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1. Occurrence and Distribution of Dry Root Rot of Mungbean incited by Macrphomina phasolina in major growing areas of Rajasthan

Author

Anupriya, Nitin Chawla, R.P. Ghasolia1, Shailesh Godika1 And Prahlad2 Division Of Plant Pathology, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute (SKNAU), Durgapura, Jaipur-302 018, Rajasthan, India 1Department Of Plant Pathology, SKN College Of Agriculture, SKNAU, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India 2 Department Of Plant Pathology, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner-334 006, Rajasthan, India. Corresponding Author: Anupriyapathology17@Gmail.Com

Abstract

Green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], also known as mungbean, is one of the important pulse crops belongs to the family Fabaceae and it is the third important pulse crop of India globally grown in over 40 countries after chickpea and pigeon pea. Dry root rot is one of the major diseases of green gram caused by Macrophomina phaseolina which causes severe yield reduction in Rajasthan and India. A roving survey was conducted to assess the incidence of dry root rot in six major mungbean growing districts (Jaipur, Nagaur, Sri Ganganagar, Bikaner, Churu and Hanumangarh) of Rajasthan during Kharif season of 2020. Our investigations cleared that this disease is prevalent in all the surveyed 108 fields in six districts of Rajasthan with 22.67 per cent overall disease incidence. Maximum disease incidence was recorded in Bikaner (28.49 %) district while it was lowest in Jaipur district (17.12 %). During survey, it was also noted that sandy loam soil had the highest average illness incidence (27.40%) followed by clay loam soil (24.37%) while it was lowest in loamy sand soil (19.92%). Irrigations methods also played an important role in enhancing incidence and it was maximum (27.30%) under rainfed conditions in comparison to flood irrigation systems (25.61%) and sprinkler conditions (21.94%). Conclusively, in can be finalized that dry root rot disease is prevalent in almost entire mungbean growing regions where sandy loam soil and dry conditions are prevalent and these factors are the most helpful in occurrence of the disease in Rajasthan that should be avoided in severely infected areas otherwise it might be severe in future.

Published
2022
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2. INTERACTION BETWEEN ALTERNARIA AND CORYNESPORA LEAF SPOT PATHOGENS IN COTTON UNDER IN VITRO CONDITIONS Duddu Mahesh1* , S L Bhattiprolu2 , V Prasanna Kumari1 , P Anil Kumar1 and Ch Chiranjeevi3 1*Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College, Bapatla, ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2Department of Plant Pathology, RARS, Lam, Guntur, ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh, India. 3Department of Entomology, Agricultural College, Bapatla, ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh, India. ( 1*Corresponding author: maheshduddu25@

Author

INTERACTION BETWEEN ALTERNARIA AND CORYNESPORA LEAF SPOT PATHOGENS IN COTTON UNDER IN VITRO CONDITIONS Duddu Mahesh1* , S L Bhattiprolu2 , V Prasanna Kumari1 , P Anil Kumar1 And Ch Chiranjeevi3 1*Department Of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College, Bapatla, ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2Department Of Plant Pathology, RARS, Lam, Guntur, ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh, India. 3Department Of Entomology, Agricultural College, Bapatla, ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh, India. ( 1*Corresponding Author: Maheshduddu25@

Abstract

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is one of the predominant fibre and cash crop and infected by various cotton diseases. Under congenial conditions two major leaf spot pathogens, Alternaria spp. and Corynespora cassiicola cause significant reduction in cotton yield. In cotton fields it is difficult to find the differences between Alternaria spp. and C. cassiicola due to its similarity in appearance of symptoms, mode of infection and nature of damage. The present investigation was carried out to understand the interaction between A. alternata and C. cassiicola through dual culture technique with different time intervals of inoculation (24, 48 and 72 hr) along with simultaneous inoculation and their controls, irrespective of inoculation order of A. alternata and C. cassiicola. Under in vitro conditions, A. alternata was inhibited by C. cassiicola in all the treatments at 7 days after inoculation (DAI), irrespective of inoculation order of the respective pathogen and time intervals except at 24 h (C. cassiicola inoculated first followed by A. alternata) and 72 h (A. alternata inoculated first followed by C. cassiicola). At 14 days after inoculation (DAI), C. cassiicola was inhibited by A. alternata in all the treatments irrespective of time intervals of the respective pathogen and inoculation orders except at 72 h (C. cassiicola inoculated first followed by A. alternata). Between A. alternata and C. cassiicola there was absence of lysis, inhibition zone and mycoparasitism; colour change in potato dextrose agar medium was observed at interaction area; conidia, conidiphores and chlamydospores were not observed in A. alternata when interacted with C. cassiicola. KEYWORDS: Alternaria alternata, Corynespora cassiicola, Cotton, Dual Culture, Interaction, in vitro. Citation

Published
2022
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3. BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN OPIUM POPPY LEAVES INFECTED WITH DOWNY MILDEW DISEASE INCITED BY Peronospora arborescens

Author

Shivam Singh1*, RS Mishra2, Jaish Raj Yadav3 And Manish Kumar Maurya4 1*, 3Research Scholar, 2Assistant Professor, Department Of Plant Pathology, Acharya Narendra Deva University Of Agriculture And Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, 224229 4Subject Matter Specialist (Plant Protection), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mankapur, Gonda II (UP) 271302

