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1. Steering self-organisation through confinement

Author: Araújo, Nuno A.M., Janssen, Liesbeth M.C., Barois, Thomas, Boffetta, Guido, Cohen, Itai, Corbetta, Alessandro, Dauchot, Olivier, Dijkstra, Marjolein, Durham, William M., Dussutour, Audrey, Garnier, Simon, Gelderblom, Hanneke, Golestanian, Ramin, Isa, Lucio, Koenderink, Gijsje H., Löwen, Hartmut, Metzler, Ralf, Polin, Marco, Royall, C. Patrick, Šarić, Anđela, Sengupta, Anupam, Sykes, Cécile, Trianni, Vito, Tuval, Idan, Vogel, Nicolas, Yeomans, Julia M., Zuriguel, Iker, Marin, Alvaro, Volpe, Giorgio, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, Soft Condensed Matter and Biophysics, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, Soft Condensed Matter and Biophysics, MESA+ Institute, Physics of Fluids, Universidade de Lisboa, Eindhoven University of Technology [Eindhoven] (TU/e), Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine (LOMA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), Cornell University [New York], Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics [Ithaca] (LASSP), Gulliver (UMR 7083), Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Utrecht University [Utrecht], University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale - UMR5169 (CRCA), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), New Jersey Institute of Technology [Newark] (NJIT), Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Kavli Institute of Nanosciences [Delft] (KI-NANO), Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf = Heinrich Heine University [Düsseldorf], University of Potsdam = Universität Potsdam, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats (IMEDEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), Institute of Science and Technology [Klosterneuburg, Austria] (IST Austria), University of Luxembourg [Luxembourg], Matière Cellulaire Active, Laboratoire de physique de l'ENS - ENS Paris (LPENS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Département de Physique de l'ENS-PSL, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Département de Physique de l'ENS-PSL, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy (CNR) (ISTC), Universidad de Navarra [Pamplona] (UNAV), University of Twente, Department of Chemistry [University College of London], University College of London [London] (UCL), ANR-18-CE33-0006,MSR,Machines Morpho-fonctionelles en Essaim(2018), ANR-14-CE09-0006,Actin2Nucleus,Connexion mécanique entre le cytosquelette d'actine et le noyau(2014), ANR-12-BSV5-0014,Contract,Nouveaux systèmes biomimétiques pour étudier la contractilité acto-myosine cellulaire(2012), European Project: 884902,SoftML, European Project: 802960,NEPA, European Project: 955910,PHYMOT, and European Project: 678573,H2020,ERC-2015-STG,NanoPacks(2016)
Subjects: Pattern-formation, Physics - Physics and Society, Chemistry(all), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-BIO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Biological Physics [physics.bio-ph], Collective behavior, FOS: Physical sciences, Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph), General Chemistry, Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter, Condensed Matter Physics, Nonlinear Sciences - Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems, Particles, Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph), Information, Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft), Physics - Biological Physics, [PHYS.COND.CM-SCM]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Soft Condensed Matter [cond-mat.soft], Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO)
Abstract: Self-organisation is the spontaneous emergence of spatio-temporal structures and patterns from the interaction of smaller individual units. Examples are found across many scales in very different systems and scientific disciplines, from physics, materials science and robotics to biology, geophysics andastronomy. Recent research has highlighted how self-organisation can be both mediated and controlled by confinement. Confinement is an action over a system that limits its units’ translational and rotational degrees of freedom, thus also influencing the system’s phase space probability density; it can functionas either a catalyst or inhibitor of self-organisation. Confinement can then become a means to actively steer the emergence or suppression of collective phenomena in space and time. Here, to provide a common framework and perspective for future research, we examine the role of confinement in the self-organisation of soft-matter systems and identify overarching scientific challenges that need to be addressed to harness its full scientific and technological potential in soft matter and related fields.By drawing analogies with other disciplines, this framework will accelerate a common deeper understanding of self-organisation and trigger the development of innovative strategies to steer it using confinement, with impact on, e.g., the design of smarter materials, tissue engineering for biomedicineand in guiding active matter.
Published: 2023

2. Field-Free Spin-Orbit Torque driven Switching of Perpendicular Magnetic Tunnel Junction through Bending Current

Author: Kateel, Vaishnavi, Krizakova, Viola, Rao, Siddharth, Cai, Kaiming, Gupta, Mohit, Monteiro, Maxwel Gama, Yasin, Farrukh, Sorée, Bart, De Boeck, Johan, Couet, Sébastien, Gambardella, Pietro, Kar, Gouri Sankar, Garello, Kevin, IMEC (IMEC), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Department of Electrical Engineering - K.U.Leuven (ESAT/SCD-COSIC), Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Departement Elektrotechniek - ESAT [leuven], SPINtronique et TEchnologie des Composants (SPINTEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], memories, spintronics, field-free switching, spin-orbit torques, magnetic tunnel junction, MRAM, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall), FOS: Physical sciences, Applied Physics (physics.app-ph), Physics - Applied Physics
Abstract: Current-induced spin-orbit torques (SOTs) enablefast andefficient manipulation of the magnetic state of magnetic tunnel junctions(MTJs), making them attractive for memory, in-memory computing, andlogic applications. However, the requirement of the external magneticfield to achieve deterministic switching in perpendicularly magnetizedSOT-MTJs limits its implementation for practical applications. Here,we introduce a field-free switching (FFS) solution for the SOT-MTJdevice by shaping the SOT channel to create a "bend"in the SOT current. The resulting bend in the charge current createsa spatially nonuniform spin current, which translates into inhomogeneousSOT on an adjacent magnetic free layer enabling deterministic switching.We demonstrate FFS experimentally on scaled SOT-MTJs at nanosecondtime scales. This proposed scheme is scalable, material-agnostic,and readily compatible with wafer-scale manufacturing, thus creatinga pathway for developing purely current-driven SOT systems., Nano Letters, 23 (12), ISSN:1530-6984, ISSN:1530-6992
Published: 2023

3. From Individual Liquid Films to Macroscopic Foam Dynamics: A Comparison between Polymers and a Nonionic Surfactant

Author: Alesya Mikhailovskaya, Emmanouil Chatzigiannakis, Damian Renggli, Jan Vermant, Cécile Monteux, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Eindhoven University of Technology [Eindhoven] (TU/e), Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle (UMR 7615) (SIMM), Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Group Anderson
Subjects: Electrochemistry, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, General Materials Science, Surfaces and Interfaces, Condensed Matter Physics, Spectroscopy
Abstract: Foams can resist destabilizaton in ways that appear similar on a macroscopic scale, but the microscopic origins of the stability and the loss thereof can be quite diverse. Here, we compare both the macroscopic drainage and ultimate collapse of aqueous foams stabilized by either a partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) or a nonionic low-molecular-weight surfactant (BrijO10) with the dynamics of individual thin films at the microscale. From this comparison, we gain significant insight regarding the effect of both surface stresses and intermolecular forces on macroscopic foam stability. Distinct regimes in the lifetime of the foams were observed. Drainage at early stages is controlled by the different stress-boundary conditions at the surfaces of the bubbles between the polymer and the surfactant. The stress-carrying capacity of PVA-stabilized interfaces is a result of the mutual contribution of Marangoni stresses and surface shear viscosity. In contrast, surface shear inviscidity and much weaker Marangoni stresses were observed for the nonionic surfactant surfaces, resulting in faster drainage times, both at the level of the single film and the macroscopic foam. At longer times, the PVA foams present a regime of homogeneous coalescence where isolated coalescence events are observed. This regime, which is observed only for PVA foams, occurs when the capillary pressure reaches the maximum disjoining pressure. A final regime is then observed for both systems where a fast coalescence front propagates from the top to the bottom of the foams. The critical liquid fractions and capillary pressures at which this regime is obtained are similar for both PVA and BrijO10 foams, which most likely indicates that collapse is related to a universal mechanism that seems unrelated to the stabilizer interfacial dynamics., Langmuir, 38 (35), ISSN:0743-7463, ISSN:1520-5827
Published: 2022

4. The 2022 Magneto-Optics Roadmap

Author: Alexey Kimel, Anatoly Zvezdin, Sangeeta Sharma, Samuel Shallcross, Nuno de Sousa, Antonio García-Martín, Georgeta Salvan, Jaroslav Hamrle, Ondřej Stejskal, Jeffrey McCord, Silvia Tacchi, Giovanni Carlotti, Pietro Gambardella, Gian Salis, Markus Münzenberg, Martin Schultze, Vasily Temnov, Igor V Bychkov, Leonid N Kotov, Nicolò Maccaferri, Daria Ignatyeva, Vladimir Belotelov, Claire Donnelly, Aurelio Hierro Rodriguez, Iwao Matsuda, Thierry Ruchon, Mauro Fanciulli, Maurizio Sacchi, Chunhui Rita Du, Hailong Wang, N Peter Armitage, Mathias Schubert, Vanya Darakchieva, Bilu Liu, Ziyang Huang, Baofu Ding, Andreas Berger, Paolo Vavassori, Radboud University [Nijmegen], A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute (GPI), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie (MBI), Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), IMN-Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología (CNM-CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, PTM, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain, Institute of Physics, University of Technology Chemnitz, Chemnitz University of Technology / Technische Universität Chemnitz, Institute of Physics of Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University [Prague] (CU), Institut für Materialwissenschaft Universität Kiel, Università degli Studi di Perugia = University of Perugia (UNIPG), Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), IBM Research [Zurich], Institut für Physik [Greifswald], Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Graz University of Technology [Graz] (TU Graz), Laboratoire des Solides Irradiés (LSI), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chelyabinsk State University, Syktyvkar State University, Syktywkar State University, Umeå University, Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, University of Luxembourg [Luxembourg], Russian Quantum Center, Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids (CPfS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Departamento de Fisica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain, Universidad de Oviedo [Oviedo], Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN), Universidad de Oviedo [Oviedo]-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Japan, Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamiques et Lasers (ex SPAM) (LIDyl), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Attophysique (ATTO), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamiques et Lasers (ex SPAM) (LIDyl), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Matériaux et des Surfaces (LPMS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Croissance et propriétés de systèmes hybrides en couches minces (INSP-E8), Institut des Nanosciences de Paris (INSP), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC), Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Johns Hopkins University (JHU), University of Nebraska–Lincoln, University of Nebraska System, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Lund University [Lund], Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Power Battery Safety and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology [Shenzhen] (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), CIC NanoGUNE BRTA, Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science, ANR-21-CE30-0037,HELIMAG,Dichroisme hélicoïdal de structures magnétiques(2021), Dutch Research Council, Russian Science Foundation, German Research Foundation, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Czech Science Foundation, Collaborative Research Centre CRC 1261 (Germany), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, National Centres of Competence in Research (Switzerland), Swiss National Science Foundation, European Commission, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg, Swedish Research Council, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Max Planck Society, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Université Paris-Saclay, Air Force Office of Scientific Research (US), National Science Foundation (US), Energy Frontier Research Centers (US), Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, Linköping University, and National Natural Science Foundation of China
Subjects: Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Correlated Materials, Acoustics and Ultrasonics, Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics, theoretical description and modelling, magnetic characterization methods, magneto-optical effects, Condensed Matter Physics, magneto-optics, magnetic materials, modern experimental methods, magnetic microscopy, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Atom- och molekylfysik och optik, Den kondenserade materiens fysik
Abstract: Magneto-optical (MO) effects, viz. magnetically induced changes in light intensity or polarization upon reflection from or transmission through a magnetic sample, were discovered over a century and a half ago. Initially they played a crucially relevant role in unveiling the fundamentals of electromagnetism and quantum mechanics. A more broad-based relevance and wide-spread use of MO methods, however, remained quite limited until the 1960s due to a lack of suitable, reliable and easy-to-operate light sources. The advent of Laser technology and the availability of other novel light sources led to an enormous expansion of MO measurement techniques and applications that continues to this day (see section 1). The here-assembled roadmap article is intended to provide a meaningful survey over many of the most relevant recent developments, advances, and emerging research directions in a rather condensed form, so that readers can easily access a significant overview about this very dynamic research field. While light source technology and other experimental developments were crucial in the establishment of today's magneto-optics, progress also relies on an ever-increasing theoretical understanding of MO effects from a quantum mechanical perspective (see section 2), as well as using electromagnetic theory and modelling approaches (see section 3) to enable quantitatively reliable predictions for ever more complex materials, metamaterials, and device geometries. The latest advances in established MO methodologies and especially the utilization of the MO Kerr effect (MOKE) are presented in sections 4 (MOKE spectroscopy), 5 (higher order MOKE effects), 6 (MOKE microscopy), 8 (high sensitivity MOKE), 9 (generalized MO ellipsometry), and 20 (Cotton-Mouton effect in two-dimensional materials). In addition, MO effects are now being investigated and utilized in spectral ranges, to which they originally seemed completely foreign, as those of synchrotron radiation x-rays (see section 14 on three-dimensional magnetic characterization and section 16 on light beams carrying orbital angular momentum) and, very recently, the terahertz (THz) regime (see section 18 on THz MOKE and section 19 on THz ellipsometry for electron paramagnetic resonance detection). Magneto-optics also demonstrates its strength in a unique way when combined with femtosecond laser pulses (see section 10 on ultrafast MOKE and section 15 on magneto-optics using x-ray free electron lasers), facilitating the very active field of time-resolved MO spectroscopy that enables investigations of phenomena like spin relaxation of non-equilibrium photoexcited carriers, transient modifications of ferromagnetic order, and photo-induced dynamic phase transitions, to name a few. Recent progress in nanoscience and nanotechnology, which is intimately linked to the achieved impressive ability to reliably fabricate materials and functional structures at the nanoscale, now enables the exploitation of strongly enhanced MO effects induced by light-matter interaction at the nanoscale (see section 12 on magnetoplasmonics and section 13 on MO metasurfaces). MO effects are also at the very heart of powerful magnetic characterization techniques like Brillouin light scattering and time-resolved pump-probe measurements for the study of spin waves (see section 7), their interactions with acoustic waves (see section 11), and ultra-sensitive magnetic field sensing applications based on nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond (see section 17)., Despite our best attempt to represent the field of magneto-optics accurately and do justice to all its novel developments and its diversity, the research area is so extensive and active that there remains great latitude in deciding what to include in an article of this sort, which in turn means that some areas might not be adequately represented here. However, we feel that the 20 sections that form this 2022 magneto-optics roadmap article, each written by experts in the field and addressing a specific subject on only two pages, provide an accurate snapshot of where this research field stands today. Correspondingly, it should act as a valuable reference point and guideline for emerging research directions in modern magneto-optics, as well as illustrate the directions this research field might take in the foreseeable future., Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 55 (46), ISSN:0022-3727, ISSN:1361-6463
Published: 2022

