate market during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research applies a qualitative approach by interviewing 19 real estate market professionals in Finland to identify the factors influencing market dynamics, such as market sentiments, preferences, and procedures. The results will help market participants understand the diversity of crisis impacts, their interconnections, and how they are perceived. The findings contribute to the real estate literature by offering a qualitative perspective that supports individuals and organizations in developing risk and crisis management skills and contributes to building a more resilient real estate market to support communities.

Funding Information: This research was funded by the Strategic Research Council at the Academy of Finland (Smartland 352450; Co-Carbon 336238). We also thank the Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council for providing the data and their support. In addition, we would like to thank the Academy of Finland and Ministry of Environment for their support. The views expressed by the authors do not necessarily reflect those of the funder. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd. Urban areas have experienced exponential growth since the industrial revolution and by virtue, the urban population has followed. Current projections suggest that this growth has yet to reach its peak implying that urban developments will continue to sprawl into untouched territories. This growth and subsequent sprawl will undoubtedly come at the expense of forested areas. This study presents a carbon storage factor indicator for new urban developments. It is a novel concept which integrates urban planning, land use changes and wooden construction. The factor sets a carbon storage requirement for new urban areas that are developed at the expense of forested areas. The study is conducted in four parts. First, we estimate the carbon storage potential of forest areas via existing literature and databases. Then we collect all new development and construction estimates up to the year 2050 for the whole metropolitan region in Finland. Next, we conduct scenario analyzes for different demand levels of wood in projected residential developments. Finally, we compare the carbon storage potential of the future building stock to the forest areas planned for development. The data used is provided by the regional authority. The results detail that the future residential building stock can store between 128-733 kt of carbon. The lower level implies that current construction methods can only partially preserve the carbon storage of an area in buildings. However, the higher level suggests future buildings to be able to exceed the carbon storage potential of forest areas by nearly 47 tC ha−1. The study reminds that an increased use of wood is dependent on sustainable forest management practices. Furthermore, it is not our purpose to promote urban development into entirely new areas but rather encourage urban planners to consider the carbon balance when it is the only viable option.

Funding Information: This work was supported by the Estonian Environmental Investment Center project “The revision of urban drainage stormwater system design principles” [grant number T180045MIMV]. We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the European Regional Development Fund in publishing this paper. The study was also part of the EviBAN project (Evidence based assessment of NWRM for sustainable water management) funded by the EU Water JPI and the Academy of Finland (no 326787). Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Authors Numerous studies have investigated future changes in extreme precipitation by employing climate models. However, trends in extreme short-duration (20–180 min) rainfall intensities, that is, design storm rainfall intensities used for stormwater infrastructure design, have received considerably less attention despite their importance. This study quantified the effect of climate change on design storm intensity based on observations. Trends were investigated for diverse short-term rainfall durations, ranging from 20 to 180 min, at 11 meteorological stations in Northern Europe, Estonia. The Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator were used to detect trends and calculate the trend magnitudes by analyzing a 70 year period of high-resolution temporal observed rainfall data. The Sen's slope indicated a positive magnitude of slopes for all the durations and stations investigated, and two stations in Northeast Estonia showed significantly increasing trends (p < 0.05). Unsurprisingly, the spatial distribution of trends revealed notable variations from station to station, as extreme rainfall events are heavily localized due to cloudburst. Despite this variety, it can be generalized that the annual maximum rainfall intensities in Estonia have increased at an average rate of 4 % per decade due to changing climate conditions, invariant of the rainfall duration analyzed. The use of decades enables to easily keep the intensity–duration–frequency curves updated, and it is more practical and relatable for engineers as well. The findings of this study provide critical knowledge for urban water management decision-makers, indicating the need to frequently update urban design criteria to design climate resilient urban infrastructure.

Funding Information: We gratefully acknowledge the Henry Ford Foundation for the grant “Towards Automatic Mapping of Road Environment for Civil and Other Engineering Applications Using Autonomous Big Data”, the Academy of Finland, who supported this research through several grants, including “Forest-Human-Machine Interplay—Building Resilience, Redefining Value Networks and Enabling Meaningful Experiences (337656)”, “Feasibility of Inside-Canopy UAV Laser Scanning for Automated Tree Quality Surveying” (334002), “Autonomous Driving on Snow-Covered Terrain” (318437), and “Lidar-based energy efficient ICT solutions” (319011), and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry for the research grant “Future forest information system at individual tree level” (VN/3482/2021). Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. The continuous flow of autonomous vehicle-based data could revolutionize current map updating procedures and allow completely new types of mapping applications. Therefore, in this article, we demonstrate the feasibility of using perception data of autonomous vehicles to replace traditionally conducted mobile mapping surveys with a case study focusing on updating a register of roadside city trees. In our experiment, we drove along a 1.3-km-long road in Helsinki to collect laser scanner data using our autonomous car platform ARVO, which is based on a Ford Mondeo hybrid passenger vehicle equipped with a Velodyne VLS-128 Alpha Prime scanner and other high-grade sensors for autonomous perception. For comparison, laser scanner data from the same region were also collected with a specially-planned high-grade mobile mapping laser scanning system. Based on our results, the diameter at breast height, one of the key parameters of city tree registers, could be estimated with a lower root-mean-square error from the perception data of the autonomous car than from the specially-planned mobile laser scanning survey, provided that time-based filtering was included in the post-processing of the autonomous perception data to mitigate distortions in the obtained point cloud. Therefore, appropriately performed post-processing of the autonomous perception data can be regarded as a viable option for keeping maps updated in road environments. However, point cloud-processing algorithms may need to be adapted for the post-processing of autonomous perception data due to the differences in the sensors and their arrangements compared to designated mobile mapping systems. We also emphasize that time-based filtering may be required in the post-processing of autonomous perception data due to point cloud distortions around objects seen at multiple times. This highlights the importance of saving the time stamp for each data point in the autonomous perception data or saving the temporal order of the data points.