Abstract

Studies on biochemical changes in opium poppy leaves incited by Peronospora arborescens causing downy mildew, a widespread and destructive disease, were undertaken at ANDUA&T Kumarganj, Ayodhya, and Uttar Pradesh. Leaves showing several different symptoms were collected randomly at pre flowering, flowering and maturity stage of crop. Higher amount of total phenol content at pre flowering stage was observed in infected leaves (1-25%) which was 25.0 (mg) GAE/100 gm dry weights higher than the healthy plant. At flowering stage maximum amount of total phenol content observed in infected leaves than the healthy plant leaves which gave 17.25 (mg) GAE/100 gm dry weights. The higher amount of total phenol content was observed at the time of maturity in healthy leaves than the infected leaves which was 12.75 (mg) GAE/100 gm dry weights. Maximum protein content was observed in healthy leaves than the infected leaves. However, the significant difference was also observed in the amount of total protein content present in infected leaves having necrotic lesion at all three stages of crop. The content of a, b and total chlorophyll decreased with the disease development in the infected leaves when compared to healthy. The chlorophyll decrease was higher in more than 50% infected leaves at all three-stage mention in table as compared to healthy one.

Published
2022
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4. STUDIES ON ALTERNATE HOST OF TOMATO LEAF CURL VIRUS (ToLCV) AND ITS ROLE IN EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DISEASE

Author

Someshree Mane*, T K Narute And PravinKhaire Department Of Plant Pathology And Agril. Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute, MPKV, Rahuri, (MH) -413722

Abstract

Tomatoes are a significant fruit vegetable growing in Maharashtra's western area. The crop suffers significant losses as a result of infection with a whitefly-borne tomato leaf curl virus. The current study looks on the role of alternate hosts in viral transmission in tomato-growing areas. Since, ToLCV has a very broad host range and the vector whitefly on a wide range of hosts, several host plants harbouring both virus and vector were identified. They were perennials, including plants produced for food, fodder, and vegetables, and were a constant source of ToLCV inoculum in nature, with a possible role in the effect of climatic circumstances and cultural practises on the amount of infection. Keywords: Host range, Tomato, Weeds, ToLCV, Epidemiology

Published
2022
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5. UPSURGING THE MEDIA FOR OPTIMAL GROWTH AND SPORULATION OF SPHAERELLOPSIS PARAPHYSATA Johnson, I*., Asmitha Sri, P., Karthikeyan, M. Ramjegathesh, R. And Raguchander, T. Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641003, Tamil Nadu, INDIA

Author

UPSURGING THE MEDIA FOR OPTIMAL GROWTH AND SPORULATION OF SPHAERELLOPSIS PARAPHYSATA Johnson, I*., Asmitha Sri, P., Karthikeyan, M. Ramjegathesh, R. And Raguchander, T. Department Of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641003, Tamil Nadu, INDIA

Abstract

Several biotic and abiotic factors distress the pearl millet and significantly influence the production. Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia substriata , is the most important disease among the biotic factors, which reduced the yield up to 76 percent. Sphaerellopsis paraphysata is a rust mycoparasite with a wide host range that inhibits rust spore germination which could be cultured and could be grown on potato dextrose agar media. The effect of different carbon and nitrogen sources on the growth of S. paraphysata TNAU Sp1 showed that the dextrose and sodium nitrate supported the maximum mean mycelial growth and recorded 60.00 and 58.67 mm, respectively. Similarly, maximum mycelial growth and pycnidial production of S. paraphysata were observed at 20ºC (38.3 mm) temperature and 6.5 pH (55.0 mm).

Published
2022
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6. SCREENING OF RICE GENOTYPES FOR BACTERIAL BLIGHT OF RICE UNDER ARTIFICIAL INOCULATION METHOD

Author

Bhukya Srinivas1*, Katravath Srinivas2 And Dr. V. A. Patil3 Department Of Plant Pathology, NMCA, NAU, Navsari, Gujarat- 396 450, India Bhukyasrinivas954@Gmail.Com

Abstract

Bacterial blight of rice is a common vascular disease that is systemic in nature. It infects seedlings after transplantation and subsequently during the booting stage in the nursery. Plant disease control requires the use of agrochemicals. In order to do this, researchers investigated the screening of thirty genotypes along with two susceptible checks against bacterial blight pathogen under artificial inoculation condition during kharif 2020 revealed that, 3 genotypes were found moderately resistant viz., NVSR-466, NVSR-396 and ISM. Whereas, 12 genotypes viz., NVSR-411, NVSR-443, NVSR-447, NVSR-453, GNR-6, IR-28, NAUR-1, GNR-2, Gurjari, GNR-4, Krishna kamod and GAR-13 were found susceptible to Xoo and two checks viz., GR-11 and TN-1 were found highly susceptible. Given the severity of the rice BB disease in South Gujarat, the goal of this study was to determine the best effective management strategy for bacterial blight disease in rice crops by employing screening of rice genotypes for bacterial blight of rice under artificial inoculation method.