5. Spin-orbit torque switching of magnetic tunnel junctions for memory application

Author: Viola Krizakova, Manu Perumkunnil, Sébastien Couet, Pietro Gambardella, Kevin Garello, Departement Physik [ETH Zürich] (D-PHYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), IMEC (IMEC), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), SPINtronique et TEchnologie des Composants (SPINTEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), and Financial support by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant No. 200020_200465), by IMEC’s industrial affiliation program on MRAM device, and by the ECSEL joint undertaking program (Grant No 876925 – Project Andante).
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall), FOS: Physical sciences, Applied Physics (physics.app-ph), Physics - Applied Physics, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Abstract: International audience; Spin-orbit torques (SOT) provide a versatile tool to manipulate the magnetization of diverse classes of materials and devices using electric currents, leading to novel spintronic memory and computing approaches. In parallel to spin transfer torques (STT), which have emerged as a leading non-volatile memory technology, SOT broaden the scope of current-induced magnetic switching to applications that run close to the clock speed of the central processing unit and unconventional computing architectures. In this paper, we review the fundamental characteristics of SOT and their use to switch magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) devices, the elementary unit of the magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM). In the first part, we illustrate the physical mechanisms that drive the SOT and magnetization reversal in nanoscale structures. In the second part, we focus on the SOT-MTJ cell. We discuss the anatomy of the MTJ in terms of materials and stack development, summarize the figures of merit for SOT switching, review the field-free operation of perpendicularly magnetized MTJs, and present options to combine SOT, STT and voltage-gate assisted switching. In the third part, we consider SOT-MRAMs in the perspective of circuit integration processes, introducing considerations on scaling and performance, as well as macro-design architectures. We thus bridge the fundamental description of SOT-driven magnetization dynamics with an application-oriented perspective, including device and system-level considerations, goals, and challenges.
Published: 2022

6. Summary of ISO/TC 201 International Standard ISO 18516:2019 Surface chemical analysis-Determination of lateral resolution and sharpness in beam-based methods with a range from nanometres to micrometres and its implementation for imaging laboratory X-ray photoelectron spectrometers (XPS)

Author: Mathias Senoner, Cristiana Passiu, Nicholas D. Spencer, Vincent Fernandez, Jörg M. Stockmann, Antonella Rossi, Wolfgang E. S. Unger, Neal Fairley, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Ecole Polytechnique de l'Université de Nantes (EPUN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Casa Software Ltd, Laboratory of Surface Science and Technology [ETH Zürich], Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and University of Cagliari
Subjects: noise in image, Materials science, grating method, imaging XPS, imaging AES, imaging SIMS, lateral resolution, narrow line method, resolution criterion, straight edge method, 02 engineering and technology, Lateral resolution, 01 natural sciences, Optics, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Surface chemical, 010302 applied physics, Range (particle radiation), Spectrometer, business.industry, X-ray, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], 0210 nano-technology, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract: ISO 18516:2019 Surface chemical analysis-Determination of lateral resolution and sharpness in beam-based methods with a range from nanometres to micrometres revises ISO 18516:2006 Surface chemical analysis-Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy-Determination of lateral resolution. It implements three different methods delivering parameters useful to express the lateral resolution: (1) the straight edge method, (2) the narrow line method and (3) the grating method. The theoretical background of these methods is introduced in ISO/TR 19319:2013 Surface chemical analysis-Fundamental approaches to determination of lateral resolution and sharpness in beam-based methods. The revised International Standard ISO 18516 delivers standardized procedures for the determination of the (1) effective lateral resolution by imaging of square-wave gratings, the (2) lateral resolution expressed as the parameter D12-88 characterizing the steepness of the sigmoidal edge spread function (ESF) determined by imaging a straight edge and (3) the lateral resolution expressed as the full width of half maximum of the line spread function (LSF), w(LSF), determined by imaging a narrow line. The last method also delivers information on the shape of the LSF, which characterizes an individual imaging instrument. Finally, the implementation of all three standardized methods in the field of imaging laboratory X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is shortly presented. This part of the letter is based on the use of a new test sample developed at ETH Zurich, Switzerland. This test sample displays a micrometre scaled pattern motivated by the resolving power of recent imaging XPS instruments., Surface and Interface Analysis, 54 (4), ISSN:0142-2421, ISSN:1096-9918
Published: 2022

7. The ultrathin limit of improper ferroelectricity

Author: Nordlander, J., Campanini, M., Rossell, M. D., Erni, R., Meier, Q. N., Cano, A., Spaldin, N. A., Fiebig, M., Trassin, M., Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EMPA), Théorie de la Matière Condensée (TMC ), Institut Néel (NEEL), and Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])
Subjects: Ferroelectrics and multiferroics, Science, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], lcsh:Q, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], lcsh:Science, Condensed-matter physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Article
Abstract: The secondary nature of polarization in improper ferroelectrics promotes functional properties beyond those of conventional ferroelectrics. In technologically relevant ultrathin films, however, the improper ferroelectric behavior remains largely unexplored. Here, we probe the emergence of the coupled improper polarization and primary distortive order parameter in thin films of hexagonal YMnO3. Combining state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques separately addressing the improper ferroelectric state and its distortive driving force, we reveal a pronounced thickness dependence of the improper polarization, which we show to originate from the strong modification of the primary order at epitaxial interfaces. Nanoscale confinement effects on the primary order parameter reduce the temperature of the phase transition, which we exploit to visualize its order-disorder character with atomic resolution. Our results advance the understanding of the evolution of improper ferroelectricity within the confinement of ultrathin films, which is essential for their successful implementation in nanoscale applications., Nature Communications, 10, ISSN:2041-1723
Published: 2019

8. Interplay of voltage control of magnetic anisotropy, spin transfer torque, and heat in the spin-orbit torque switching in three-terminal magnetic tunnel junctions

Author: Viola Krizakova, Gouri Sankar Kar, Pietro Gambardella, Giacomo Sala, Sebastien Couet, Kevin Garello, Eva Grimaldi, Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), SPINtronique et TEchnologie des Composants (SPINTEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), IMEC (IMEC), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant No. 200020-172775), Swiss Government Excellence Scholarship (ESKAS-Nr.2018.0056), and ETH Zurich (Career Seed Grant SEED-1416-2)
Subjects: Physics, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Condensed matter physics, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Spin-transfer torque, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Pulse duration, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Pulse (physics), Magnetic anisotropy, Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall), 0103 physical sciences, Torque, Electrical measurements, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, Energy (signal processing), Voltage
Abstract: International audience; We use three-terminal magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) designed for field-free switching by spin-orbit torques (SOTs) to systematically study the impact of dual voltage pulses on the switching performance. We show that the concurrent action of an SOT pulse and an MTJ bias pulse allows for reducing the critical switching energy below the level typical of spin-transfer-torque while preserving the ability to switch the MTJ on the subnanosecond time scale. By performing dc and real-time electrical measurements, we discriminate and quantify three effects arising from the MTJ bias: the voltage-controlled change of theperpendicular magnetic anisotropy, current-induced heating, and the spin-transfer torque. The experimental results are supported by micromagnetic modeling. We observe that, depending on the pulse duration and the MTJ diameter, different effects take a lead in assisting the SOTs in the magnetization-reversal process. Finally, we present a compact model that allows for evaluating the impact of each effect due to the MTJ bias on the critical switching parameters. Our results provide input to optimize the switching of three-terminal devices as a function of time, size, and material parameters
Published: 2021

9. Publishing Science in Tribology: The Past, Present and Future of Tribology Letters

Author: Ashlie Martini, David L. Burris, Nicholas D. Spencer, Juliette Cayer-Barrioz, University of California [Merced], University of California, University of Delaware [Newark], Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes (LTDS), École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Saint Etienne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratory of Surface Science and Technology [ETH Zürich], Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)
Subjects: Tribology, Materials science, Scope (project management), business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Surfaces and Interfaces, Tribology Letters, Tribology Publishing, Breakthroughs in Tribology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, 020303 mechanical engineering & transports, 0203 mechanical engineering, Mechanics of Materials, Publishing, TRIPS architecture, Engineering ethics, Post office, Scientific publishing, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: The last 25 years have seen immense changes, both in the world generally and in scientific publishing. It is now hard to imagine that our original editorial responsibilities included managing filing cabinets full of manuscripts and making frequent trips to the post office! In this first Invited Viewpoint, we have invited ourselves to highlight some of the key breakthroughs that have been made on topics that are within the scope of Tribology Letters, i.e., breakthroughs in the science of tribology. We also bring your attention to some unique, existing features of the journal, as well as new ways in which Tribology Letters will be more functional for you in the future. Finally, we share our views on publishing tribology research more generally, with the aim of encouraging publication decisions that benefit the tribology community as a whole., Tribology Letters, 69 (2), ISSN:1023-8883, ISSN:1573-2711
Published: 2021

10. Ferroelectric negative capacitance

Author: Pavlo Zubko, Jorge Íñiguez, Andres Cano, Igor A. Luk'yanchuk, Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, University College of London [London] (UCL), Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée - UR UPJV 2081 (LPMC), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Théorie de la Matière Condensée (TMC ), Institut Néel (NEEL), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)
Subjects: Materials science, Physics [G04] [Physical, chemical, mathematical & earth Sciences], 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Capacitance, law.invention, Biomaterials, law, Materials Chemistry, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Electronic circuit, [PHYS]Physics [physics], business.industry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Ferroelectricity, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Capacitor, Physique [G04] [Physique, chimie, mathématiques & sciences de la terre], [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Optoelectronics, Transient (oscillation), 0210 nano-technology, business, Voltage drop, Energy (miscellaneous), Negative impedance converter, Voltage
Abstract: The capacitor is a key element of electronic devices and is characterized by positive capacitance. However, a negative capacitance (NC) behaviour may occur in certain cases and implies a local voltage drop opposed to the overall applied bias. Therefore, a local NC response results in voltage enhancement across the rest of the circuit. Within a suitably designed heterostructure, ferroelectrics display such an NC effect, and various ferroelectric-based microelectronic and nanoelectronic devices have been developed, showing improved performance attributed to NC. However, the exact physical nature of the NC response and direct experimental evidence remain elusive or controversial thus far. In this Review, we discuss the physical mechanisms responsible for ferroelectric NC, tackling static and transient NC responses. We examine ferroelectric responses to voltage and charge, as well as ferroelectric switching, and discuss proof-of-concept experiments and possibilities for device implementation. Finally, we highlight different approaches for the optimization of the intrinsic NC response to maximize voltage amplification. Ferroelectrics-based materials can display a negative capacitance (NC) effect, providing an opportunity to implement NC in electronic circuits to improve their performance. In this Review, the authors discuss static and transient NC responses in ferroelectrics and highlight proof-of-concept experiments and possibilities for device implementation.
Published: 2019