openaire: EC/H2020/856602/EU//FINEST TWINS The article proposes a theoretical framework for the application of four scenario-planning approaches in strategic land-use and transportation (LUT) planning, focusing on city-regions. Each approach has a specific role in the process, with a distinct mode of knowing: explanation (knowing what), narration (knowing how), argumentation (knowing to what end and practical judgment) and instrumentalization (doing). The framework is contrasted with reflections from Finnish planning practitioners and applied when reviewing the scenario and impact assessment process of the Helsinki Metropolitan Region strategic LUT plan. The article highlights the key role of explorative scenario planning in strategic city-regional LUT planning.

Funding Information: We would like to thank three anonymous reviewers and the editor for their valuable comments on an earlier version of this paper. We also thank Lucas Javaudin for his help to provide several diagrams and Dr. Hossain Poorzahedy for constructive discussions. We acknowledge the constructive comments that Jean-Claude Prager and the scientific committee of the Société du Grand Paris provided in the previous version of this paper. We also benefited from discussions with Jacques Thisse, Guillaume Chapelle, and Amine Ouazad. The authors benefit from financial support from Société du Grand Paris, Labex MME-DII, Affinité, ANR research project (France), and the Dutch Research Council (NWO, project no. 438-18-401). Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s) The outbreak of SARS-COV-2 has led to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 and caused over 4.5 million deaths worldwide by September 2021. Besides the public health crisis, COVID-19 affected the global economy and development significantly. It also led to changes in people's mobility and lifestyle during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to short-term changes, the drastic transformation of the world may account for the potentially disruptive long-term impacts. Recognizing the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic is crucial in mitigating the negative behavioral changes that directly relate to people's psychological and social well-being. It is important to stress that citizens and governments face an uncertain situation since nobody knows exactly how the viruses and cures will develop. Better understanding of uncertainties and evaluating behavioral changes contribute to addressing the future of urban development, public transportation, and behavioral strategies to tackle COVID-19 negative consequences. Themajor sources of impacts on short-term (route, departure time, mode, teleshopping, and teleworking) and medium and long-term (car ownership, work location, choice of job, and residential location) mobility decisions are mostly reviewed and discussed in this paper.

openaire: EC/H2020/819202/EU//SOS.aquaterra Global food systems face the challenge of providing healthy and adequate nutrition through sustainable means, which is exacerbated by climate change and increasing protein demand by the world's growing population. Recent advances in novel food production technologies demonstrate potential solutions for improving the sustainability of food systems. Yet, diet-level comparisons are lacking and are needed to fully understand the environmental impacts of incorporating novel foods in diets. Here we estimate the possible reductions in global warming potential, water use and land use by replacing animal-source foods with novel or plant-based foods in European diets. Using a linear programming model, we optimized omnivore, vegan and novel food diets for minimum environmental impacts with nutrition and feasible consumption constraints. Replacing animal-source foods in current diets with novel foods reduced all environmental impacts by over 80% and still met nutrition and feasible consumption constraints. The environmental impacts of more sustainable diets vary across regions. Using linear optimization, this study compares the reductions of global warming potential, water use and land use associated with the replacement of animal-sourced foods with novel or plant-based foods in European diets. Three diet types were considered to meet nutritional adequacy and consumption constraints.

Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Merging scientific and stakeholder knowledge plays a critical part in knowledge co-production processes, yet it is far from straightforward. We describe knowledge co-production processes by drawing on experiences from four strategic research cases that all sought to integrate scientific and stakeholder knowledge, while demonstrating the different settings and methodological choices for knowledge co-production in environmental research. To facilitate systematic analysis, we utilized the knowledge-weaving framework by Tengö et al. (2017) to examine co-production through the phases of knowledge mobilizing, translating, negotiating, synthesizing and applying. We also considered the inclusiveness of the weaving processes, where our results show that all of the study cases were able to engage participants across the four phases. Our analysis indicates that the framework is useful for unpacking the different phases of the knowledge-weaving process as well as the variety of activities that are used throughout the process. However, the results also emphasize the long-term nature of these processes, as knowledge-weaving activities were used predominantly in the mobilize and translate/negotiate phases and less at later phases of the process. This indicates that the benefits may be foreseen in similar future actions through the initiated learning and change processes.

After almost two decades of life, the EJSD has come to an important shift in its organisation. This piece is the expression of the editorial team’s wish to guide the readers through the changes that have occurred, both in the journal’s editorial structure and in its technical arrangement. At the same time, it is an occasion to highlight the ideas upon which the new direction are founded., The paper is published by the European Journal of Spatial Development (EJSD). The previous version of the journal was host by Nordregio.

The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has surged in the last two decades, making them popular instruments for a wide range of applications, and leading to a remarkable number of scientific contributions in geoscience, remote sensing and engineering. However, the development of best practices for high quality of UAV mapping are often overlooked representing a drawback for their wider adoption. UAV solutions then require an inter-disciplinary research, integrating different expertise and combining several hardware and software components on the same platform. Despite the high number of peer-reviewed papers on UAVs, little attention has been given to the interaction between research topics from different domains (such as robotics and computer vision) that impact the use of UAV in remote sensing. The aim of this paper is to (i) review best practices for the use of UAVs for remote sensing and mapping applications and (ii) report on current trends - including adjacent domains - for UAV use and discuss their future impact in photogrammetry and remote sensing. Hardware developments, navigation and acquisition strategies, and emerging solutions for data processing in innovative applications are considered in this analysis. As the number and the heterogeneity of debated topics are large, the paper is organized according to very specific questions considered most relevant by the authors.