Published
2022
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7. Evaluation of Metarhizium (Nomuraea) rileyi (Farlow) Samson isolates against Spodoptera litura F. under in vitro conditions

Author

Saheb, Y. Peeru; Department of Entomology, S. V. Agricultural College, Tirupati – 517502, Andhra Pradesh, Manjula, K.; Department of Entomology, S. V. Agricultural College, Tirupati – 517502, Andhra Pradesh, Devaki, K.; Department of Entomology, IFT, RARS, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, Jaya Lakshmi, R. Sarada; Department of Plant Pathology, S. V. Agricultural College, Tirupati – 517502, Andhra Pradesh, Reddy, B. Ravindra; Department of Statistics and Computer Applications, S. V. Agricultural College, Tirupati – 517502, Andhra Pradesh, Venkateswarlu, N. C.; Department of Entomology, S. V. Agricultural College, Tirupati – 517502, Andhra Pradesh, Saheb, Y. Peeru; Department of Entomology, S. V. Agricultural College, Tirupati – 517502, Andhra Pradesh, Manjula, K.; Department of Entomology, S. V. Agricultural College, Tirupati – 517502, Andhra Pradesh, Devaki, K.; Department of Entomology, IFT, RARS, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, Jaya Lakshmi, R. Sarada; Department of Plant Pathology, S. V. Agricultural College, Tirupati – 517502, Andhra Pradesh, Reddy, B. Ravindra; Department of Statistics and Computer Applications, S. V. Agricultural College, Tirupati – 517502, Andhra Pradesh, and Venkateswarlu, N. C.; Department of Entomology, S. V. Agricultural College, Tirupati – 517502, Andhra Pradesh

Abstract

Fifteen isolates of Metarhizium (Nomuraea) rileyi collected from field populations of Spodoptera litura (F.) and Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith in different crops across different agroclimatic zones of Andhra Pradesh were evaluated for their pathogenicity against third instar larvae of S. litura at the Biocontrol Laboratory, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tirupati, India. Virulence was tested by applying conidial suspension @ 1x107 spores ml–1 on the groundnut leaves on which the larvae were allowed to feed. The cumulative mean larval mortality to the extent of 75.00 to 85.00% was observed with isolates viz. Nr.Yj.KZ, Nr.Dp.KZ, Nr.Rt.KZ, Nr.Rd.HATZ, Nr.Pp. HATZ and Nr.Cp.HATZ whereas the isolates Nr.Ik.SRZ, Nr.Vg.SRZ, Nr.Pl.SZ, Nr.Ag.SZ, Nr.Np.SRZ, Nr.Rp.SZ, Nr.Rg.NCZ, Nr.Hv.SRZ and Nr.Cd.SZ recorded 65.00 to 73.33% mortality.

Published
2021

8. Occurrence of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, India with a note on rove beetle as its potential natural enemy

Author

V., Abdul Rasheed; Department of Entomology, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati - 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, S. R., Koteswara Rao; Administrative Office, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU), Lam, Guntur - 522 034, A. P., K., Sreedevi; ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (ICAR-NBAIR), H. A. Farm Post, Hebbal, Bellary Road, Bengaluru – 560 024, Karnataka, B., Bhaskar; Department of Plant Pathology, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati, A. P., T. R., Ashika; ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (ICAR-NBAIR), H. A. Farm Post, Hebbal, Bellary Road, Bengaluru – 560 024, Karnataka, T., Venkatesan; ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (ICAR-NBAIR), H. A. Farm Post, Hebbal, Bellary Road, Bengaluru – 560 024, Karnataka, S. K., Jalali; ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (ICAR-NBAIR), H. A. Farm Post, Hebbal, Bellary Road, Bengaluru – 560 024, Karnataka, V., Abdul Rasheed; Department of Entomology, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati - 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, S. R., Koteswara Rao; Administrative Office, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU), Lam, Guntur - 522 034, A. P., K., Sreedevi; ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (ICAR-NBAIR), H. A. Farm Post, Hebbal, Bellary Road, Bengaluru – 560 024, Karnataka, B., Bhaskar; Department of Plant Pathology, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati, A. P., T. R., Ashika; ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (ICAR-NBAIR), H. A. Farm Post, Hebbal, Bellary Road, Bengaluru – 560 024, Karnataka, T., Venkatesan; ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (ICAR-NBAIR), H. A. Farm Post, Hebbal, Bellary Road, Bengaluru – 560 024, Karnataka, and S. K., Jalali; ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (ICAR-NBAIR), H. A. Farm Post, Hebbal, Bellary Road, Bengaluru – 560 024, Karnataka

Abstract

The occurrence of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize fields of Tirupati region, Andhra Pradesh is herewith reported. Field surveys in maize fields revealed that the rove beetle, Paederus fuscipes Curtis (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) was found predating the larvae of fall armyworm and this is the first report of P. fuscipes on fall armyworm from India. The species identity of both fall armyworm and the rove beetle was confirmed through molecular studies by amplifying cytochrome oxidase I gene (CO1) and DNA barcoding.