11. Interconversion of multiferroic domains and domain walls

Author: Manfred Fiebig, E. Hassanpour, Yoshinori Tokura, Andres Cano, Amadé Bortis, Lukas Kuerten, Yannik Zemp, Mads C. Weber, Yasujiro Taguchi, Yusuke Tokunaga, Th. Lottermoser, Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), RIKEN [Wako, Japan], Théorie de la Matière Condensée (TMC), Institut Néel (NEEL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), and Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)
Subjects: Science, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Domain (software engineering), Topological defect, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, Antiferromagnetism, Multiferroics, 010306 general physics, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Multidisciplinary, Condensed matter physics, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Ferroelectricity, Order (biology), Ferromagnetism, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Systems with long-range order like ferromagnetism or ferroelectricity exhibit uniform, yet differently oriented three-dimensional regions called domains that are separated by two-dimensional topological defects termed domain walls. A change of the ordered state across a domain wall can lead to local non-bulk physical properties such as enhanced conductance or the promotion of unusual phases. Although highly desirable, controlled transfer of these properties between the bulk and the spatially confined walls is usually not possible. Here, we demonstrate this crossover by confining multiferroic Dy0.7Tb0.3FeO3 domains into multiferroic domain walls at an identified location within a non-multiferroic environment. This process is fully reversible; an applied magnetic or electric field controls the transformation. Aside from expanding the concept of multiferroic order, such interconversion can be key to addressing antiferromagnetic domain structures and topological singularities., Nature Communications, 12 (1), ISSN:2041-1723
Published: 2021

12. Solidification of Metallic Alloys: Does the Structure of the Liquid Matter?

Author: Güven Kurtuldu, Michel Rappaz, Philippe Jarry, Julien Zollinger, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Constellium Technology Center (C-TEC), Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), and Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, Field (physics), Icosahedral symmetry, Diffusion, nucleation, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Nucleation, Thermodynamics, approximant, 02 engineering and technology, precipitation, 01 natural sciences, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, quasi-crystal, dendrite growth, Phase (matter), Metastability, 0103 physical sciences, phase, 021102 mining & metallurgy, short-range order, 010302 applied physics, Metallurgy, Metals and Alloys, Quasicrystal, Condensed Matter Physics, Metallic alloy, al, Mechanics of Materials, cr
Abstract: International audience; In 1952, Frank (Proc R Soc Lond Ser-Math Phys Sci 215:43-46, 1952) already postulated that Icosahedral Short Range Order (ISRO) of atoms in the liquid could possibly explain the large nucleation undercoolings measured in metallic alloys by Turnbull and Fisher (J Chem Phys 17:71-73, 1949). About thirty years later, this conjecture was proven to be key for the understanding of Quasicrystals (QC) formation (Shechtman et al. in Phys Rev Lett 53:20, 1951-3, 1984). More recently, it has been found that a few tens to thousand ppm of solute elements in Al-base and Au-base alloys can influence the nucleation and growth of the primary fcc phase via mechanisms involving ISRO and QC formation. ISRO has also been found to limit the mobility, and thus diffusion, of atoms in the liquid. This can lead to out-of-equilibrium conditions, e.g., the formation of metastable phases or supersaturated solid solution, at reduced velocity compared to alloys where ISRO is not predominantly present. Finally, there are several experimental evidences that ISRO is also responsible for twinned dendrites formation in Al alloys. The present contribution summarizes these recent findings and points out the implications that these might have in the field of solidification and additive manufacturing.
Published: 2020

13. Guided transition waves in multistable mechanical metamaterials

Author: Lishuai Jin, Dennis M. Kochmann, Ahmad Rafsanjani, Jochen Mueller, Vincent Tournat, Katia Bertoldi, Romik Khajehtourian, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), Harvard University [Cambridge], Tianjin University (TJU), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering [Zürich] (D-MAVT), Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering [Harvard University], Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Mans (LAUM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Le Mans Université (UM), Kavli Institute for Bionano Science & Technology [Harvard University] (KIBST), Graduate Aerospace Laboratories of the California Institute of Technology (GALCIT), and California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)
Subjects: Phase transition, phase transformation, Bistability, Soft robotics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 02 engineering and technology, Mechanical metamaterial, Multistability, Structure, Phase transformation, Nonlinear dynamics, 01 natural sciences, nonlinear dynamics, [NLIN.NLIN-PS]Nonlinear Sciences [physics]/Pattern Formation and Solitons [nlin.PS], multistability, 0103 physical sciences, structure, 010306 general physics, Physics, Multidisciplinary, Metamaterial, [SPI.MECA.VIBR]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Vibrations [physics.class-ph], 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, mechanical metamaterial, [PHYS.MECA.ACOU]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Acoustics [physics.class-ph], Morphing, Nonlinear system, Classical mechanics, Physical Sciences, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: International audience; Transition fronts, moving through solids and fluids in the form of propagating domain or phase boundaries, have recently been mimicked at the structural level in bistable architectures. What has been limited to simple one-dimensional (1D) examples is here cast into a blueprint for higher dimensions, demonstrated through 2D experiments and described by a continuum mechanical model that draws inspiration from phase transition theory in crystalline solids. Unlike materials, the presented structural analogs admit precise control of the transition wave’s direction, shape, and velocity through spatially tailoring the underlying periodic network architecture (locally varying the shape or stiffness of the fundamental building blocks, and exploiting interactions of transition fronts with lattice defects such as point defects and free surfaces). The outcome is a predictable and programmable strongly nonlinear metamaterial motion with potential for, for example, propulsion in soft robotics, morphing surfaces, reconfigurable devices, mechanical logic, and controlled energy absorption.
Published: 2020

14. Measurement of 12C Fragmentation Cross Sections on C, O, and H in the Energy Range of Interest for Particle Therapy Applications

Author: E. Spiriti, P. Cerello, G. De Lellis, Alberto Mengarelli, Angelo Schiavi, M. Francesconi, Nicola Belcari, L. Scavarda, E. Iarocci, F. Ferroni, C. La Tessa, Sandro Tomassini, Cristian Massimi, Giancarlo Sportelli, R. Ridolfi, Nadia Pastrone, A. Embriaco, P. Carra, M. Pullia, G. Silvestre, Silvia Muraro, Giacomo Traini, M. Marafini, M. Emde, S. Colombi, E. Catanzani, G. Ambrosi, A. Di Crescenzo, C. Sanelli, Francesco Tommasino, Francesco Pennazio, Y. Dong, Leonello Servoli, R. Mirabelli, M. Rovituso, Alberto Clozza, S. Savazzi, C. Schuy, Alessio Sarti, A. Del Guerra, Luca Galli, C. Finck, Matteo Franchini, E. Fiandrini, A. Alexandrov, S. M. Valle, M. Ionica, R. Hetzel, Sebastian Hild, Silvia Biondi, Giuseppe Battistoni, Esther Ciarrocchi, Valeria Rosso, Mario Sitta, Maria Cristina Montesi, R. Faccini, A. Stahl, Antonio Zoccoli, V. Lante, Elisa Fiorina, M. Vanstalle, Vincenzo Patera, A. Secher, A. Sciubba, M. Fischetti, M. De Simoni, E. Scifoni, N. Bartosik, Graziano Bruni, Luciano Ramello, M. Selvi, Stefano Argiro, M. C. Morone, A. C. Kraan, Niccolò Camarlinghi, Mauro Villa, L. Alunni Solestizi, K. Kanxheri, Ilaria Mattei, Matteo Morrocchi, V. Gentile, Veronica Ferrero, Osamu Sato, Adele Lauria, M. Donetti, M. Toppi, Pisana Placidi, R. Spighi, Maria Giuseppina Bisogni, Marco Durante, G. Sartorelli, Ulrich Weber, Alessandro Pastore, T. Valeri, E. Lopez Torres, L. Narici, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia (INFN, Sezione di Perugia), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Politecnico di Torino = Polytechnic of Turin (Polito), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare [Pisa] (INFN), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée (DAPNIA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Département Recherches Subatomiques (DRS-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi di Ferrara (UniFE), Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Biophysics Department [Darmstadt], Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research (GSI), Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna (INFN, Sezione di Bologna), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), University of York [York, UK], Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Dipartimento di Energetica, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, Italy, Mattei, I., Bisogni, M. G., Bruni, G., Camarlinghi, N., Carra, P., Catanzani, E., Ciarrocchi, E., Cerello, P., Clozza, A., Colombi, S., De Lellis, G., Alexandrov, A., Del Guerra, A., De Simoni, M., Di Crescenzo, A., Donetti, M., Dong, Y., Durante, M., Embriaco, A., Emde, M., Faccini, R., Ferrero, V., Alunni Solestizi, L., Ferroni, F., Fiandrini, E., Finck, C., Fiorina, E., Fischetti, M., Francesconi, M., Franchini, M., Galli, L., Gentile, V., Hetzel, R., Ambrosi, G., Hild, S., Iarocci, E., Ionica, M., Kanxheri, K., Kraan, A. C., Lante, V., Lauria, A., La Tessa, C., Lopez Torres, E., Massimi, C., Argiro, S., Marafini, M., Mengarelli, A., Mirabelli, R., Montesi, M. C., Morone, M. C., Morrocchi, M., Muraro, S., Narici, L., Pastore, A., Pastrone, N., Bartosik, N., Patera, V., Pennazio, F., Placidi, P., Pullia, M., Ramello, L., Ridolfi, R., Rosso, V., Rovituso, M., Sanelli, C., Sartorelli, G., Battistoni, G., Sato, O., Savazzi, S., Scavarda, L., Schiavi, A., Schuy, C., Scifoni, E., Sciubba, A., Secher, A., Selvi, M., Servoli, L., Belcari, N., Silvestre, G., Sitta, M., Spighi, R., Spiriti, E., Sportelli, G., Stahl, A., Tomassini, S., Tommasino, F., Traini, G., Toppi, M., Biondi, S., Valeri, T., Valle, S. M., Vanstalle, M., Villa, M., Weber, U., Zoccoli, A., Sarti, A., Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Ferrara = University of Ferrara (UniFE), Dipartimento di Fisica [Bologna], Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), and Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA)
Subjects: Materials science, Proton, Radiation therapy clinical/preclinical evaluation/application studies, Analytical chemistry, Scintillator, scintillators radiation detector, Kinetic energy, 01 natural sciences, Particle identification, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Radiation therapy studie, 0103 physical sciences, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Range (particle radiation), Settore FIS/04, scintillators radiation detectors for medical applications, Settore FIS/07, Center (category theory), therapy imaging clinical/preclinical evaluation/application studies, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Charged particle, Deuterium, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-MED-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Medical Physics [physics.med-ph], therapy imaging
Abstract: In a carbon ion treatment the nuclear fragmentationof both target and beam projectiles impacts on the dose releasedon the tumor and on the surrounding healthy tissues. Carbon ionfragmentation occurring inside the patient body has to be stud-ied in order to take into account this contribution. These dataare also important for the development of the range monitoringtechniques with charged particles. The production of chargedfragments generated by carbon ion beams of 115-353 MeV/ukinetic energy impinging on carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen tar-gets has been measured at the CNAO particle therapy center(Pavia, Italy). The use of thin targets of graphite (C), PMMA(C2O5H8) and polyvinyl-toluene [plastic scintillator (PS), CbHa]allowed to measure fragments production cross sections, exploit-ing a time-of-flight (ToF) technique. PS detectors have been usedto perform the ToF measurements, while LYSO crystals havebeen used for the deposited energy measurement and to performparticle identification. Cross sections have been measured at 90◦and 60◦with respect to the beam direction. The measured pro-ton, deuteron, and triton differential production cross sectionson C, O, and H, obtained exploiting the target subtraction strat-egy, are presented here as a function of the fragment kineticenergy.
Published: 2020

15. Electrostatic potential mapping at ferroelectric domain walls by low-temperature photoemission electron microscopy

Author: Claus M. Schneider, Dennis Meier, Jakob Schaab, Konstantin Shapovalov, Edith Bourret, Mario Hentschel, Zewu Yan, Johanna Hackl, Muhammad Imtiaz Khan, Slavomír Nemšák, Peggy Schoenherr, Andres Cano, Massimiliano Stengel, Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Forschungszentrum Jülich Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich Peter Grünberg Institute, Universität Stuttgart [Stuttgart], Department of Physics [ETH Zürich] (D-PHYS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Théorie de la Matière Condensée (TMC ), Institut Néel (NEEL), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim] (NTNU), and Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
Subjects: Image formation, Technology, Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Electrostatic force microscope, FOS: Physical sciences, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Molecular physics, Scanning probe microscopy, Engineering, 0103 physical sciences, Image resolution, Nanoscopic scale, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Applied Physics, 010302 applied physics, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Ferroelectricity, cond-mat.mtrl-sci, Photoemission electron microscopy, Physical Sciences, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Electric potential, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Low-temperature X-ray photoemission electron microscopy (X-PEEM) is used to measure the electric potential at domain walls in improper ferroelectric Er0.99Ca0.01MnO3. By combining X-PEEM with scanning probe microscopy and theory, we develop a model that relates the detected X-PEEM contrast to the emergence of uncompensated bound charges, explaining the image formation based on intrinsic electronic domain-wall properties. In contrast to previously applied low-temperature electrostatic force microscopy (EFM), X-PEEM readily distinguishes between positive and negative bound charges at domain walls. Our study introduces an X-PEEM based approach for low-temperature electrostatic potential mapping, facilitating nanoscale spatial resolution and data acquisition times in the order of 0.1-1 sec., Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures
Published: 2020
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16. Ultrathin regime growth of atomically flat multiferroic gallium ferrite films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