Purpose Corporate relocation is a rare event in the history of an individual company. The choices related to location, building and workplace constitute major long-term strategic decisions that determine the company’s future operating environment. However, business decision-makers often do not evaluate all the aspects of relocation before making relocation decisions. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to systemise the knowledge behind corporate relocation and the strategic qualities and impacts of these choices. Design/methodology/approach This conceptual paper is based on a comprehensive literature review of 74 articles on the strategic qualities of short-distance corporate relocation of knowledge-intensive firms. Based on the review insights, a conceptual model of the strategic operational qualities for work environment selection is developed. Findings This paper identifies three strategic layers of physical environment change, namely, location, building and physical work environment, which need to be considered when deciding to relocate. Corporate relocation affects a company through five operational qualities, namely, staff productivity, costs, employee retention and availability, operational changes and organisational culture. Practical implications Relocation is a complex process for an individual company. Justifying choices based on direct costs can lead to unexpected changes in indirect costs for the company. This paper helps decision-makers understand the strategic importance of corporate relocation, identify relocation goals and plan successful relocation. Originality/value This paper uses a strategy and organisation lens to provide a systematic overview and synthesis of the strategic qualities of short-distance corporate relocation of knowledge-intensive firms.

Funding Information: This open-access publication was funded by the University of Freiburg. Funding Information: Financial support. The project is supported by the Wassernetzwerk Baden-Württemberg (Water Research Network of the State Baden-Württemberg), which is funded by the Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-Württemberg (Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts of the State Baden-Württemberg) (grant no. AZ. 7532.21/2.1.6) and Maa-ja vesitekniikan tuki ry foundation. Doris E. Wendt acknowledges her support as part of the NERC-funded Groundwater Drought Initiative (NE/R004994/1). Lucy J. Barker was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council (NE/R016429/1) as part of the UK-SCAPE programme delivering National Capability. The contributions of Mirek Trnka, Lenka Bartošová, and Jaak Jaagus have been supported by SustES – Adaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797). Publisher Copyright: © 2022 Veit Blauhut et al. Drought events and their impacts vary spatially and temporally due to diverse pedo-climatic and hydrologic conditions, as well as variations in exposure and vulnerability, such as demographics and response actions. While hazard severity and frequency of past drought events have been studied in detail, little is known about the effect of drought management strategies on the actual impacts and how the hazard is perceived by relevant stakeholders. In a continental study, we characterised and assessed the impacts and the perceptions of two recent drought events (2018 and 2019) in Europe and examined the relationship between management strategies and drought perception, hazard, and impact. The study was based on a pan-European survey involving national representatives from 28 countries and relevant stakeholders responding to a standard questionnaire. The survey focused on collecting information on stakeholders' perceptions of drought, impacts on water resources and beyond, water availability, and current drought management strategies on national and regional scales. The survey results were compared with the actual drought hazard information registered by the European Drought Observatory (EDO) for 2018 and 2019. The results highlighted high diversity in drought perception across different countries and in values of the implemented drought management strategies to alleviate impacts by increasing national and sub-national awareness and resilience. The study identifies an urgent need to further reduce drought impacts by constructing and implementing a European macro-level drought governance approach, such as a directive, which would strengthen national drought management and mitigate damage to human and natural assets.

Nature-based solutions (NBSs) are increasingly implemented to mitigate natural risks in urban and rural contexts, from coastal to mountainous areas. Nevertheless, the lack of quantitative approaches to assess NBSs’ effectiveness limits their technical, social and cultural acceptance. Within the PHUSICOS project (EU H2020 Innovation Action; Grant Agreement nr. 776681) a comprehensive assessment framework tool (AFT) has been developed to fill this gap. This paper presents an ex-post analysis with the PHUSICOS AFT applied to the Isar River case study. The restoration of the urban reach of the Isar River, in the city of Munich, was implemented in the early 2000s and represents a successful example of ecosystem and user-friendly flood risk management plan. The performance of the NBS measures implemented to manage the flood risk and improve the ecological status of the river (NBS scenario) is assessed in comparison with an alternative scenario with traditional hard engineering measures (grey scenario, GS). Results underscore the NBS as a competitive alternative. The ex-post analysis shows the potential of the PHUSICOS AFT for NBS performance assessment, providing guidance on indicator selection, stakeholders’ management and performance assessment. The application discussed here is expected to aid professionals and researchers involved in the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of NBSs. HIGHLIGHTS PHUSICOS project aims to assess the effectiveness of NBSs against natural hazard in rural and mountainous areas.; The proposed assessment framework tool allows evaluting the NBS features through a comprehensive approach.; The Isar River restoration is an effective case study to test the tool reliability.; The Living Lab can be intended as a fruitful tool to involve the stakeholders in the decision making.