Published
2020

10. Role of Emulsifiers in Plant Oil Emulsion Stability, Degradability and Biological Activity

Author

Bhattacharya, I.; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani 741235, Dist Nadia, West Bengal, Mukherjee, N.; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani 741235, Dist Nadia, West Bengal, Banerjee, S.; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani 741235, Dist Nadia, West Bengal, Bhattacharya, I.; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani 741235, Dist Nadia, West Bengal, Mukherjee, N.; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani 741235, Dist Nadia, West Bengal, and Banerjee, S.; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani 741235, Dist Nadia, West Bengal

Abstract

Emulsifiers are important important ingredients of emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation of pesticides which mainly impart stability to the spray emulsion. The possibility of developing formulated products of plant oils (which will be relatively stable and biologically active against brinjal root rot pathogen Macrophornma phaseolina (Tassi)Goid) has been explored with the combinations of four plant oils and three emulsifiers. Freshly prepared homogeneous O/W emulsions showing different degree of stability and degradability when kept in laboratory conditions for a considerable period of time have been studied. Biological activity towards M pheseolina was found to vary in different plant oil emulsions, while remaining active on prolonged storage.

Published
2015

11. Efficacy of Antagonists and Carbendazim against Dry Root Rot of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] Incited by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi.) Goid under Glasshouse Conditions

Author

Rajeswari, B.; Department of Plant Pathology, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad 500 030, A. P., Chandrasekhara Rao, K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad 500 030, A. P., Pramod Chandra Kumar, C.; Department of Plant Pathology, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad 500 030, A. P., Rajeswari, B.; Department of Plant Pathology, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad 500 030, A. P., Chandrasekhara Rao, K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad 500 030, A. P., and Pramod Chandra Kumar, C.; Department of Plant Pathology, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad 500 030, A. P.

Abstract

Bioeflicacy of carbendazim tolerant isolate of Trichoderma harzianum and exotic isolates of T. viride and T. virens were evaluated against dry root rot pathogen of mungbean incited by Macrophomina phaseolina under glasshouse conditions. T. harzianum when applied to the soil besides being effective against the disease, increased seed germination by 96 per cent, plant height by 35.5cm and total biomass by 2.53 g/plant compared to T. viride and T. virens isolates. In addition, soil application of T. hazianum @ 5 g/kg and seed treatment @ 108 conidia/ml was found effective against dry root rot pathogen. Integration of T. harzianum as soil application (5g/kg) + seed treatment (108C/ml) with sub-lethal doses of carbendazim (0.02%) significantly reduced dry root rot incidence (95.3%) over soil treatment (91.5%) and seed treatment alone (86.5%).

Published
2014

12. Effect of Antagonists in Combination with Carbendazim Against Macrophomina phaseolina Infection in Cowpea

Author

Alagarsamy, G.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Sivaprakasam, K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Alagarsamy, G.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, and Sivaprakasam, K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003

Abstract

Pelleting of cowpea seeds with Trichoderma viride Pers: fr. either alone or in combination with carbendazimm inhibited the growth of Macrophomina phaseolina Tassi (Gold.) in vitro. The treatment increased the germination and reduced the post emergence mortality under pot culture conditions. Carbendazim did not show any adverse effect on the antagonists T. viride and T. harzianum Rifal under in vitro and also in pot culture studies. Seed pelleting with carbendazim in combination with antagoinst reduced the seedling mortality besides enhancing the growth characteristics like shoot length, root length and dry matter production.

Published
2014

13. Evaluation of Plant Leaves, Oil Cakes and Agro-Industrial Wastes as Substrates for Mass Multiplication of the Nematophagous Fungus, Paecilomyces lilacinus

Author

Mani, A.; Citrus Project and Department of Plant Pathology, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Tirupati 517 502, Anandam, R. J.; Citrus Project and Department of Plant Pathology, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Tirupati 517 502, Mani, A.; Citrus Project and Department of Plant Pathology, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Tirupati 517 502, and Anandam, R. J.; Citrus Project and Department of Plant Pathology, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Tirupati 517 502

Abstract

The suitability of leaves of certain plant species, oilcakes, as well as waste products of sago industry were evaluated as substrates for mass multiplication of the nematophagous fungus, Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thorn.) Samson. Leaves of subabool and neem were found to be suitable substrates and supported a highcr spore load than tanners cassia, Pongamia and Glyricidia. Tapioca tuber and its peels also supported a moderately high spore load. Untreated thippi supported the least spore load. However, the spore load of P. lilacinus was significantly increased when thippi was soaked in KH2Po4 and NaNO3 at 0.75% concentration. The oilcakes favoured the growth of P. lilacinus.

Published
2014

14. Studies on the Efficacy of Different carriers for Antagonistic Bacillus subtilis (Cohn)

Author

Sridar, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agrlcultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, Ramakrishnan, G.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agrlcultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, Dinakaran, D.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agrlcultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, Jeyarajan, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agrlcultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, Sridar, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agrlcultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, Ramakrishnan, G.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agrlcultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, Dinakaran, D.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agrlcultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, and Jeyarajan, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agrlcultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003

Abstract

No Abstract.

Published
2014

15. Evaluation of Some Plant Extracts and Fungal Antagonists for the Biological Control of Pre-Emergence Damping off of Brinjal (Solanum melongena)

Author

Kurvilla Jacob, C.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Sivaprakasam, K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Jeyarajan, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Kurvilla Jacob, C.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Sivaprakasam, K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, and Jeyarajan, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore

Abstract

Eight fungal antagonists and eight leaf extracts were evaluated in vitro against Pythiun aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzpatrick and the effective treatments selected for pot culture evaluation. Pot culture studies with brlnjal seeds showed that Eucalyptus leaf extract as seed soak treatment for 30 minutes prior to sowing was effective against P. aphanidermatum. Seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum at 5 × 109 conidia per ml, Lactisaria arvalis at 0.66 mg sclerotia per ml and Captan at 0.25 per cent also effectively controlled P. aphanidermatum.