Author: Suvidyakumar Homkar, François Roulland, Manfred Fiebig, Marc Lenertz, Sophie Barre, Daniele Preziosi, Xavier Devaux, Nathalie Viart, G. Versini, Corinne Bouillet, Morgan Trassin, Geneviève Pourroy, Johanna Nordlander, Christophe Lefevre, Cédric Leuvrey, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), DEVAUX, XAVIER, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), and Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Spintronics, Condensed matter physics, Condensed Matter::Other, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS] Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Condensed Matter::Materials Science, chemistry.chemical_compound, Magnetization, chemistry, Ferrimagnetism, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Spin Hall effect, Antiferromagnetism, Ferrite (magnet), General Materials Science, Gallium, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, Bismuth ferrite
Abstract: Physical Review Materials, 3 (12), ISSN:2475-9953
Published: 2019

17. Field-induced double spin spiral in a frustrated chiral magnet

Author: Mahesh Ramakrishnan, Evan Constable, Andres Cano, Maxim Mostovoy, Jonathan S. White, Namrata Gurung, Enrico Schierle, Sophie de Brion, Claire V. Colin, Frederic Gay, Pascal Lejay, Eric Ressouche, Eugen Weschke, Valerio Scagnoli, Rafik Ballou, Virginie Simonet, Urs Staub, Theory of Condensed Matter, Solid State Materials for Electronics, The Swiss Light Source (SLS) (SLS-PSI), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Magnétisme et Supraconductivité (NEEL - MagSup), Institut Néel (NEEL), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Théorie de la Matière Condensée (NEEL - TMC), Zernike Institute of Advanced Materials, University of Groningen [Groningen], Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Helmoltz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (GmbH), Matériaux, Rayonnements, Structure (NEEL - MRS), Automatisation & caractérisation (NEEL - AUTOCARAC), Croissance Cristalline et MicroAnalyse (NEEL - C2MA), Magnétisme et Diffusion Neutronique (MDN), Modélisation et Exploration des Matériaux (MEM), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Magnétisme et Supraconductivité (MagSup ), Théorie de la Matière Condensée (TMC ), Matériaux, Rayonnements, Structure (MRS), Automatisation et Caractérisation (AUTOCARAC ), Cristaux Massifs (CrisMass), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons, Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el), MIXED-STATE, lcsh:TA401-492, FOS: Physical sciences, lcsh:Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, PHASE-TRANSITIONS, [PHYS.COND.CM-SCE]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Strongly Correlated Electrons [cond-mat.str-el], lcsh:Atomic physics. Constitution and properties of matter, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, lcsh:QC170-197
Abstract: Magnetic ground states with peculiar spin textures, such as magnetic skyrmions and multifunctional domains are of enormous interest for the fundamental physics governing their origin as well as potential applications in emerging technologies. Of particular interest are multiferroics, where sophisticated interactions between electric and magnetic phenomena can be used to tailor several functionalities. We report the direct observation of a magnetic field induced long-wavelength spin spiral modulation in the chiral compound Ba3TaFe3Si2O14, which emerges out of a helical ground state, and is hallmarked by the onset of a unique chirality-dependent contribution to the bulk electric polarization. The periodicity of the field-induced modulation, several hundreds of nm depending on the field value, is comparable to the length scales of mesoscopic topological defects such as skyrmions, merons, and solitons. The phase transition and observed threshold behavior are consistent with a phenomenology based on the allowed Lifshitz invariants for the chiral symmetry of langasite, which intriguingly contain all the essential ingredients for the realization of topologically stable antiferromagnetic skyrmions. Our findings open up new directions to explore topological correlations of antiferromagnetic spintronic systems based on non-collinear magnetic systems with additional ferroic functionalities., npj Quantum Materials, 4 (1), ISSN:2397-4648
Published: 2019

18. Study of the velocity plateau of Dzyaloshinskii domain walls

Author: André Thiaville, Nicolas Rougemaille, Stefania Pizzini, Viola Krizakova, Dayane de Souza Chaves, Jan Vogel, J. Peña Garcia, Institut Néel (NEEL), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes [2020-....] (UGA [2020-....])-Université Grenoble Alpes [2020-....] (UGA [2020-....])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Solides (LPS), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Micro et NanoMagnétisme (MNM ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)
Subjects: Physics, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Condensed matter physics, Field (physics), FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, STRIPS, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Plateau (mathematics), 01 natural sciences, Magnetic field, law.invention, Magnetic anisotropy, Domain wall (magnetism), law, [PHYS.COND.CM-GEN]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Other [cond-mat.other], Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall), 0103 physical sciences, Domain (ring theory), [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, Spontaneous magnetization
Abstract: We study field-driven domain wall (DW) velocities in asymmetric multilayer stacks with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI), both experimentally and by micromagnetic simulations. Using magneto-optical Kerr microscopy under intense and nanoseconds-long fields, we show that DWs in these films propagate at velocities up to hundreds of m/s and that, instead of the expected decrease of velocity after the Walker field, a long plateau with constant velocity is observed, before breakdown. Both the maximum speed and the field extent of the velocity plateau strongly depend on the values of the spontaneous magnetization and the DMI strength, as well as on the magnetic anisotropy. Micromagnetic simulations reproduce these features in sufficiently wide strips, even for perfect samples. A physical model explaining the microscopic origin of the velocity plateau is proposed., 10 pages, 9 figures
Published: 2019

19. The Bright X‐Ray Stimulated Luminescence of HfO 2 Nanocrystals Activated by Ti Ions

Author: Bodo Hattendorf, Christophe Dujardin, Mauro Fasoli, F. Moretti, I Villa, Antonella Rossi, Alessandro Lauria, Markus Niederberger, Anna Vedda, Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali = Department of Materials Science [Milano-Bicocca], Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), Institut Lumière Matière [Villeurbanne] (ILM), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universita degli Studi di Cagliari [Cagliari], Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry [ETH Zürich] (LAC), Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences [ETH Zürich] (D-CHAB), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Villa, I, Moretti, F, Fasoli, M, Rossi, A, Hattendorf, B, Dujardin, C, Niederberger, M, Vedda, A, and Lauria, A
Subjects: Materials science, Radioluminescence efficiency, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, Photochemistry, 01 natural sciences, Ion, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Scintillation, Decay time, Titanium, [PHYS]Physics [physics], X-ray, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Hafnium oxide nanoparticles, 0104 chemical sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE, Nanocrystal, chemistry, 0210 nano-technology, Luminescence, hafnium oxide nanoparticle
Abstract: International audience; The recent trends in scintillator technologies stimulate research efforts toward the development of novel materials morphologies, such as nanoparticles, able to efficiently convert ionizing radiations into light. For example, scintillating nanoparticles attract great interest in medical oncological therapies. In this work, the structural and morphological properties of HfO2:Ti nanoparticles with Ti concentrations from 0.03 to 10 mol% and subjected to calcination up to 1000 °C are thoroughly characterized; moreover, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals the incorporation of Ti in both Ti (III) and Ti (IV) chemical states in as prepared samples, while the exclusive presence of Ti(IV) is unambiguously identified in calcined nanoparticles. The optical emission under X‐ray excitation evidences an intense Ti (IV)‐related luminescence at 2.5 eV in high temperature calcined samples with a few microseconds scintillation lifetime, and efficiency comparable to that of Bi4Ge3O12 reference scintillator. Finally, the competitive role of defects in charge carriers capture is demonstrated by the monotonic increase of the 2.5 eV band during prolonged X‐ray irradiation, more evident for nanoparticles with titanium concentration below 1 mol%. HfO2:Ti may also find application in X‐ray triggered oncological therapies by using the Ti (IV)‐related bright radioluminescence to excite photosensitizer molecules for singlet oxygen generation.
Published: 2019

20. Observation of Uncompensated Bound Charges at Improper Ferroelectric Domain Walls

Author: Jakob Schaab, Konstantin Shapovalov, Edith Bourret, Dennis Meier, Andres Cano, Peggy Schoenherr, Zewu Yan, Manfred Fiebig, Mario Hentschel, Massimiliano Stengel, Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics [ETH Zürich] (D-PHYS), Materials Science Division [LBNL Berkeley], Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), University of Stuttgart, Théorie de la Matière Condensée (TMC ), Institut Néel (NEEL), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim] (NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), the SNF (Proposal No. 200021 149192), the NTNU Onsager Fellowship Program and NTNU Outstanding Academic Fellows Program, the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division under Contract No. DE-AC02-05-CH11231 within the Quantum Materials Program no. KC2202, the French Government 'Investments for the Future' Program, University of Bordeaux Initiative of Excellence (IDEX Bordeaux), the support of the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement No. 724529), of Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO-Spain) through Grants No. MAT2016-77100-C2-2-P and No. SEV-2015-0496, and of Generalitat de Catalunya (Grant No. 2017 SGR1506)., and ANR-10-IDEX-0003,IDEX BORDEAUX,Initiative d'excellence de l'Université de Bordeaux(2010)
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], Electrostatic force microscopy, Domain walls, Improper ferroelectric, Cryogenic temperatures, Hexagonal manganites, Materials science, Condensed matter physics, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrostatic force microscope, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Ferroelectricity, Semiconductor, visual_art, Electronic component, visual_art.visual_art_medium, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], General Materials Science, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: Low-temperature electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) is used to probe unconventional domain walls in the improper ferroelectric semiconductor Er0.99Ca0.01MnO3 down to cryogenic temperatures. The low-temperature EFM maps reveal pronounced electric far fields generated by partially uncompensated domain-wall bound charges. Positively and negatively charged walls display qualitatively different fields as a function of temperature, which we explain based on different screening mechanisms and the corresponding relaxation time of the mobile carriers. Our results demonstrate domain walls in improper ferroelectrics as a unique example of natural interfaces that are stable against the emergence of electrically uncompensated bound charges. The outstanding robustness of improper ferroelectric domain walls in conjunction with their electronic versatility brings us an important step closer to the development of durable and ultrasmall electronic components for next-generation nanotechnology.
Published: 2019
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21. Structure elucidation of a zeolite with multi-dimensional disorder by combining HRTEM and XRPD analyses

Author: Magdalena O. Cichocka, Stef Smeets, Nicolas Bats, Yannick Lorgouilloux, Lynne B. McCusker, Jean-Louis Paillaud, Philippe Caullet, Xiaodong Zou, Stockholm University, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC), Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA)), Institut Français du Pétrole, Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)
Subjects: Materials science, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 010403 inorganic & nuclear chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, 0104 chemical sciences, Inorganic Chemistry, Crystallography, Structural Biology, Multi dimensional, [CHIM.CRIS]Chemical Sciences/Cristallography, General Materials Science, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 0210 nano-technology, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Zeolite, Powder diffraction, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2018

22. Radio-luminescence spectral features and fast emission in hafnium dioxide nanocrystals

Author: Christophe Dujardin, Markus Niederberger, Anna Vedda, I Villa, Alessandro Lauria, F. Moretti, Mauro Fasoli, Villa, I, Lauria, A, Moretti, F, Fasoli, M, Dujardin, C, Niederberger, M, Vedda, A, Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali = Department of Materials Science [Milano-Bicocca], Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut Lumière Matière [Villeurbanne] (ILM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Molecular physics, Crystal, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], radioluminescence, decay time, Impurity, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Irradiation, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Hafnium dioxide, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Scintillation, Nanosecond, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, scintillator, FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE, chemistry, hafnia, 0210 nano-technology, Luminescence, Excitation
Abstract: International audience; In this work, we investigate the optical properties of hafnium dioxide nanocrystals, upon X-ray irradiation, looking for spectral evolution following thermal treatments in air up to 1000 °C that modify the crystal size as well as their point defect concentrations. Radio-luminescence measurements from 10 K up to room temperature reveal a rich and evolving picture of the optical features. A complete spectral analysis of the broad luminescence spectra reveals the presence of several emission components in the visible and UV regions. The lower energy components peaking at 2.1, 2.5, and 2.9 eV are characterized by a thermal quenching energy of 0.08 eV, while the corresponding value for the UV bands at 4.1 and 4.7 eV is close to 0.23 eV. We tentatively assign the components ranging from 2 to 3 eV to the presence of optically active defects of an intrinsic nature, together with the occurrence of titanium impurities; conversely, the bands at higher energies are likely to be of an excitonic nature. The comparison with previous photo-luminescence studies allows evidencing characteristic differences between the features of luminescence emissions caused by intra-centre excitation and those occurring under ionizing irradiation. Finally, scintillation measurements in the visible range reveal the existence of a fast decay in the nanosecond time scale for the smallest hafnia nanocrystals. This study offers a clear description of HfO2 luminescence characteristics upon excitation by X-rays and can lead to a better comprehension of the structure–property relationship at the nanoscale in metal oxides.
Published: 2018