This simulation study focused on the hydrological effects of climate change and controlled drainage operated with subsurface drains and an open collector ditch in an agricultural field. The objective was to understand the potential of controlled drainage and open ditch schemes for managing groundwater levels and field water balance in climate conditions projected to take place in Finland during the 21st century with representative concentration pathways 8.5 and 2.6. A methodological aim was to find ways to condense hourly hydrological results to understand future changes in field hydrology. During the historical reference interval (1970–2005), controlled drainage caused 17–36 cm higher mean groundwater levels and decreased the mean annual drain discharge by 11–23% compared to conventional subsurface drainage. Controlled drainage was projected to increase groundwater levels by additional 1–4 cm in the future compared to its effect on drainage during the reference interval. The effect on annual drain discharge did not change significantly. The open collector ditch lowered groundwater tables and diminished the effect of controlled drainage on groundwater levels in the vicinity of the ditch. Controlled drainage was shown to remain an effective method for countering early summer drought and reducing drain discharge. HIGHLIGHTS Controlled drainage provides an option to mitigate early summer droughts.; Controlled drainage can be used to decrease annual drain discharge.; The potential effects of controlled drainage will remain similar or increase slightly under the projected future climate.; An open collector ditch affected the performance of controlled drainage.

Funding Information: This work is supported by the Major Project of National Social Science Foundation of China (No. 21&ZD166 , 21ZDA065 ), Key Research & Development Project of Qinghai Province ( 2022-SF-173 ), National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 72174111 ), Shandong Natural Science Foundation of China ( ZR2021MG013 ), and General Project of Philosophy and Social Science Research in Jiangsu Province’s Colleges and Universities ( 2022SJYB0948 ). Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Authors Electricity sector is the largest CO2 emitter and water user in China's industrial sectors. The low-carbon transition of China's electricity sector reduces its cooling water consumption. Here we firstly quantify CO2 emission and virtual water embodied in electricity trade with Quasi-Input-Output model. Then, we analyze the impacts of energy substitution, efficiency improvement, and electricity trade on water-saving co-benefits of CO2 reduction with the differences between the baseline scenario and counterfactual scenario. Results show that the low-carbon transition contributes to water-saving in China's electricity sector. Virtual water and embodied CO2 have relatively decoupled from electricity trade since 2012. Water-saving (+10.4% yr−1) outweighed CO2 reduction (+8.4% yr−1) through energy substitution and efficiency improvement in the ‘new normal’ stage. Our work emphasizes the need to integrate water-saving co-benefits of CO2 reduction into electricity system planning and highlights the challenges to facilitate coordinated development of the electricity-water nexus in China.

Despite the expected future introduction of autonomous vehicles in cities, very few studies have analysed the needs and challenges facing urban planning. This paper employs a combination of backcasting and Q-methodology to carry out participatory visioning for a future driverless city. This novel approach was used to elaborate shared visions of the desirable city among a group of 20 citizens and 10 practitioners. Views on 41 statements were analysed relating to urban design, society, environment, transport and mobility needs. Three main visions were identified. The first focuses on high-quality urban spaces and active mobility. The second vision is more futuristic and pro-social, consistent with the more imaginative and innovative stance of young people. The third vision is more conventional and closer to business-as-usual. The results suggest that there is some agreement on the future conditions and policies, especially on the need for environmentally friendly urban development and safe urban design. The article is premised on the belief that engaging stakeholders from different backgrounds, including citizens of various ages, can be enriching for urban planning since there is a wide variety of heterogeneous preferences across society. This requires a search for common ground when designing policy measures that satisfy multiple interests. This work is based on the research project: “InnovAtive Urban and Transport planning tOols for the implementation of New mObility systeMs based On aUtonomouS driving” — AUTONOMOUS (2020–2023) (PID2019-110355RB-I00), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN)/ERDF (EU) under the National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation 2017–2020.

Funding Information: The ÚNKP-22-3-I-PE-5 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Culture and Innovation from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund supported this research. The Stipendium Hungaricum Scholarship partially supported the study. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s) This study presented for the first time a comprehensive measurement campaign of 16 PAHs along the Euphrates River for five months, in both water and sediment samples. Our study revealed that the PAHs contamination increased along the flow direction due to the increasing non-point pollution and the return flows of agriculture. The 5–6 rings PAHs were dominant in water and sediment samples with an average of 42 % and 50 %, respectively. The diagnostic ratios of PAHs suggest that the pollution of these compounds originated mainly from petroleum product combustions. The carcinogenic PAHs formed 46 % and 55 % of the total measured compounds in water and sediment samples, respectively, which highlights potential ecological and human health risks. Based on sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), most sites exhibit an effect range between low and medium. The calculated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for adult and children were in the 10−2–10−3 range, which is 3–6-fold higher than what was reported in the literature. These observations call for urgent attention from environmental authorities of countries sharing this key water source in Western Asia.

openaire: EC/H2020/819202/EU//SOS.aquaterra Producing food in an environmentally sustainable way for the growing human population is a challenge to the global food system. Vertical farm (VF) as a part of the solution portfolio is attracting interest since it uses less water, pesticides, and land which are scarce in many parts of the globe. Despite these positive factors, the energy demand for vertical farms is high, and farms often remain separate and excluded from cities where most of the population lives. City-level energy system solutions exist to empower energy efficiency and increase the share of variable renewable energy sources, but their potential has not yet been estimated for an urban energy system that includes large vertical farms. Accordingly, in this study, we simulate an urban energy system that practices vertical farming with large-scale variable renewable energies and flexibility measures. For the first part of the study, we modelled a vertical farm's energy system with demand response control to maximize electricity cost savings. To evaluate the potential of demand response, the analysis is carried out for different crops (lettuce, wheat, and soybean), and different electricity price profiles. The result of demand response control can be a reduction of 5% to 30% in electricity consumption costs. Further, sensitivity analyses highlight the effect of electricity price variations and photoperiod on demand response outcomes. In the second part, the operation of an urban energy system (Helsinki, Finland) with vertical farms was analysed through two different scenarios. These scenarios represent the emission-free Helsinki energy system in 2050 with large-scale wind power implementation. As VFs can use electricity outside the peak demand hours, the inclusion of VF with the right energy system configuration can improve the power consumption within the system by up to 19%. Further, we show that connection to the exogenous power market is important to support vertical farming in the future energy systems. In this study, key points in the integration of VF in urban energy systems are highlighted, including the role of exogenous power markets, the potential for increasing local energy consumption with large wind power, and the importance of crop selection in reducing VF's energy costs through demand response. In a city-level solution with a high wind power share, we thus recommend including a vertical farm side by strong sectoral coupling as part of the future design to maximise local consumption.