Published
2014

16. Evaluation of Gypsum as a Carrier in the Formulation of Trichoderma viride

Author

Renganathan, K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Sridar, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Jeyarajan, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Renganathan, K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Sridar, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, and Jeyarajan, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003

Abstract

At present there is considerable pressure from public and environment scientists to go for biocontrol agents, to prevent the environmental pollution caused by pesticides. Use of Trichoderma viride Pers.exfr, was reported to be effective in reducing the propagules of seed as well as soil-borne pathogens (Papavizas, 1984). Ramakrishnan et al. (1994) developed a talc-based product of T. viride. Jeyarajan et al. (1994) reported that the talc-based T. viride when used for seed treatment @ 4 g/kg seed reduced the root rot of pulses and oilseeds. The cost of the talc powder is Rs.10/kg which has a major share in the production cost of Trichoderma product.

Published
2014

17. Evaluation of Talc-Based Product of Trichoderma viride for the Control of Blackgram Root Rot

Author

Raguchander, T.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Rajappan, K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Prabakar, K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Raguchander, T.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Rajappan, K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, and Prabakar, K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003

Abstract

In India the potential of Trichoderma viride Pers: ex.Fr. in managing soil-borne pathogens has been well demonstrated in many crop diseases like seedling diseases of cotton (Ramakrishnan and Jeyarajan, 1986), root rot of soybean (Jharia and Khare, 1986), and root rot of cowpea (Alagarsamy and Sivaprakasam, 1988). Jeyarajan et al. (1994) developed a talc based powder formulation of T. viride which is being used as a carrier for seed treatment. This formulation contained 2.8 X 108 CFU/g of powder. The present study was undertaken to standardize the exact inoculum level required for the management of root rot of urdbean.

Published
2014

18. Effect of Soil pH and Soil Type on the Germinability of Phialospores of Gliocladium virens Millers, Giddens and Foster

Author

Saha, D. K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741252, Pan, Sitansu; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741252, Saha, D. K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741252, and Pan, Sitansu; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741252

Abstract

Phialospores of four isolates of Gliocladium virens viz., 15GV1, 26GV1, 1AGV2 and IAGV6 responded differentially to soil fungistasis in different soils of West Bengal according to the properties of soils explored. The pH of soil appeared to be the cardinal factor. The effect of soil fungistasis was more pronounced in alkaline soil followed by neutral soil but gradually decreased due to reduction of soil pH to acidic level. Fungistasis was more in unsterilized soil compared to sterilised one.

Published
2014

19. Development of an Encapsulated Prill Formulation of Gliocladium virens Miller, Giddens & Foster

Author

Saha, D. K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, Pin-741 252, Pan, Sitansu; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, Pin-741 252, Saha, D. K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, Pin-741 252, and Pan, Sitansu; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, Pin-741 252

Abstract

Formulation and application methods are often of paramount importance in biological control (Papavizas and Lumsden, 1980; Papavizas and Lewis, 1983; Papavizas et al .. 1984). Accordingly several techniques viz, antagonist in liquid (Kerr, 1980), organic matter (Wells et al., 1972), as seed treatment (Harmen et al., 1980; Windel, 1981; Fravel et al., 1985) and in vermiculite or in clay such as pyrax (Fravel et al., 1983) have been tested.

Published
2014

20. Biological Control of Pythium Damping-Off of Cauliflower by Trichoderma harzianum

Author

Mukherjee, P. K.; Department of Plant Pathology, G. B. Pant Universtiy of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263 145, Upadhyay, J. P.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tirhot College of Agriculture, Rajendra Agri.Univ., Dholi, Bihar, Mukhopadhyay, A. N.; Department of Plant Pathology, G. B. Pant Universtiy of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263 145, Mukherjee, P. K.; Department of Plant Pathology, G. B. Pant Universtiy of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263 145, Upadhyay, J. P.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tirhot College of Agriculture, Rajendra Agri.Univ., Dholi, Bihar, and Mukhopadhyay, A. N.; Department of Plant Pathology, G. B. Pant Universtiy of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263 145

Abstract

Out of eight antagonists, one isolate of Trichoderma harzianum exhibited fastest growth rate and strong antagonism against Pythium apanidermaium in vitro. The prinicpal mechanism of antagonism was direct parasitization of Trichoderma by coiling around the hyphae of Pythium leading to digestion of protoplasmic contents and lysis. Occasional presence of Trichoderma in the lumen of Pythium hyphae was also recorded. Soil application of wheat bran saw dust (WBSD) preparation of Trichoderma gave 32.4 to 77.0 percent control of damping-off under glass house conditions. Seed coating with Trichoderma (1.6 × 1010 spores/ml) resulted in 31% control of the disease. WBSD preparation of T. harzianum; either live or killed, promoted the growth and vigour of cauliflower seedlings. Apron at 5 and Thiram at 100 μg/ml proved better and completely inhibited the radial growth of P. ahpanidermatum in vitro. None of the fungicides was found inhibitory to T. harzian am except Thiram. Seed treatement with Apron, Fytolan, SAN 506 F and Thiram gave 15.7 to 85.8% disease control. Integration of fungicidal seed treatment with soil application of T. harzianum resulted in 66.4% to 90% control of damping-off. Colony forming units of Trichoderma and Pythium monitored on selective media revealed that the population of Trichoderma remained almost stable where it was applied at higher rates but declined with time in lower rates of application. On the other hand, the population of Pythium declined in Trichoderma amended soil.