23. Frequency dependent polarisation switching in h-ErMnO3

Author: Manfred Fiebig, Ziyu Li, Dennis Meier, Julia Glaum, Edith Bourret, Stephan Krohns, Alexander Ruff, Jakob Schaab, Zewu Yan, Andres Cano, Alois Loidl, University of Augsburg [Augsburg], Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Théorie de la Matière Condensée (TMC ), Institut Néel (NEEL), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Department of Physics [ETH Zürich] (D-PHYS), Materials Science Division [LBNL Berkeley], Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Department of Materials Science and Engineering [Trondheim] (IMA NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim] (NTNU), and Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
Subjects: Technology, Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Dielectric, 01 natural sciences, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Engineering, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, Multiferroics, ddc:530, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], 010306 general physics, Spectroscopy, Saturation (magnetic), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Applied Physics, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Condensed matter physics, business.industry, Poling, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Ferroelectricity, Semiconductor, Physical Sciences, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: We report an electric-field poling study of the geometrically-driven improper ferroelectric h-ErMnO3. From a detailed dielectric analysis, we deduce the temperature and the frequency dependent range for which single-crystalline h-ErMnO3 exhibits purely intrinsic dielectric behaviour, i.e., free from the extrinsic so-called Maxwell-Wagner polarisations that arise, for example, from surface barrier layers. In this regime, ferroelectric hysteresis loops as a function of frequency, temperature, and applied electric fields are measured, revealing the theoretically predicted saturation polarisation on the order of 5–6 μC/cm2. Special emphasis is put on frequency dependent polarisation switching, which is explained in terms of domain-wall movement similar to proper ferroelectrics. Controlling the domain walls via electric fields brings us an important step closer to their utilization in domain-wall-based electronics., Applied Physics Letters, 112 (18), ISSN:0003-6951, ISSN:1077-3118
Published: 2018

24. Electrical half-wave rectification at ferroelectric domain walls

Author: Sandra H. Skjærvø, Stephan Krohns, Dennis Meier, Martin Lilienblum, Manfred Fiebig, Edith Bourret, David A. Muller, Zewu Yan, Sverre Magnus Selbach, Megan E. Holtz, Jakob Schaab, Andres Cano, Xiaoyu Dai, Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim] (NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), University of Augsburg [Augsburg], School of Applied and Engineering physics [Ithaca] (AEP Cornell), Cornell University [New York], Théorie de la Matière Condensée (TMC ), Institut Néel (NEEL), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Department of Physics [ETH Zürich] (D-PHYS), Materials Science Division [LBNL Berkeley], and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL)
Subjects: Materials science, Biomedical Engineering, FOS: Physical sciences, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Rectification, law, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, ddc:530, Electronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], 010306 general physics, Electrical conductor, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Diode, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Condensed Matter - Materials Science, business.industry, Transistor, Direct current, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Ferroelectricity, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: Domain walls in ferroelectric semiconductors show promise as multifunctional two-dimensional elements for next-generation nanotechnology. Electric fields, for example, can control the direct-current resistance and reversibly switch between insulating and conductive domain-wall states, enabling elementary electronic devices such as gates and transistors. To facilitate electrical signal processing and transformation at the domain-wall level, however, an expansion into the realm of alternating-current technology is required. Here, we demonstrate diode-like alternating-to-direct current conversion based on neutral ferroelectric domain walls in ErMnO3. By combining scanning probe and dielectric spectroscopy, we show that the rectification occurs at the tip–wall contact for frequencies at which the walls are effectively pinned. Using density functional theory, we attribute the responsible transport behaviour at the neutral walls to an accumulation of oxygen defects. The practical frequency regime and magnitude of the direct current output are controlled by the bulk conductivity, establishing electrode–wall junctions as versatile atomic-scale diodes. Electrode–domain wall junctions in ferroelectric ErMnO3 act as nanoscale diodes.
Published: 2018

25. Serial snapshot crystallography for materials science with SwissFEL

Author: Dejoie, Catherine, Smeets, Stef, Baerlocher, Christian, Tamura, Nobumichi, Pattison, Philip, Abela, Rafael, McCusker, Lynne B., Laboratory of Crystallography [ETH Zürich], Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Crystallog Lab, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), and Paul Scherrer Inst, SwissFEL, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
Subjects: Diffraction, Materials science, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, multi-microcrystal diffraction, Small unit, Atomic, Biochemistry, law.invention, Inorganic Chemistry, Particle and Plasma Physics, Structural Biology, law, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Nuclear, General Materials Science, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, lcsh:Science, serial snapshot crystallography, XFEL, Free-electron laser, Single shot, Molecular, Serial snapshot crystallography, Multi-microcrystal diffraction, Indexing, Broad-bandpass beam, General Chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, Research Papers, broad-bandpass beam, Synchrotron, Crystallography, Femtosecond, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Snapshot (computer storage), lcsh:Q, indexing, Physical Chemistry (incl. Structural)
Abstract: New opportunities for studying (sub)microcrystalline materials with small unit cells, both organic and inorganic, will open up when the X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) presently being constructed in Switzerland (SwissFEL) comes online in 2017. Our synchrotron-based experiments mimicking the 4%-energy-bandpass mode of the SwissFEL beam show that it will be possible to record a diffraction pattern of up to 10 randomly oriented crystals in a single snapshot, to index the resulting reflections, and to extract their intensities reliably. The crystals are destroyed with each XFEL pulse, but by combining snapshots from several sets of crystals, a complete set of data can be assembled, and crystal structures of materials that are difficult to analyze otherwise will become accessible. Even with a single shot, at least a partial analysis of the crystal structure will be possible, and with 10–50 femtosecond pulses, this offers tantalizing possibilities for time-resolved studies., IUCrJ, 2 (3), ISSN:2052-2525
Published: 2015

26. Complementary use of monochromatic and white-beam X-ray micro-diffraction for the investigation of ancient materials

Author: Philippe Sciau, Philippe Goudeau, Catherine Dejoie, Martin Kunz, Nobumichi Tamura, Laboratory of Crystallography [ETH Zürich], Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL SLAC), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Stanford University-Stanford University, Institut Pprime (PPRIME), Université de Poitiers-ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Poitiers, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)
Subjects: Diffraction, Materials science, Microdiffractions, Mineralogy, Cultural heritages, residual strain, High resolution transmission electron microscopy, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Mathematical Sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Engineering, Ceramic, Quartz, Laue microdiffraction, grain size, [PHYS]Physics [physics], X ray powder diffraction, Cementite, Manufacture, Geology, Nanocrystalline powders, powder microdiffraction, Nanocrystalline material, Grain size, Nanocrystals, chemistry, visual_art, Particle-size distribution, Physical Sciences, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Single crystals, Residual strains, Inorganic & Nuclear Chemistry, Carbides, Grain size and shape, Powder diffraction, cultural heritage materials, Transmission electron microscopy
Abstract: Archaeological artefacts are often heterogeneous materials where several phases coexist in a wide grain size distribution. Most of the time, retrieving structure information at the micrometre scale is of great importance for these materials. Particularly, the organization of different phases at the micrometre scale is closely related to optical or mechanical properties, manufacturing processes, functionalities in ancient times and long-term conservation. Between classic X-ray powder diffraction with a millimetre beam and transmission electron microscopy, a gap exists and structure and phase information at the micrometre scale are missing. Using a micrometre-size synchrotron X-ray beam, a hybrid approach combining both monochromatic powder micro-diffraction and Laue single-crystal micro-diffraction was deployed to obtain information from nanometre- and micrometre-size phases, respectively. Therefore providing a way to bridge the aforementioned gap, this unique methodology was applied to three different types of ancient materials that all show a strong heterogeneity. In Romanterra sigillata, the specific distribution of nanocrystalline hematite is mainly responsible for the deep-red tone of the slip, while the distribution of micrometre-size quartz in ceramic bodies reflects the change of manufacturing process between pre-sigillataand high-qualitysigillataperiods. In the second example, we investigated the modifications occurring in Neolithic and geological flints after a heating process. By separating the diffracted signal coming from the nano- and the micrometre scale, we observed a domain size increase for nanocrystalline quartz in geological flints and a relaxation of the residual strain in larger detritic quartz. Finally, through the study of a Roman iron nail, we showed that the carburation process to strengthen the steel was mainly a surface process that formed 10–20 µm size domains of single-crystal ferrite and nanocrystalline cementite.
Published: 2015
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27. ZnO/SnO2 Heterojunctions Sensors with UV-Enhanced Gas-Sensing Properties at Room Temperature

Author: Jean-Claude M’Peko, Mattia Alberto Lucchini, Luis Fernando da Silva, Sandrine Bernardini, Khalifa Aguir, Elson Longo, Markus Niederberger, Caue Ribeiro, Federal University of São Carlos [Bresil], Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, University of São Paulo (USP), Institut des Matériaux, de Microélectronique et des Nanosciences de Provence (IM2NP), Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho = São Paulo State University (UNESP), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Dept Mat, Lab Multifunct Mat, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, Universidade Federal de São Carlos [São Carlos] (UFSCar), Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, Ozone, room-temperature, heterojunction, Oxide, Nanotechnology, lcsh:A, 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, microwave-assisted synthesis, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0103 physical sciences, Oxidizing agent, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, 010302 applied physics, UV- photoactivated, business.industry, Heterojunction, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, chemistry, ZnO, Optoelectronics, chemresistors, UV-photoactivated, lcsh:General Works, 0210 nano-technology, business, Selectivity, ozone gas, SnO2
Abstract: International audience; We report herein the efficiency of microwave-assisted synthesis for obtaining ZnO/SnO2 heterostructures for room-temperature gas-sensing applications. The sensing performances of the traditional oxide materials have been found for applications above 200 °C. However, these temperatures were here reduced to room temperature by considering sensing activity photoactivated by UV light, even for ppb ozone (O3) levels. The heterojunctions exhibited a fast response, total reversibility, and selectivity to oxidizing gases, especially O3 gas. This investigation provides an efficient way to obtain heterostructures exhibiting remarkable properties for practical applications as O3 gas sensor devices.
Published: 2017

28. Disordered zeolite solved by combining electron diffraction, HRTEM and XRPD

Author: Stef Smeets, Xiaodong Zou, Jie Su, Jean-Louis Paillaud, Nicolas Bats, Lynne B. McCusker, Philippe Caullet, Brice Bellet, Magdalena O. Cichocka, Yannick Lorgouilloux, Stockholm University, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA)), Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Institut Français du Pétrole, Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)
Subjects: Materials science, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 010403 inorganic & nuclear chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, 0104 chemical sciences, Inorganic Chemistry, Crystallography, Electron diffraction, Structural Biology, [CHIM.CRIS]Chemical Sciences/Cristallography, General Materials Science, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 0210 nano-technology, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Zeolite, Powder diffraction
Abstract: International audience; Zeolites are porous materials with important industrial applications. They are synthesized and used in polycrystalline form, and have complex, sometimes disordered structures, which makes their structure characterization difficult usingconventional methods. IM-18 is a germanosilicate zeolite that was discovered more than 8 years ago, but its complexstructure has remained elusive [1]. To determine its structure, we combined rotation electron diffraction (RED) [2] with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The RED method combines discrete goniometer tilt (2.0-3.0°/step) with fine beam tilt (0.05-0.20°/step) to collect 3D ED data from a single nano-sized crystal. Although the 3D reciprocal lattice clearly showed diffuse streaks, indicating the presence of disorder, the average structure of IM-18 could be solved using direct methods. Characterization of the disorder using HRTEM proved difficult, because germanosilicates are sensitive to radiation damage. Therefore, we have developed a method for structure projection reconstruction from a through-focus series of HRTEM images acquired with a constant step of defocus changes, implemented in the program QFocus [3]. The structure projection reconstruction method is ideal for beam sensitive materials, because it allows fast data collection without the need of manually optimizing the defocus. The contrast of the reconstructed HRTEM image is greatly improved and the image can be directly interpreted in terms of structure projection. Several through-focus series of 12 HRTEM images with a defocus step of 85.3Å were taken along the b-axis of IM-18, and the structure projections were reconstructed using QFocus (Fig. 1C). By combining this information with the RED data, we were able to understand the structure and disorder of IM-18 and to refine its structure against the synchrotron XRPD data. The crystal structure of IM-18 is monoclinic (P2/m) with a = 10.509(5) Å, b = 14.943(5) Å, c = 17.774(9) Å, β = 107.29(6)° (Fig. 1A). The average structural model obtained from the RED data indicated the presence of disorder in the sample, because the double-4 rings (d4rs) are too close to each other and cannot exist simultaneously. IM-18 contains three-dimensional intersecting channels along a-, b- and c-axis defined by 8, 10, 8 vertex-sharing (Ge, Si)O4 tetrahedra, respectively. Rietveld refinement (Fig. 1B) helped to understand the average disorder in IM-18, indicating that there are two domains related by a shift of 1/2a. Further refinement revealed the location of the organic structure directing agent (OSDA) within the channel system.
Published: 2017