Funding Information: This study was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China [grant number 2017YFA0603704 ], the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences [grant number XDA20100104 ], the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 42101025 ], and the SUSTech Presidential Postdoctoral Fellowship. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Authors Water scarcity, a threat to the sustainable development of human society, is determined mainly by water resource endowment and human water withdrawals. International trade may affect national water withdrawal, indirectly influencing nationwide water scarcity. However, most previous studies could not disentangle the indirect water consumption for local consumption and international trade purposes, failing to assess the sole impact of trade on water scarcity. Here, we developed an improved Falkenmark indicator to separate the effect of trade-related water withdrawal on water scarcity. Results show that international trade alleviates water scarcity for 2.2 billion people in high and upper-middle income countries. However, it aggravates water scarcity for 2.1 billion people in low and lower-middle income countries, of which almost all countries are already facing water scarcity and some even are of severe scarcity. Furthermore, our analysis shows that the primary product and food sectors contribute most significantly to intensifying and alleviating water scarcity, respectively. Hence, much greater attention needs to be paid to low and lower-middle income water-scarce countries since international trade could make these countries drier, which is becoming more important to improve the sustainability of global water resources management with a changing climate.

Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. During the last decade, the level of detail and complexity in the EU electricity market legislation has ballooned. Simultaneously, the pace of technological development has been rapid. This is necessary for the clean energy transition but also creates challenges. How do we ensure the legislation is keeping up with the development of the real world? Should innovative solutions be encouraged, even if they do not comply with the current rules? We argue that regulation of the ‘radical innovations’ is inadequate in the EU. As a solution, we discuss an EU framework for regulatory sandboxes and propose design principles for its development.

openaire: EC/H2020/819202/EU//SOS.aquaterra Funding Information: We thank the PrimeSCale team for laying the foundation of this research. We further thank Colleen Iversen for being up to date with root representation in models. BW acknowledges ERC StG PRIMETIME (grant no. 101039588). MK acknowledges European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 819202). Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2023 New Phytologist Foundation. The distribution of roots throughout the soil drives depth-dependent plant–soil interactions and ecosystem processes, particularly in arctic tundra where plant biomass, is predominantly belowground. Vegetation is usually classified from aboveground, but it is unclear whether such classifications are suitable to estimate belowground attributes and their consequences, such as rooting depth distribution and its influence on carbon cycling. We performed a meta-analysis of 55 published arctic rooting depth profiles, testing for differences both between distributions based on aboveground vegetation types (Graminoid, Wetland, Erect-shrub, and Prostrate-shrub tundra) and between ‘Root Profile Types’ for which we defined three representative and contrasting clusters. We further analyzed potential impacts of these different rooting depth distributions on rhizosphere priming-induced carbon losses from tundra soils. Rooting depth distribution hardly differed between aboveground vegetation types but varied between Root Profile Types. Accordingly, modelled priming-induced carbon emissions were similar between aboveground vegetation types when they were applied to the entire tundra, but ranged from 7.2 to 17.6 Pg C cumulative emissions until 2100 between individual Root Profile Types. Variations in rooting depth distribution are important for the circumpolar tundra carbon-climate feedback but can currently not be inferred adequately from aboveground vegetation type classifications.

Funding Information: This research was funded by the National Youth Science Fund Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52108050), the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science at South China University of Technology (2022ZB08), the Guangzhou Science and Technology Program (202201010503), and the fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021M701238). Funding Information: This work was conducted with the support of Dongjin Qi, Feng Yu, and Xiaomei Pang from the South China University of Technology (SCUT). The authors thank the contacts in the Guangzhou House and Urban-rural Construction Commission, the Pearl River Delta Commission, and all interviewees in this study. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Researchers and policymakers have long called for a collaborative governance process for climate adaptation and flood resilience. However, this is usually challenging when urban planning is supposed to be integrated with water management. Using the Chinese city of Guangzhou as a case study, this study explores the long-term disadvantaged conditions of urban planning in flood governance and how this situation is shaped. The findings show that, in comparison to the increasingly dominant position of water management in flood affairs, the urban planning system has had weak powers, limited legitimate opportunities, and insufficient fiscal incentives from the 2000s to the late 2010s. Those conditions have been shaped by organizational structures, institutional rules, and financial allocation in urban governance, whose changes did not bring benefits to urban planning. The emergence of the Sponge City Program in China in 2017 and its implementation at the municipal level is deemed to be a new start for urban planning, considering the encouragement of nature-based solutions and regulatory tools in land use for flood resilience. Even so, the future of this program is still full of challenges and more efforts are needed.