Published
2014

21. Management of Sheath Blight Disease of Rice with Trichoderma viride and Some Soil Amendments in Relation to the Population of Pathogen in Soil

Author

Rajan, K. M.; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Trivandrum, Kerala, Alexander, Shaji; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Trivandrum, Kerala, Rajan, K. M.; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Trivandrum, Kerala, and Alexander, Shaji; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Trivandrum, Kerala

Abstract

Incidence of sheath blight disease of rice was reduced in plots receiving Glyricidia leaves, rice husk or lime (main treatment) as well as Trichoderma viride (subtreatment). Interactions between Glyricidia leaves and T. viride/Carbendazim and rice husk/lime with carbendazim were significant. Maximum stimulation of saprophytes and suppression of pathogen were observed in plots amended with Glyricidia leaves or rice husk.

Published
2014

22. Seed-Borne Biocontrol Agents for the Management of Rice Sheath Rot Caused by Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams & D. Hawksw

Author

Gopalakrishnan, C.; Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, Valluvaparidasan, V.; Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, Gopalakrishnan, C.; Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, and Valluvaparidasan, V.; Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu

Abstract

All the antagonist isolates obtained from rice seeds showed in vitro inhibitory effect on Sarocladium oryzae ranging from 10.90 to 82.18 per cent. Bacillus subtilis isolate 9 was found to be highly effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of S. oryzae by 82.18 per cent. The biocontrol agents significantly reduced S. oryzae seed infection and increased seed germination and seedling vigour. Field trials conducted at four different locations indicated that the seed-borne S. oryzae in rice could be successfully managed by seed treatment followed by foliar application at boot leaf stage with B. subtilis (or) P. fluorescens.

Published
2014

23. Effect of Antagonistic Fungi on Sclerotium rolfsii Causing Root Rot of Groundnut

Author

Muthamilan, M.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Jeyarajan, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Muthamilan, M.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, and Jeyarajan, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003

Abstract

In vitro studies showed that 67.4 percent reduction of sclerotlal production in Sclerotium rolfsii was observed in the presence of Trichoderma viride Pers. (isolate 2). Mature sclerotia from each dual culture plate measured 647, 777, and 763 μm with T. viride (isolate 3), T. harzianum Rifai (isolate2) and Laetisaria aravalis Burdusall respectively. In slide germination test, 68.3 and 56.7 percent reduction of sclerotial germination was observed with T. viride (isolate 3) and T. harzianum (Isolate 2), respectively; whereas when plated in solid media, it was 47.5 percent with T. viride (isolate 3). The number of hyphae put forth by each sclerotium was found to be minimum in sclerotia produced in dual culture with T. viride (isolates 2 and 3).

Published
2014

24. An in vitro Test for Evaluating the Efficacy of Mycoparasites on the Sclerotial Germination of Ergot (Claviceps fusiformis Lov.) of Pearl Millet

Author

Mohan, L.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641 003, Jeyarajan, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641 003, Mohan, L.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641 003, and Jeyarajan, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641 003

Abstract

No Abstract.

Published
2014

25. Mass Multiplication of Trichoderma spp.

Author

Gangadharan, Kousalya; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, Jeyarajan, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, Gangadharan, Kousalya; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, and Jeyarajan, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003

Abstract

No Abstract.

Published
2014

26. Biocontrol of Alternaria leaf spot of Vicia faba using antagonistic fungi

Author

Kumar, Sanjeet; Department of Plant Pathology, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur, 843 121, Bihar, Upadhyau, T. P.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur, 843 121, Bihar, Kumar, Sanjeev; Department of Plant Pathology, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur, 843 121, Bihar, Kumar, Sanjeet; Department of Plant Pathology, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur, 843 121, Bihar, Upadhyau, T. P.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur, 843 121, Bihar, and Kumar, Sanjeev; Department of Plant Pathology, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur, 843 121, Bihar

Abstract

In dual culture, all the three antagonists, viz. Trichoderma vireus Milter, Giddens and Foster, Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and Trichoderma viride Pers. ex. Fr. overgrew the colony of Alternaria alternate (Fries) Keissler but T. viride parasitized the test fungus earliest. T. viride exhibited highest growth rate in mono and dual culture. Studies on hyphal interaction between antagonist and test fungus revealed disorganization of protoplasmic content and lysis of hosl hyphae. T. viride exhibited 36.33 per cent disease control and proved superior in providing protection against Alternaria leaf spot of Vicia faba in field than T. vireus and T. harziauum.