29. Multiferroic Quantum Criticality

Author: Nicola A. Spaldin, Alexander V. Balatsky, Awadhesh Narayan, Andres Cano, Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Théorie de la Matière Condensée (TMC ), Institut Néel (NEEL), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics (NORDITA), Materials Science and Technology Division [Los Alamos], and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)
Subjects: FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Quantum critical point, General Materials Science, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], Quantum, Scaling, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Quantum fluctuation, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Physics, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Condensed matter physics, Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el), Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), Observable, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, Criticality, Mechanics of Materials, Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas), [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Ising model, Condensed Matter - Quantum Gases, 0210 nano-technology, Phenomenology (particle physics)
Abstract: The zero-temperature limit of a continuous phase transition is marked by a quantum critical point, which can generate exotic physics that extends to elevated temperatures. Magnetic quantum criticality is now well known, and has been explored in systems ranging from heavy fermion metals to quantum Ising materials. Ferroelectric quantum critical behaviour has also been recently established, motivating a flurry of research investigating its consequences. Here, we introduce the concept of multiferroic quantum criticality, in which both magnetic and ferroelectric quantum criticality occur in the same system. We develop the phenomenology of multiferroic quantum critical behaviour, describe the associated experimental signatures, and propose material systems and schemes to realize it., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures
Published: 2017
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30. Tuning the multiferroic mechanisms of TbMnO3 by epitaxial strain

Author: Jonathan S. White, Manfred Fiebig, Michel Kenzelmann, Laurent Chapon, Christof Niedermayer, Thomas Lippert, Christof W. Schneider, K. Shimamoto, Sebastian Manz, Morgan Trassin, Saumya Mukherjee, Paul Scherrer Inst, Lab Multiscale Mat Expt, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland, Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LNS), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Paul Scherrer Inst, Lab Sci Dev & Novel Mat, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland, Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), ILL, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry [ETH Zürich] (LAC), Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences [ETH Zürich] (D-CHAB), and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)
Subjects: Ferroelectrics and multiferroics, Solid-state chemistry, Magnetic properties and materials, Surfaces, interfaces and thin films, Materials science, Neutron diffraction, FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Epitaxy, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Multiferroics, 010306 general physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Multidisciplinary, Condensed matter physics, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), Magnetostriction, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Polarization (waves), Ferroelectricity, 0210 nano-technology, Ground state
Abstract: A current challenge in the field of magnetoelectric multiferroics is to identify systems that allow a controlled tuning of states displaying distinct magnetoelectric responses. Here we show that the multiferroic ground state of the archetypal multiferroic TbMnO3 is dramatically modified by epitaxial strain. Neutron diffraction reveals that in highly strained films the magnetic order changes from the bulk-like incommensurate bc-cycloidal structure to commensurate magnetic order. Concomitant with the modification of the magnetic ground state, optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) and electric measurements show an enormous increase of the ferroelectric polarization, and a change in its direction from along the c- to the a-axis. Our results suggest that the drastic change of multiferroic properties results from a switch of the spin-current magnetoelectric coupling in bulk TbMnO3 to symmetric magnetostriction in epitaxially-strained TbMnO3. These findings experimentally demonstrate that epitaxial strain can be used to control single-phase spin-driven multiferroic states., Scientific Reports, 7, ISSN:2045-2322
Published: 2017

31. Adsorption of microgels at an oil–water interface: correlation between packing and 2D elasticity

Author: Pascal Massé, Walter Richtering, Bogdan Catargi, Véronique Schmitt, Lucio Isa, Valérie Ravaine, Florent Pinaud, Karen Geisel, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM), Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux 4-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie et de Physique de Bordeaux (ENSCPB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets (CBMN), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs des Travaux Agricoles - Bordeaux (ENITAB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratory for Interfaces, Soft Matter and Assembly [ETH Zürich], Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Centre de recherches Paul Pascal (CRPP), and Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Langmuir, Microgels, Materials science, Linear polymer, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Oil-Water interface, Elasticity, 0104 chemical sciences, Drop method, Adsorption, Chemical engineering, Surface elasticity, Polymer chemistry, Oil water, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], Elasticity (economics), 0210 nano-technology, Flow properties
Abstract: International audience; The aim of this paper is to determine how microgels adsorb at a model oil–water interface and how they adapt their conformation to compression, which gives rise to surface elasticity depending on the microgel packing. The structure of the ﬁlm is determined by the Langmuir ﬁlms approach (forced compression) and compared to spontaneous adsorption using the pendant drop method. The behaviour of microgels diﬀers signiﬁcantly from that of non-deformable particles but resembles that of linear polymers or proteins. We also correlate the properties of microgels spontaneously adsorbed at model interfaces to their forced adsorption during emulsiﬁcation. Finally we propose a route to easily control a posteriori the microgel packing at the surface of droplets and the ﬂow properties of emulsions stabilised by the microgels.
Published: 2014

32. Magnetic Properties and Magnetocaloric Effect in Gd100-xCox Thin Films

Author: M. Hamedoun, Mohamed Tadout, Charles-Henri Lambert, Abdelilah Benyoussef, Mohammed Salah El Hadri, Stéphane Mangin, M. Benaissa, Omar Mounkachi, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research (MASCIR), Laboratoire de Matière Condensée et Sciences Interdisciplinaires (LaMCScI), University of Mohammed V, Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, IMPACT N4S, and ANR-15-IDEX-0004,LUE,Isite LUE(2015)
Subjects: Materials science, General Chemical Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, universal scaling analysis, Inorganic Chemistry, Sputtering, 0103 physical sciences, Cooling power, lcsh:QD901-999, Magnetic refrigeration, General Materials Science, Thin film, [PHYS]Physics [physics], 010302 applied physics, Condensed matter physics, magnetocaloric effects (MCE), thin films, critical exponents, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 3. Good health, TheoryofComputation_MATHEMATICALLOGICANDFORMALLANGUAGES, Curie temperature, lcsh:Crystallography, 0210 nano-technology, Ferromagnetic order, Arrott plot, Critical exponent
Abstract: We investigated the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of Gd100-xCox ( x = 40 to 56) thin films fabricated by the sputtering technique. Under an applied field change &Delta, H = 20 &nbsp, kOe , the magnetic entropy change ( &Delta, S m ) decreases from 2.64 Jkg&minus, 1K&minus, 1 for x = 44 to about 1.27 Jkg&minus, 1 for x = 56. Increasing the Co concentration from x = 40 to 56 shifts the Curie temperature of Gd100-xCox ( x = 40 to 56) thin films from 180 K toward 337 K. Moreover, we extracted the values of critical parameters Tc, &beta, &gamma, and &delta, by using the modified Arrott plot methods. The results indicate the presence of a long-range ferromagnetic order. More importantly, we showed that the relative cooling power (RCP), which is a key parameter in magnetic refrigeration applications, is strongly enhanced by changing the Co concentration in the Gd100-xCox thin films. Our findings help pave the way toward the enhancement of the magnetocaloric effect in magnetic thin films.
Published: 2019

33. The effect of size on the strength of FCC metals at elevated temperatures: annealed copper

Author: Wheeler, J.M., Kirchlechner, C., Micha, J.S., Michler, J., Kiener, D., EMPA Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Thun] (EMPA), Laboratory for Nanometallurgy [ETH Zürich], Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Structure and Nano-/Micromechanics Materials Department, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, University of Leoben (MU), and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], Size effect, Copper, high temperature deformation, µ-Laue diffraction, copper, mu-Laue diffraction
Abstract: As the length scale of sample dimensions is reduced to the micron and sub-micron scales, the strength of various materials has been observed to increase with decreasing size, a fact commonly referred to as the ‘sample size effect’. In this work, the influence of temperature on the sample size effect in copper is investigated using in situ microcompression testing at 25, 200 and 400 °C in the SEM on vacuum-annealed copper structures, and the resulting deformed structures were analysed using X-ray μLaue diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. For pillars with sizes between 0.4 and 4 μm, the size effect was measured to be constant with temperature, within the measurement precision, up to half of the melting point of copper. It is expected that the size effect will remain constant with temperature until diffusion-controlled dislocation motion becomes significant at higher temperatures and/or lower strain rates. Furthermore, the annealing treatment of the copper micropillars produced structures which yielded at stresses three times greater than their un-annealed, FIB-machined counterparts., Philosophical Magazine, 96 (32-34), ISSN:1478-6443, ISSN:1941-5869
Published: 2016

34. Optimization of electronic domain-wall properties by aliovalent cation substitution

Author: Zewu Yan, Manfred Fiebig, Ramamoorthy Ramesh, Edith Bourret, Dennis Meier, Martin Lilienblum, Jakob Schaab, Andres Cano, Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Materials Science Division [LBNL Berkeley], Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Department of Materials Science and Engineering [Berkeley], SNF (Proposal No. 200021_149192), and U.S. Department of Energy and carried out at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC02–05CH11231.
Subjects: Kelvin probe force microscope, Materials science, Electrostatic force microscope, Substitution (logic), Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Conductive atomic force microscopy, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Domain wall (magnetism), 0103 physical sciences, Multiferroics, Condensed Matter::Strongly Correlated Electrons, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: International audience; Electronic domain-wall conductance is controlled by chemical aliovalent doping in the p-type semiconductor Er1-xCaxMnO3. Coexisting bound (top panel) and mobile (lower panel) charges at the walls are analyzed using electrostatic force microscopy. Emergent doping-related variations are quantified by local transport measurements and explained based on phenomenological theories.
Published: 2016

35. Ultra-fast perpendicular Spin Orbit Torque MRAM

Author: Gilles Gaudin, Claire Hamelin, Nathalie Lamard, Kevin Garello, V. V. Naletov, Ioan Mihai Miron, Juergen Langer, M. Cubukcu, Liliana D. Buda-Prejbeanu, Thomas Brächer, Olivier Klein, Berthold Ocker, Olivier Boulle, G. de Loubens, N. Mikuszeit, Pietro Gambardella, Marie-Claire Cyrille, SPINtronique et TEchnologie des Composants (SPINTEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire Nano-Magnétisme et Oxydes (LNO), Service de physique de l'état condensé (SPEC - UMR3680), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Physics [Kazan] (IoP), Kazan Federal University (KFU), and Singulus technology AG
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Magnetoresistive random-access memory, Range (particle radiation), Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Materials science, Spintronics, business.industry, Cache memory, MRAM, spin-orbit torque-MRAM (SOT-MRAM), spin transfer, spin-orbit torque, spintronics, spin transfer torque-magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM), Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Nanosecond, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Tunnel magnetoresistance, Magnetization, [PHYS.COND.CM-GEN]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Other [cond-mat.other], 0103 physical sciences, Perpendicular, Torque, Optoelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: We demonstrate ultra-fast (down to 400 ps) bipolar magnetization switching of a three-terminal perpendicular Ta/FeCoB/MgO/FeCoB magnetic tunnel junction. The critical current density rises significantly as the current pulse shortens below 10 ns, which translates into a minimum in the write energy in the ns range. Our results show that SOT-MRAM allows fast and low power write operations, which renders it promising for non-volatile cache memory applications., 15 pages, 3 figures
Published: 2015

36. Polarization control at spin-driven ferroelectric domain walls

Author: Anders Bergman, Bernd Lorenz, Andres Cano, Naëmi Leo, Narayan Poudel, Manfred Fiebig, Dennis Meier, Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Department of Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, and University of Houston
Subjects: Physics, Multidisciplinary, Condensed matter physics, business.industry, General Physics and Astronomy, Ferroics, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, General Chemistry, Electrostatics, Polarization (waves), Ferroelectricity, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Magnetic field, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Optics, Local symmetry, Electric field, Boundary value problem, business
Abstract: International audience; Unusual electronic states arise at ferroelectric domain walls due to the local symmetry reduction, strain gradients and electrostatics. This particularly applies to improper ferroelectrics, where the polarization is induced by a structural or magnetic order parameter. Because of the subordinate nature of the polarization, the rigid mechanical and electrostatic boundary conditions that constrain domain walls in proper ferroics are lifted. Here we show that spin-driven ferroelectricity promotes the emergence of charged domain walls. This provides new degrees of flexibility for controlling domain-wall charges in a deterministic and reversible process. We create and position a domain wall by an electric field in Mn0.95Co0.05WO4. With a magnetic field we then rotate the polarization and convert neutral into charged domain walls, while its magnetic properties peg the wall to its location. Using atomistic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert simulations we quantify the polarization changes across the two wall types and highlight their general occurrence.
Published: 2015

37. Spin-orbit torque driven chiral magnetization reversal in ultrathin nanostructures

Author: Olivier Boulle, N. Mikuszeit, I. M. Miron, Liliana D. Buda-Prejbeanu, Kevin Garello, Pietro Gambardella, G. Gaudin, SPINtronique et TEchnologie des Composants (SPINTEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and European Project: 318144,EC:FP7:ICT,FP7-ICT-2011-8,SPOT(2012)
Subjects: Physics, Length scale, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Nanostructure, Condensed matter physics, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Domain-wall dynamics, Nucleation, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Nanomagnet, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnetic field, Magnetization, Amplitude, Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall), 0103 physical sciences, Torque, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: International audience; We show that the spin-orbit torque induced magnetization switching in nanomagnets presenting Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DMI) interaction is governed by a chiral domain nucleation at the edges. The nucleation is induced by the DMI and the applied in-plane magnetic field followed by domain-wall propagation. Our micromagnetic simulations show that the dc switching current can be defined as the edge nucleation current, which decreases strongly with increasing amplitude of the DMI. This description allows us to build a simple analytical model to quantitatively predict the switching current. We find that domain nucleation occurs down to a lateral size of 25 nm, defined by the length scale of the DMI, beyond which the reversal mechanism approaches a macrospin behavior. The switching is deterministic and bipolar.
Published: 2015