Funding Information: This project was initiated under the Academy of Finland research project 295047 in collaboration with Paula Litkey and Miloš Pandžić and has been supported also from the project 316096/320075. Part of the work has also been done under the umbrella of Academy of Finland flagship project UNITE (337656). Ms. Wittke acknowledges the PhD grant from Aalto School of Engineering . The authors wish to thank CSC – IT Center for Science and the Open Geospatial Information Infrastructure for Research (oGIIR, urn:nbn:fi:research-infras-2016072513) for generous computational resources and guidance. Maria Yli-Heikkilä from Natural Resources Finland (LUKE) is acknowledged for providing Sentinel-2 data on CSC object storage for the example use case as a part of the Eurostat project ”Development of pre-harvest crop yield forecasts with satellite remote sensing data” (EC grant agreement No 831735). We are also grateful for the constructive comments on the documentation by the Nordic-RSE community (Richard Darst, Radovan Bast, Luca Ferranti, Enrico Glerean and Matthew West) and valuable comments on the manuscript by Katri Tegel. The development of the EODIE Galaxy Tool has been supported by EOSC-Nordic, a project funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 857652 . Funding Information: This project was initiated under the Academy of Finland research project295047 in collaboration with Paula Litkey and Miloš Pandžić and has been supported also from the project 316096/320075. Part of the work has also been done under the umbrella of Academy of Finland flagship project UNITE (337656). Ms. Wittke acknowledges the PhD grant from Aalto School of Engineering. The authors wish to thank CSC – IT Center for Science and the Open Geospatial Information Infrastructure for Research (oGIIR, urn:nbn:fi:research-infras-2016072513) for generous computational resources and guidance. Maria Yli-Heikkilä from Natural Resources Finland (LUKE) is acknowledged for providing Sentinel-2 data on CSC object storage for the example use case as a part of the Eurostat project ”Development of pre-harvest crop yield forecasts with satellite remote sensing data” (EC grant agreement No 831735). We are also grateful for the constructive comments on the documentation by the Nordic-RSE community (Richard Darst, Radovan Bast, Luca Ferranti, Enrico Glerean and Matthew West) and valuable comments on the manuscript by Katri Tegel. The development of the EODIE Galaxy Tool has been supported by EOSC-Nordic, a project funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 857652. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s) Remote sensing satellites provide a vast amount of data to monitor and observe Earth's surface and events on it. To use these data efficiently in subsequent analysis and decision-making, highly automated easy-to-use tools are needed. Here, we present Earth Observation Data Information Extractor (EODIE). EODIE is a toolkit to extract object-level time-series information from several multispectral satellite remote sensing platforms and to produce analysis-ready products for subsequent data analysis. EODIE has a modular design that makes it adjustable for end-user requirements. Users have a possibility to exchange and add modules in EODIE for flexible processing in different computing environments. With EODIE, remote sensing data can be processed to object level array, geotiff or statistics information of different (vegetation) indices or plain wavelength intervals.

Managing nature-based solutions (NBS) in urban areas for carbon mitigation and biodiversity outcomes is a global policy challenge, yet little is known about how to both assess and weave diverse knowledge systems and values into carbon-biodiversity trade-off assessments. This paper examines the spatial relationships between biophysical and social values for carbon sequestration potential (measured as carbon dioxide, CO2, flux) and biodiversity in Helsinki, Finland, using integrated valuation. The approach combines methods from carbon sequestration modelling, expert scoring approaches to biodiversity assessment and public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS). Results indicate strong spatial associations between biophysical assessment of CO2 flux and biodiversity priorities, and weaker associations between biophysical and social values. Integration of social and biophysical values leads to multiple pathways for protection of NBS to achieve carbon mitigation and biodiversity outcomes, as well as options for the spatial targeting of education and capacity building programs to areas of local concern.

Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. The ‘as-a-Service’ (aaS) concept of the IT sector is suggested to reduce upfront and ongoing costs, enable easier scaling, and make for simpler system upgrades. The concept is explored in relation to the domain of land administration, with a view to examining its relevance, application, and potential adaptation. Specifically, these aspects are analysed against the long-standing problem of land administration system maintenance. Two discrete literature reviews, a comparative analysis, and final modelling work constitute the research design. Of the 35 underlying land administration maintenance issues identified, aaS is found to directly respond to 15, indirectly support another 15, and provide no immediate benefit to 5. Most prominent are the ability of aaS to support issues relating to financial sustainability, continuous innovation, and human capacity provision. The approach is found to be already in use in various country contexts. It is articulated by the UNECE as one of four scenarios for future land administration development. In terms of adaptation, the 4-tier framework from Enterprise Architecture—consisting of Business, Application, Information, and Technology layers—is used to model and describe five specific aaS approaches: (i) On Premises; (ii) Basic Outsourcing; (iii) Public Private Partnership; (iv) Fully Privatised; and (v) Subscription. Several are more theoretical in nature but may see future adoption. Each requires further development, including case analyses, to support more detailed definitions of the required underlying legal frameworks, financial models, partnerships arrangements, data responsibilities, and so on. Decisions on the appropriate aaS model, and the application of aaS more generally, are entirely dependent on the specific country context. Overall, this work provides a platform for land administration researchers and practitioners to analyse the relevance and implementation options of the aaS concept.