Published
2014

27. Biological Control of Damping-Off Disease of Tomato Caused by Pythium indicum Balakrishnan

Author

Krishnamoorthy, A. S.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Bhaskaran, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Krishnamoorthy, A. S.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, and Bhaskaran, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003

Abstract

A pot culture experiment was conducted to find out the efficacy of antagonists in the control of damping-off disease of tomato caused by Pythium indicum Balakrishnan. Soil inoculation with Trichoderma viride Pers., T. harzianum Rifai, and Laetisaria arvalis Burdsall, gave good control of the pathogen and the treated pots recorded 78.2, 70.9 and 72.2 per cent seed germination respectively as against 19.3 per cent in the control. Seed treatment with T. viride, T. harzian um and L. arvails was also found to be equally good. The results obtained were comparable to soil drenching with fungicides like fenaminosu1f, copper oxychloride and seed treatment with captan or thiram. However, improved seedling vigour was noticed in the treatments with antagonists than with fungicides.

Published
2014

28. Bioefficacy of Antagonistic Fungi Trichoderma hammatum and Trichoderma harzianum against Alternaria alternata (fr.) Keissler Causing Fruit Rot in Bottle Gourd

Author

Rajashree, R. P.; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture (Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth) Shivajinagar, Pune, Maharashtra, Pawar, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture (Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth) Shivajinagar, Pune, Maharashtra, Sapkal, R. T.; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture (Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth) Shivajinagar, Pune, Maharashtra, Rajashree, R. P.; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture (Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth) Shivajinagar, Pune, Maharashtra, Pawar, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture (Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth) Shivajinagar, Pune, Maharashtra, and Sapkal, R. T.; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture (Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth) Shivajinagar, Pune, Maharashtra

Abstract

The bioefficacy of two species of antagonistic fungi Trichoderma , viz., T. hammatum and T. harzianum was tested against black fruit rot of bottle gourd caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler. Both T. hammatum and T. harzianum significantly inhibited the growth and sporulation of A. alternata under, in vitro conditions, however, T. hammatum (87.77 %) was more promising than T. harzianum(77.77%).

Published
2014

29. Evaluation of Different Fungicides and their Compatibility with Pseudomonas fluorescens in the Control of Redgram Wilt Incited by Fusarium udum

Author

Chennakesavulu, M.; Department of Plant Pathology, S. V. Agricultural College, Tirupati 517 502, Reddikumar, M.; Department of Plant Pathology, S. V. Agricultural College, Tirupati 517 502, Eswara Reddy, N. P.; Department of Plant Pathology, S. V. Agricultural College, Tirupati 517 502, Chennakesavulu, M.; Department of Plant Pathology, S. V. Agricultural College, Tirupati 517 502, Reddikumar, M.; Department of Plant Pathology, S. V. Agricultural College, Tirupati 517 502, and Eswara Reddy, N. P.; Department of Plant Pathology, S. V. Agricultural College, Tirupati 517 502

Abstract

In vitro studies with 36 isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens were tested against Fusarium udum, 15 isolates showed maximum percentage of inhibition of F. udum. Highest percentage of inhibition (87.40%) was recorded in CPF4 isolate and the least in KPF12. In vitro efficacy of four systemic fungicides viz., carbendazim, propiconazole, tebuconazole and hexaconazole and two non-systemic fungicides viz., mancozeb and cheshunt compound were evaluated at 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm concentrations, Tebuconazole, carbendazim, propiconazole completely inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen even at 50 ppm followed by cheshunt compound at 100 ppm. In vitro compatibility of six fungicides against F. udum with potential antagonist CPF4 at different concentrations, indicated carbendazim to be of high compatibility with CPF4 followed by mancozeb.

Published
2014

30. Factors Affecting Colonisation of Groundnut Stem by Gliocladium virens Miller, Giddens and Foster in Soil

Author

Saha, D. K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Mohanpur, Nadia 741 252, West Bengal, Pan, Sitansu; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Mohanpur, Nadia 741 252, West Bengal, Saha, D. K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Mohanpur, Nadia 741 252, West Bengal, and Pan, Sitansu; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Mohanpur, Nadia 741 252, West Bengal

Abstract

Ability of Gliocladium virens Miller, Giddens and Foster to colonise groundnut stem pieces used as organic bait in soil was studied under varying conditions like inoculum density, soil pH, soil moisture and temperature. High temperature (40°C) was lethal for the saprophytic activities of the antagonist as colonisation of the bait was completely inhibited. In air dry soil (ca. 6.0% mhc) colonisation of bait was low (ca. 5.0 - 8.0 %) particularly at lower temperature (20°C) and low level of inoculum (20 mg/100 g soil). Acid soil (pH 5.6) at 50% soil moisture and 30°C temperature gave maximum colonisation of bait. Per cent colonisation of bait was less at either side of this temperature moisture optima.

Published
2014

31. Studies on the Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis against the Root Rot Fungus, Macropbomina phaseolina on Urd Bean

Author

Sridar, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Ramakrishnan, G.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Jeyarajan, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Sridar, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Ramakrishnan, G.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, and Jeyarajan, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003

Abstract

No Abstract.

Published
2014

32. Studies on the Compatibility of Rhizobium with Biocontrol Agent Bacillus subtilis in Urdbean

Author

Sridar, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Ramakrishnan, G.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Dinakaran, D.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Jeyarajan, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Sridar, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Ramakrishnan, G.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Dinakaran, D.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, and Jeyarajan, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003

Abstract

No Abstract.