38. Crystal Structure of an Indigo@Silicalite Hybrid Related to the Ancient Maya Blue Pigment

Author: Patrice Bordat, Eric Dooryhee, Lynne B. McCusker, Ross Brown, Catherine Dejoie, Pauline Martinetto, Florence Porcher, Nobumichi Tamura, Martin Kunz, Michel Anne, Laboratory of Crystallography [ETH Zürich], Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Matériaux, Rayonnements, Structure (MRS), Institut Néel (NEEL), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Léon Brillouin (LLB - UMR 12), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche sur l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des sciences analytiques et de physico-chimie pour l'environnement et les materiaux (IPREM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA), Matériaux, Rayonnements, Structure (NEEL - MRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut pluridisciplinaire de recherche sur l'environnement et les matériaux (IPREM), and Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], Materials science, 02 engineering and technology, Crystal structure, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Indigo, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Pigment, Crystallography, General Energy, Adsorption, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 0210 nano-technology, Ancient maya, Powder diffraction, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: The structure of the indigo@silicalite pigment, an analog of ancient Maya Blue, has been determined by combining X-ray Laue microdiffraction and powder diffraction techniques. After the adsorption ...
Published: 2014

39. Ultrafast magnetization switching by spin-orbit torques

Author: Abhijit Ghosh, Manuel Baumgartner, Ioan Mihai Miron, Pietro Gambardella, Stéphane Auffret, Olivier Boulle, Can Onur Avci, Gilles Gaudin, Kevin Garello, Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), SPINtronique et TEchnologie des Composants (SPINTEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Condensed matter physics, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Nucleation, Pulse duration, FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Magnetization, Amplitude, Ferromagnetism, [PHYS.COND.CM-GEN]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Other [cond-mat.other], 0103 physical sciences, Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall), [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Single domain, 0210 nano-technology, Ultrashort pulse, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Spin-½
Abstract: Spin-orbit torques induced by spin Hall and interfacial effects in heavy metal/ferromagnetic bilayers allow for a switching geometry based on in-plane current injection. Using this geometry, we demonstrate deterministic magnetization reversal by current pulses ranging from 180~ps to ms in Pt/Co/AlOx dots with lateral dimensions of 90~nm. We characterize the switching probability and critical current $I_c$ as function of pulse length, amplitude, and external field. Our data evidence two distinct regimes: a short-time intrinsic regime, where $I_c$ scales linearly with the inverse of the pulse length, and a long-time thermally assisted regime where $I_c$ varies weakly. Both regimes are consistent with magnetization reversal proceeding by nucleation and fast propagation of domains. We find that $I_c$ is a factor 3-4 smaller compared to a single domain model and that the incubation time is negligibly small, which is a hallmark feature of spin-orbit torques.
Published: 2014

40. Relationship between Residual Stresses and Damaging in Thermally Grown Oxide on Metals: Raman Spectroscopy and Synchrotron Micro-Diffraction Contributions

Author: Catherine Dejoie, Mathieu Guerain, Guillaume Geandier, Jean-Luc Grosseau-Poussard, Martin Kunz, Benoit Panicaud, Jean Sebastien Micha, Philippe Goudeau, Nobumichi Tamura, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur pour l'Environnement - UMR 7356 (LaSIE), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CEA Le Ripault (CEA Le Ripault), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut Pprime (PPRIME), ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Poitiers, Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Systèmes Mécaniques et d'Ingénierie Simultanée (LASMIS), Institut Charles Delaunay (ICD), Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Advanced Light Source [LBNL Berkeley] (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Laboratory of Crystallography [ETH Zürich], Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Polymères Conducteurs Ioniques (PCI), SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Structures et propriétés d'architectures moléculaire (SPRAM - UMR 5819), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Poitiers-ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, Oxide, 02 engineering and technology, Substrate (electronics), 01 natural sciences, FeCr Alloys, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, law.invention, symbols.namesake, chemistry.chemical_compound, In Plane Compressive Stresses, X-Ray Diffraction, law, Residual stress, 0103 physical sciences, Cr2O3 Oxide Layer, Thin film, Composite material, Ni-Cr Alloys, 010302 applied physics, Buckling, Delamination, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Synchrotron, Crystallography, chemistry, Macroscopic scale, symbols, Micro Raman Spectroscopy, 0210 nano-technology, Raman spectroscopy
Abstract: 13th International Ceramics Congress - Part E . Chapter 3: Ceramic Thin Films and Coatings Edited by Pietro Vincenzini; International audience; Ni-30Cr and Fe-47Cr alloys have been oxidized at 900 and 1000°C in air. The influence of the oxidation and cooling conditions on the magnitude of residual stresses present in the oxide scale as well as the existing relaxation modes are studied. A rigorous determination of the residual stresses at both macroscopic scale in the oxide film adherent to the substrate and local scale over the damaged areas allows a comparison with models describing thin film delamination. A multi-scale approach is then proposed: Residual stress levels are determined thanks to conventional x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy while mappings are done over different types of buckling using Raman micro-spectroscopy and synchrotron micro-diffraction. Additional morphological information combined to associated stress levels is injected in the mechanical laws for buckling in order to extract the interfacial toughness.
Published: 2014

41. Preface

Author: Christian Walczyk, Catherine Dubourdieu, Manfred Fiebig, Wilfrid Prellier, Mihai Adrian Ionescu, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon (INL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-École supérieure de Chimie Physique Electronique de Lyon (CPE), Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire de cristallographie et sciences des matériaux (CRISMAT), École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Innovations for High Performance Microelectronics (IHP), École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-École Supérieure de Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon (CPE)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (IRMA), Normandie Université (NU)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie (INSA Rouen Normandie), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Metals and Alloys, 02 engineering and technology, Surfaces and Interfaces, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, 0210 nano-technology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience; This Special Issue of Thin Solid Films comprises selected papers from Symposium H “Multifunctional binary and complex oxide films and nanostructures for microelectronic applications” of the E-MRS conference held in Strasbourg, 27–31 May 2013.
Published: 2014

42. Learning from the past: rare ε-Fe2O3 in the ancient black-glazed Jian (Tenmoku) wares

Author: Laure Noé, Martin Kunz, Philippe Sciau, Kai Chen, Zhi Liu, Nobumichi Tamura, Weidong Li, Catherine Dejoie, Apurva Mehta, Hongjie Luo, Laboratory of Crystallography [ETH Zürich], Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL SLAC), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Stanford University-Stanford University, University of Shanghai [Shanghai], National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), and Chinese Academy of Science (CAS)
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], Other Physical Sciences, Multidisciplinary, Colored, Polymer science, Characterization methods, Information storage, Glaze, Jian, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Biology, Article
Abstract: cited By 25; International audience; Ancient Jian wares are famous for their lustrous black glaze that exhibits unique colored patterns. Some striking examples include the brownish colored "Hare's Fur" (HF) strips and the silvery "Oil Spot" (OS) patterns. Herein, we investigated the glaze surface of HF and OS samples using a variety of characterization methods. Contrary to the commonly accepted theory, we identified the presence of ε-Fe2O3, a rare metastable polymorph of Fe2O3 with unique magnetic properties, in both HF and OS samples. We found that surface crystals of OS samples are up to several micrometers in size and exclusively made of ε-Fe2O3. Interestingly, these ε-Fe 2O3 crystals on the OS sample surface are organized in a periodic two dimensional fashion. These results shed new lights on the actual mechanisms and kinetics of polymorphous transitions of Fe2O 3. Deciphering technologies behind the fabrication of ancient Jian wares can thus potentially help researchers improve the ε-Fe 2O3 synthesis.
Published: 2014

43. Ultrafast angular momentum transfer in multisublattice ferrimagnets

Author: Eric Beaurepaire, Victor Lopez-Flores, Christine Boeglin, Michel Hehn, V. Halté, Christian Stamm, Nicolas Bergeard, Niko Pontius, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and Institut für Methoden und Instrumentierung der Forschung mit Synchrotonstrahlung, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, D-12489, Berlin
Subjects: Angular momentum, Aucun, General Physics and Astronomy, Physics::Optics, Gadolinium, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, law.invention, Magnetization, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, law, Total angular momentum quantum number, Alloys, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Anisotropy, Terbium, Physics, Multidisciplinary, Condensed matter physics, Circular Dichroism, Magnetic Phenomena, X-Rays, Demagnetizing field, General Chemistry, Cobalt, Laser, Femtosecond, Magnets, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Thermodynamics, Condensed Matter::Strongly Correlated Electrons, Crystallization, Ultrashort pulse
Abstract: Équipe 101 : Nanomagnétisme et électronique de spin; International audience; Femtosecond laser pulses can be used to induce ultrafast changes of the magnetization in magnetic materials. However, one of the unsolved questions is that of conservation of the total angular momentum during the ultrafast demagnetization. Here we report the ultrafast transfer of angular momentum during the first hundred femtoseconds in ferrimagnetic Co0.8Gd0.2 and Co0.74Tb0.26 films. Using time-resolved X-ray magnetic circular dichroism allowed for time- resolved determination of spin and orbital momenta for each element. We report an ultrafast quenching of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy and show that at early times the demagnetization in ferrimagnetic alloys is driven by the local transfer of angular momenta between the two exchange- coupled sublattices while the total angular momentum stays constant. In Co0.74Tb0.26 we have observed a transfer of the total angular momentum to an external bath, which is delayed by similar to 150 fs.
Published: 2014

44. Spin-orbit torque magnetization switching of a three-terminal perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction

Author: Juergen Langer, Pietro Gambardella, Kevin Garello, Olivier Boulle, Marc Drouard, M. Cubukcu, Ioan Mihai Miron, Berthold Ocker, Can Onur Avci, Gilles Gaudin, SPINtronique et TEchnologie des Composants (SPINTEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and Singulus technology AG
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Condensed matter physics, Magnetoresistance, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), FOS: Physical sciences, Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect, 3. Good health, Magnetic field, Magnetization, Tunnel magnetoresistance, Stack (abstract data type), Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall), Perpendicular, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Torque, Quantum tunnelling, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: We report on the current-induced magnetization switching of a three-terminal perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction by spin-orbit torque and the read-out using the tunnelling magnetoresistance (TMR) effect. The device is composed of a perpendicular Ta/FeCoB/MgO/FeCoB stack on top of a Ta current line. The magnetization of the bottom FeCoB layer can be switched reproducibly by the injection of current pulses with density $5\times10^{11}$ A/m$^2$ in the Ta layer in the presence of an in-plane bias magnetic field, leading to the full-scale change of the TMR signal. Our work demonstrates the proof of concept of a perpendicular spin-orbit torque magnetic memory cell., 17 pages, 5 figures
Published: 2014

45. Scanning X-ray strain microscopy of inhomogeneously strained Ge micro-bridges

Author: Tanja, Etzelstorfer, Süess, M. a. r. t. i. n. . J., Schiefler, G. u. s. t. a. v. . L., Jacques, Vincent L. . R., Dina, Carbone, Chrastina, Daniel, Isella, Giovanni, Ralph, Spolenak, Julian, Stangl, Hans, Sigg, Ana, Diaz, Johannes Kepler Univ Linz, Inst Semicond & Solid State Phys, A-4040 Linz, Austria, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratory for Nanometallurgy [ETH Zürich], Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), and Politecn Milan, L NESS, Dipartimento Fis, I-22100 Como, Italy
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], local probe X-ray diffraction, strain, Research Papers, X-ray diffraction
Abstract: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, 21 (1), ISSN:0909-0495, ISSN:1600-5775
Published: 2014