Funding Information: The authors would like to thank Semitan for supplying the data used in this study, and in particular the ‘‘Direction de la Performance et de l’Innovation’’ for their assistance in analysing the Autumn 2019 Opthor and Ineo datasets. The author Claudio Roncoli also acknowledges the support of the Academy of Finland project ALCOSTO (349327). Funding Information: The authors would like to thank Semitan for supplying the data used in this study, and in particular the ‘‘Direction de la Performance et de l'Innovation’’ for their assistance in analysing the Autumn 2019 Opthor and Ineo datasets. The author Claudio Roncoli also acknowledges the support of the Academy of Finland project ALCOSTO (349327). Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s) The prevention of crowding inside buses, trams and trains is an important component of on-board passenger comfort and is central to the provision of good public transport services. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated significant reduction in public transport patronage and, more importantly, in passenger confidence, the avoidance of crowds by passengers and operators alike becomes even more critical. This is where the provision of information on on-board comfort becomes a necessity. The present study, therefore, proposes a new Kalman filter based estimation scheme for on-board comfort levels, employing historical and current (same-day) non-exhaustive Automatic Passenger Counting data, as well as Automatic Vehicle Locating measurements. The accuracy and reliability of the estimation is, then, evaluated through application to the tramway network of the French city of Nantes. The results suggest that the proposed method is able to deliver good estimation accuracy, both in terms of absolute passenger numbers, but also, more crucially, in terms of on-board comfort Levels of Service.

Optimization of forwarding work on the trail network created by the harvester in cut-to-length operations carries much potential for increasing the efficiency and reducing the environmental impact of timber removal. While several approaches to this optimization task have been proposed, existing methods focus on optimizing a single objective at a time. In this work, a heuristic multi-objective optimization strategy for the problem is presented, where the route length, operation duration, and soil damage can be optimized simultaneously. The strategy is based on a tailored version of ant colony optimization and linear scalarization of the full multi-objective problem. The relative importance of the objectives can be set via tunable weights, and the approach is of a modular nature. Results on a realistically sized clearcut harvest site indicate that the strategy produces promising results and gives the expected qualitative behavior when optimizing either a single objective or two objectives at a time.

openaire: EC/H2020/771049/EU//FREEDLES Funding Information: This study was supported by the Academy of Finland (DIMEBO, grant number: 323004). This study has also received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 771049). The text reflects only the authors’ view and the Agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. Publisher Copyright: © 2023, Finnish Society of Forest Science. All rights reserved. Lichens are sensitive to competition from vascular plants, intensive silviculture, pollution and reindeer and caribou grazing, and can therefore serve as indicators of environmental changes. Hyperspectral remote sensing data has been proved promising for estimation of plant diversity, but its potential for forest floor lichen cover estimation has not yet been studied. In this study, we investigated the use of hyperspectral data in estimating ground lichen cover in boreal forest stands in Finland. We acquired airborne and in situ hyperspectral data of lichen-covered forest plots, and applied multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis to estimate the fractional cover of ground lichens in these plots. Estimation of lichen cover based on in situ spectral data was very accurate (coefficient of determination (r2) 0.95, root mean square error (RMSE) 6.2). Estimation of lichen cover based on airborne data, on the other hand, was fairly good (r2 0.77, RMSE 11.7), but depended on the choice of spectral bands. When the hyperspectral data were resampled to the spectral resolution of Sentinel-2, slightly weaker results were obtained. Tree canopy cover near the flight plots was weakly related to the difference between estimated and measured lichen cover. The results also implied that the presence of dwarf shrubs could influence the lichen cover estimates.

Urban shrinkage poses significant challenges to Real Estate markets in Shrinking Cities and has multiple negative impacts on society, environment and economy. Although major cities are growing rapidly, a significant volume of building stock and population will endure in shrinking cities in the future. To enhance the resilience of local real estate markets and communities, forces that offer novel possibilities for shrinking cities should be actively studied. This study deepens understanding of the forces affecting the real estate market environments of Shrinking Cities by examining the public discourse and the perceptions of local market participants, both of which steer future market development. To identify and analyse these forces, an environmental scanning method was employed, using as data sources 872 Finnish newspaper articles and 45 interviews with market actors in eight Shrinking Cities in Finland. The results categorise the identified forces under three themes that describe the drivers of future market development. The findings indicate that, although the Real Estate markets of Shrinking Cities face challenges, forces such as telecommuting, multi-local living and emerging industries may offer new opportunities and slow urban shrinkage. The findings may be utilised to steer the development of Shrinking Cities in a more resilient direction.

Even though the SLAM laser scanners (LSs) have the required resolution for construction analysis, a drift error has been detected in georeferencing phase of the data processing. The reduction of drift error in SLAM LSs with third-party software has not been studied. This paper demonstrates the drift error behavior of commercial SLAM LSs and their correction with sectional post-processing methods, and shows that the drift error is mainly in a vertical direction, and it is largest in the middle of the trajectory. The drift error was reduced from 10.6 cm to 0.2 cm. Circa 30 s length sections have better results than larger sections with non-rigid transformation algorithm. The method has shown potential to improve the quality and cost-effectiveness of multitemporal construction documentation. In addition, locations of additional control points were analyzed to prevent drift error, with adjustments to the walking path.

While digitalization is expected to bring benefits in the area of land use planning, it is also redefining planning practices and entire planning cultures. Limited research exists on this digital transformation, and this article aims to narrow this gap through an empirical case study. In Finland, there is an ongoing transition towards information model (IM)-based planning, driven by public government development programs. Its principal focus is to achieve national-level interoperability of plan data. A harmonized IM for local master and detailed plans has recently been developed for use in municipal urban planning in the future. In addition, a national information system (IS) for built environment data is currently being developed. In this article, the perspectives of Finnish urban planners towards the national IM and IM-based planning were examined through a questionnaire. The results indicate that IM-based planning has a strong impact not only on planning outcomes (i.e., land use plans) but also on the planning context (e.g., planning practices and the planners themselves, software and information systems (ISs), and planning law). We argue that the high expectations set for IM-based planning will not be met without paying attention to the viewpoints of planners, planning practices, and the changes to planning culture in a wider sense. In addition to the technological aspects, the focus should also be on the social and contextual elements of planning.

Funding Information: This research has been supported by VYR (National Nuclear Waste Management Fund) through SAFIR2018 (The Finnish Research Programme on Nuclear Power Plant Safety 2015–2018). Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s). We explore past trends and future projections of mean sea level (MSL) at the Finnish coast, in the northeastern Baltic Sea, during the period 1901-2100. We decompose the relative MSL change into three components: regional sea level rise (SLR), postglacial land uplift, and the effect of changes in wind climate. Past trends of regional SLR can be calculated after subtracting the other two components from the MSL trends observed by tide gauges, as the land uplift rates obtained from the semi-empirical model NKG2016LU are independent of tide gauge observations. According to the results, local absolute SLR trends are close to global mean rates. To construct future projections, we combine an ensemble of global SLR projections in a probabilistic framework. In addition, we use climate model results to estimate future changes in wind climate and their effect on MSL in the semi-enclosed Baltic Sea. This yields probability distributions of MSL change for three scenarios representing different future emission pathways. Spatial variations in the MSL projections result primarily from different local land uplift rates: under the medium-emission scenario RCP4.5/SSP2-4.5, for example, the projected MSL change (5ĝ€¯% to 95ĝ€¯% range) over the 21st century varies from-28 (-54 to 24)ĝ€¯cm in the Bothnian Bay to 31 (5 to 83)ĝ€¯cm in the eastern Gulf of Finland.

Publisher Copyright: © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Beyond merely mediating between particular interests, deliberative planners are in need of a firmer agency in shaping attention to common good concerns. However, locating such agency legitimately in the context of deliberative ideals is difficult, and not well supported by theory. A key problem is the weak conceptualization of legitimate forms of power-over, regarding the deliberative planners’ agency. To address this theoretical challenge, the article employs Haugaard’s rethinking of power-over, Salet’s dialectics of public norms and performative aspirations, the “systems” turn of deliberative democracy theory, and Warren’s related work on authority.

Funding Information: This research has been supported by the Vilho, Yrjö and Kalle Väisälä Foundation of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant no. 869471), the Academy of Finland (grant no. 330319, 338480, and 346602), and the Erasmus+ staff mobility programme. Publisher Copyright: © Author(s) 2023. Palsas and peat plateaus are expected to disappear from many regions, including Finnish Lapland. However, detailed long-Term monitoring data of the degradation process on palsas are scarce. Here, we present the results of the aerial photography time series analysis (1959-2021), annual real-Time kinematic (RTK) GNSS and active layer monitoring (2007-2021), and annual unoccupied aerial system surveys (2016-2021) at two palsa sites (Peera and Laassaniemi, 68gN) located in north-west Finland. We analysed temporal trends of palsa degradation and their relation to climate using linear regression. At both sites, the decrease in palsa area by-77g€¯% to-90g€¯% since 1959 and height by-16g€¯% to-49g€¯% since 2007 indicate substantial permafrost degradation throughout the study periods. The area loss rates are mainly connected to winter air temperature changes at Peera and winter precipitation changes at Laassaniemi. The active layer thickness (ALT) has varied annually between 2007 and 2021 with no significant trend andis related mainly to the number of very warm days during summer, autumn rainfall of previous year, and snow depths at Peera. At Laassaniemi, the ALT is weakly related to climate and has been decreasing in the middle part of the palsa during the past 8 years despite the continuous decrease in palsa volume. Our findings imply that the ALT in the inner parts of palsas do not necessarily reflect the overall permafrost conditions and underline the importance of surface position monitoring alongside the active layer measurements. The results also showed a negative relationship between the ALT and snow cover onset, indicating the complexity of climate-permafrost feedbacks in palsa mires.

openaire: EC/H2020/819202/EU//SOS.aquaterra Funding Information: VS and MP received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 819202), VS from the Academy of Finland funded project TREFORM (grant no. 339834) and MP from the Erling Persson Family Foundation. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Authors The activation of nitrogen and phosphorus for food production has caused the transgression of the safe operating space of the Earth system. However, countries differ in the use of their fair share of global nutrient activation, causing a disparity that has severe implications for the environment, land degradation and food security. Both the impact on Earth system processes as well as productivity gains and losses and the consequent socio-economic impacts depend on past use. Therefore, in this study, we examined how the activation of nitrogen and phosphorus for food production in relation to countries’ fair shares has evolved globally. The first transgressions of the planetary boundaries occurred in 1970 and 1964 for nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. Since then, activation has increased 160% and 200%, respectively. Further, notable differences were observed between countries, in which high-income regions such as western Europe and North America had the highest cumulative transgression and sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania had the greatest deficit relative to their fair shares. The main driver for transgression was economic growth rather than population growth or the relatively recent fertiliser subsidies. Although the use of fertilisers has decreased in areas with previous high use, past usage will slow down the effects of fertiliser reductions on ecosystem recovery and maintain a legacy of inequality. Consequently, in addition to reductions in nitrogen and phosphorus activation, recycling accumulated nutrients to regions operating below their fair shares should be explored and economically enabled in order to secure Earth system functioning while eradicating hunger.