46. Fieldlike and antidamping spin-orbit torques in as-grown and annealed Ta/CoFeB/MgO layers

Author: Belén Ballesteros, Pietro Gambardella, Aitor Mugarza, Kevin Garello, Can Onur Avci, Eric Pellegrin, Ioan Mihai Miron, Stéphane Auffret, Olivier Boulle, Alessandro Barla, Abhijit Ghosh, Sylvie Godey, Gilles Gaudin, Corneliu Nistor, Manuel Valvidares, European Commission, Competence Centre for Materials Science and Technology (Switzerland), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), European Research Council, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), ICN2 - Institut Catala de Nanociencia i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), ALBA Synchrotron light source [Barcelone], SPINtronique et TEchnologie des Composants (SPINTEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)
Subjects: Materials science, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Condensed matter physics, Annealing (metallurgy), FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnetic anisotropy, Transmission electron microscopy, Hall effect, Electrical resistivity and conductivity, 0103 physical sciences, Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall), [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, Anisotropy, Spectroscopy, Adiabatic process, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: Under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC-BY).-- et al., We present a comprehensive study of the current-induced spin-orbit torques in perpendicularly magnetized Ta/CoFeB/MgO layers. The samples were annealed in steps up to 300 °C and characterized using x-ray-absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, resistivity, and Hall effect measurements. By performing adiabatic harmonic Hall voltage measurements, we show that the transverse (fieldlike) and longitudinal (antidampinglike) spin-orbit torques are composed of constant and magnetization-dependent contributions, both of which vary strongly with annealing. Such variations correlate with changes of the saturation magnetization and magnetic anisotropy and are assigned to chemical and structural modifications of the layers. The relative variation of the constant and anisotropic torque terms as a function of annealing temperature is opposite for the fieldlike and antidamping torques. Measurements of the switching probability using sub-μs current pulses show that the critical current increases with the magnetic anisotropy of the layers, whereas the switching efficiency, measured as the ratio of magnetic anisotropy energy and pulse energy, decreases. The optimal annealing temperature to achieve maximum magnetic anisotropy, saturation magnetization, and switching efficiency is determined to be between 240 and 270°C., This work was supported by the the European Commission under the Seventh Framework Programme (GA 318144, SPOT), the European Research Council (StG 203239 NOMAD), the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MAT2010-15659), and the Swiss Competence Centre for Materials Science and Technology (CCMX).
Published: 2014
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47. Syntheses of Chiral Cyclotriphosphazenes and Their Use in Cyclolinear Polymers

Author: Isabelle Dez, Roger De Jaeger, Volker Gramlich, Hansjörg Grützmacher, Joëlle Levalois-Mitjaville, Laboratoire de chimie moléculaire et thioorganique (LCMT), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut Normand de Chimie Moléculaire Médicinale et Macromoléculaire (INC3M), Normandie Université (NU)-Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie (INSA Rouen Normandie), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Avancé de Spectroscopie pour les Intéractions la Réactivité et l'Environnement - UMR 8516 (LASIRE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Groupe de Technologie des Surfaces et Interfaces [URp2_2] (GTSI), Université des Antilles (UA), Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland, Laboratory of Crystallography [ETH Zürich], Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Enantioselective synthesis, Polymer, Isocyanate, Inorganic Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Nucleophile, Polymer chemistry, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Racemic mixture, Bifunctional, Chirality (chemistry), Phosphazene
Abstract: The reaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene with two equivalents of the chelating diols 2,2′-dioxybiphenyl and 2′,2′′-dioxy-1′,1′′-bi-2-naphthyl was investigated. Although a mixture of different stereoisomers may be expected, only the formation of the meso-compounds [(R,S)-(O,O)2Cl2P3N3] is found (O,O stands for the diolate). Interestingly, when the remaining PCl2 group undergoes reaction with hard nucleophiles like 4-methoxy phenolate, a change of configuration at one phosphorus center is observed and racemic mixtures of chiral [(R,R)-(O,O)2(RO)2P3N3] and [(S,S)-(O,O)2(RO)2P3N3] phosphazenes are observed. Enantiomerically pure cyclotriphosphazenes were obtaines from either the (R)- or (S)-form of 2′,2′′-dioxy-1′,1′′-bi-2-naphthyl. Soft nucleophiles like amines, however, do not affect the configuration at the phosphorus centers and allow the synthesis of meso-[(R,S)-(O,O)2(R1RN)2P3N3] compounds. the bifunctional cyclotriphosphazenes [(O,O)2(4-OH–C4H4O)2P3N3] and [(R,S)-(O,O)2(H2N)2P3N3] were used in polyaddition reactions with hexymethylene di(isocyanate) to give cyclolinea polymers of different stereochemical compositions corresponding to the stereochemistry of the phosphazene precursor (i.e. either a racemic mixture of homochiral polymer strands, enantiomerically pure polymers, or the meso-form of polymers was obtained). The properties of these polymers are discussed and a mechanism for the change of stereochemistry is proposed.
Published: 1999

48. Core-shell nanoparticle monolayers at planar liquid-liquid interfaces: Effects of polymer architecture on the interface microstructure

Author: Erik Reimhult, Adrienne Nelson, Davide C. E. Calzolari, Torben Gillich, Ronald Zirbs, Antoni Sánchez-Ferrer, Lucio Isa, Diego Pontoni, Raffaele Mezzenga, Laboratory of Surface Science and Technology [ETH Zürich], Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Univ Nat Resources & Life Sci Vienna, Inst Biol Inspired Mat, Dept Nanobiotechnol, A-1190 Vienna, Austria, and Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Food Nutr & Hlth, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Subjects: Materials science, Nanoparticle, Nanotechnology, Polymer architecture, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Contact angle, chemistry.chemical_compound, PEG ratio, Monolayer, NANOPARTICLES, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, LIQUID INTERFACES, SELF-ASSEMBLY, chemistry.chemical_classification, technology, industry, and agriculture, General Chemistry, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, Membrane, chemistry, Chemical engineering, 0210 nano-technology, Ethylene glycol
Abstract: Self-assembly of core–shell nanoparticles (NPs) at liquid–liquid interfaces is rapidly emerging as a strategy for the production of novel nano-materials bearing vast potential for applications, including membrane fabrication, drug delivery and emulsion stabilization. The development of such nanoparticle-based materials is facilitated by structural characterization techniques that are able to monitor in situ the self-assembly process during its evolution. Here, we present an in situ high-energy X-ray reflectivity study of the evolution of the vertical position (contact angle) and inter-particle spacing of core–shell iron oxide–poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) nanoparticles adsorbing at flat, horizontal buried water–n-decane interfaces. The results are compared with time-resolved interfacial tension data acquired with the conventional pendant drop method. We investigate in particular the effect of varying polymer molecular weights (2–5 kDa) and architectures (linear vs. dendritic) on the self-assembly process and the final structure of the interfacially adsorbed NP monolayers. Linear PEG particles adsorb more rapidly than dendritic PEG ones and reach full interface coverage and stable NP monolayer structure, while dendritic PEG particles undergo a slower adsorption process, which is not completed within the experimental time window of ∼6 hours. All NPs are highly hydrophilic with effective contact angles that depend weakly on PEG molecular weight and architecture. Conversely, the in-plane NP separation depends strongly on PEG molecular weight. The measured inter-particle separation at full interface coverage yields low iron oxide core content, indicating a strong deformation and flattening of the linear PEG shell at the interface. This finding is supported by modeling and has direct implications for materials fabrication, e.g. for the realization of core–shell NP membranes by in situ cross-linking of the polymer shells., Soft Matter, 9 (14), ISSN:1744-683X, ISSN:1744-6848
Published: 2013
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49. The 2016 oxide electronic materials and oxide interfaces roadmap

Author: Prellier, Wilfrid, Lorenz, M, Ramachandra Rao, M, Venkatesan, T., Fortunato, E, Barquinha, P, Branquinho, R, Salgueiro, D, Martins, M., Carlos, E, Liu, A, Shan, F, Grundmann, M., Boschker, H, Mukherjee, M., Priyadarshini, M, Dasgupta, D., Rogers, R., Teherani, T, Sandana, E, Bove, P., Rietwyk, R, Zaban, A, Veziridis, A, Weidenkaff, A, Muralidhar, M, Murakami, M, Abel, A., Fompeyrine, F, Zuniga-Perez, P, Ramesh, R., Spaldin, A, Ostanin, S, Borisov, V, Mertig, M, Lazenka, V, Srinivasan, S., Prellier, P, Uchida, M, Kawasaki, M, Pentcheva, P, Gegenwart, P, Miletto Granozio, M, Fontcuberta, F, Pryds, P, European Cooperation in Science and Technology, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Generalitat de Catalunya, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Laboratoire de cristallographie et sciences des matériaux (CRISMAT), École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), National University of Singapore (NUS), University of Madeira, Institut für Experimentelle Physik II, Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], Helmholtz zentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH (GSI), Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), G.H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), Picogiga International, Epidémiologie des cancers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Planetary and Geosciences Division [Ahmedabad], Physical Research Laboratory [Ahmedabad] (PRL), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)-Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), inconnu, Inconnu, Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (IRMA), Normandie Université (NU)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie (INSA Rouen Normandie), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Leipzig, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), CENIMAT/I3N, Departemento de Ciencia dos Materiais, Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA)-Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA)-Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia = School of Science & Technology (FCT NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA), Qingdao University (QDU), Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Nanovation SARL, Bar-Ilan University [Israël], University of Stuttgart, Shibaura Institute of Technology, IBM Germany Research & Development GmbH (IBM), Centre de recherche sur l'hétéroepitaxie et ses applications (CRHEA), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Oakland University, The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Universität Duisburg-Essen = University of Duisburg-Essen [Essen], University of Augsburg (UNIA), CNR-SPIN and Department of Physics 'E. Pancini, Université de Naples, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), and Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
Subjects: Fabrication, Materials science, Acoustics and Ultrasonics, Solid-state physics, Interfaces, Oxide, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0103 physical sciences, Materials, Oxide electronics, Oxides, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Energy transformation, ddc:530, Electronics, 010306 general physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], business.industry, Heterojunction, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Physik (inkl. Astronomie), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Thermoelectric materials, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry, Photonics, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: Lorenz, M. et al., Oxide electronic materials provide a plethora of possible applications and offer ample opportunity for scientists to probe into some of the exciting and intriguing phenomena exhibited by oxide systems and oxide interfaces. In addition to the already diverse spectrum of properties, the nanoscale form of oxides provides a new dimension of hitherto unknown phenomena due to the increased surface-to-volume ratio. Oxide electronic materials are becoming increasingly important in a wide range of applications including transparent electronics, optoelectronics, magnetoelectronics, photonics, spintronics, thermoelectrics, piezoelectrics, power harvesting, hydrogen storage and environmental waste management. Synthesis and fabrication of these materials, as well as processing into particular device structures to suit a specific application is still a challenge. Further, characterization of these materials to understand the tunability of their properties and the novel properties that evolve due to their nanostructured nature is another facet of the challenge. The research related to the oxide electronic field is at an impressionable stage, and this has motivated us to contribute with a roadmap on ‘oxide electronic materials and oxide interfaces’. This roadmap envisages the potential applications of oxide materials in cutting edge technologies and focuses on the necessary advances required to implement these materials, including both conventional and novel techniques for the synthesis, characterization, processing and fabrication of nanostructured oxides and oxide-based devices. The contents of this roadmap will highlight the functional and correlated properties of oxides in bulk, nano, thin film, multilayer and heterostructure forms, as well as the theoretical considerations behind both present and future applications in many technologically important areas as pointed out by Venkatesan. The contributions in this roadmap span several thematic groups which are represented by the following authors: novel field effect transistors and bipolar devices by Fortunato, Grundmann, Boschker, Rao, and Rogers; energy conversion and saving by Zaban, Weidenkaff, and Murakami; new opportunities of photonics by Fompeyrine, and Zuniga-Perez; multiferroic materials including novel phenomena by Ramesh, Spaldin, Mertig, Lorenz, Srinivasan, and Prellier; and concepts for topological oxide electronics by Kawasaki, Pentcheva, and Gegenwart. Finally, Miletto Granozio presents the European action ‘towards oxide-based electronics’ which develops an oxide electronics roadmap with emphasis on future nonvolatile memories and the required technologies. In summary, we do hope that this oxide roadmap appears as an interesting up-to-date snapshot on one of the most exciting and active areas of solid state physics, materials science, and chemistry, which even after many years of very successful development shows in short intervals novel insights and achievements., This work has been partially supported by the TO-BE COST action MP1308. J F acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through the ‘Severo Ochoa’ Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (SEV-2015-0496) and MAT2014-56063-C2-1R, and from the Catalan Government (2014 SGR 734). F.M.G. acknowledges support from MIUR through the PRIN 2010 Project ‘OXIDE’.
Published: 2016

50. Incipient ferroelectricity in 2.3 % tensile-strained CaMnO 3 films

Author: Günter, T., Bousquet, E., David, A., Boullay, Ph., Ghosez, Ph., Prellier, Wilfrid, Fiebig, M., Laboratoire de cristallographie et sciences des matériaux (CRISMAT), École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Universitätsklinikum Bonn (UKB), Department of Materials [ETH Zürich] (D-MATL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Université de Liège, Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (IRMA), Normandie Université (NU)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie (INSA Rouen Normandie), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik (HISKP), and Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience; Epitaxial CaMnO3 films grown with 2.3% tensile strain on (001)-oriented LaAlO3 substrates are found to be incipiently ferroelectric below 25 K. Optical second harmonic generation (SHG) was used for the detection of the incipient polarization. The SHG analysis reveals that CaMnO3 crystallites with in-plane orientation of the orthorhombic b axis contribute to an electric polarization oriented along the orthorhombic a (respectively c) axis in agreement with the predictions from density functional calculations.
Published: 2012

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