Published
2014

33. Biological Control of Onion Basal Rot (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cepae) by Combined Application of Fungal and Bacterial Antagonists

Author

Rajendran, K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, Ranganathan, K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, Rajendran, K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, and Ranganathan, K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu

Abstract

Fungal antagonists Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, T. hamatum, T. koningii, T. pseudokoningii and the bacterial antagonists, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis were effective against Fusarium f. sp. cepae in in vitro conditions. Combined seed treatment of T. viride + P. fluorescens reduced the onion basal rot incidence both in pot andin field conditions.

Published
2014

34. Antagonism of Trichoderma harzianum and Gliocladium virens Isolates to Sclerotium rolfsii and Biological Control of Stem Rot of Groundnut and Betelvine

Author

Maiti, D.; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani - 741 235, Nadia, West Bengal, Dasgupta, B.; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani - 741 235, Nadia, West Bengal, Sen, Chitreshwar; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani - 741 235, Nadia, West Bengal, Maiti, D.; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani - 741 235, Nadia, West Bengal, Dasgupta, B.; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani - 741 235, Nadia, West Bengal, and Sen, Chitreshwar; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani - 741 235, Nadia, West Bengal

Abstract

Of the 15 isolates in each of Trichoderma harzianum and Gliocladium virens tested, one biotype of the former and three of the latter proved to be highly antagonistic to Sclerotium rolfsii. These isolates did not secrete any blostatic compound(s) into the medium but produced volatiles inhibitory to the pathogen. Histopathological studies revealed that the hyperparasite, G. virens attacked the pathogen hyphae by appressoria,hooks and intercellular growth. Production of the selectively high potential parasite in different solid surface media, their survival potential in such media and their use against S. rolfsii causing stem rot of ground nut and betelvine, both in greenhouse and field, are reported.

Published
2014

35. Management of Fusarium Wilt of Banana using Antagonistic Microorganisms

Author

Raguchander, T.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, Jayashree, K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, Samiyappan, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, Raguchander, T.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, Jayashree, K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, and Samiyappan, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu

Abstract

Among the eight antagonistic microorganisms tested for their efficacy in reducing Fusarium oxyporum f. sp. cubense, Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens were equaly effective under laboratory conditions. The field trails conducted during rabi 1991 and kharif 1992 revealed that dipping of suckers in the suspension of P. fluorescens (106 CFU/ml) or T. viride (106 CFU/ml) along with the application of 500g wheat bran:saw dust inoculum (1:3) of the respective biocontrol agent three months after planting, effectively reduced the Fusarium wilt incidence and produced the highest yield.

Published
2014

36. Effect of Organic Amendments and the Antagonist Trichoderma viride on the Biological Control of 'Damping-Off' Disease of Tomato Caused by Pythium indicum Balakrishnan

Author

Krishnamoorthy, A. S.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Bhaskaran, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Krishnamoorthy, A. S.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, and Bhaskaran, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003

Abstract

No Abstract.

Published
2014

37. Effect of Trichoderma spp. on Damping-Off Disease of Tomato Caused by Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitz

Author

Karpagavalli, S.; Department of Plant Pathology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608 002, Ramabadran, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608 002, Karpagavalli, S.; Department of Plant Pathology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608 002, and Ramabadran, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608 002

Abstract

Manangement of soil-borne pathogens by using biocontrol agents is an efficient and long term method. The major problem of applying antagonists to soil is their inability to become established in the ecosystem and overcome the resistance of soil microflora to the introduction of new micro organisms (Alexander, 1971).

Published
2014

38. Antifungal activity of zinc sulphate on Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi.) Goid and it's synergistic action with Trichoderma viride Pers.

Author

Sundravadana, S.; Department of Plant Pathology Centre for Plant Protection Studies (TN AU) Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, Alice, D.; Department of Plant Pathology Centre for Plant Protection Studies (TN AU) Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, Sundravadana, S.; Department of Plant Pathology Centre for Plant Protection Studies (TN AU) Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, and Alice, D.; Department of Plant Pathology Centre for Plant Protection Studies (TN AU) Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu

Abstract

Antifungal activity of zinc sulphate against Macrophomina phaseolina, causing root rot disease in black gram was investigated under in vitro condition. The result of experiment revealed that among the nine nutrients tested, zinc sulphate at 500 and 750 ppm completely inhibited the mycelial growth of M. phaseolina. Synergistic action of zinc sulphate with T. viride showed increased mycelial growth (66.25mm, 207x106 spore/sq. cm), mycelial dry weight (565.22 mg) and sporulation (81.80 x 106 spores/ml) produced at 500 ppm and hence T. viride significantly reduced the mycelial growth of M. phaseolina in zinc sulphate amended medium.

Published
2014

39. Efficacy of Antagonists on Germination and Root Rot of Blackgram

Author

Kousalya, Gangadharan; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, Jeyarajan, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, Kousalya, Gangadharan; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, and Jeyarajan, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003

Abstract

Germination of blackgram seeds was significantly higher in Trichoderma viride + T. harzianum soil amendment 30 days before sowing and was on par with T. viride and T. harzianum applied individually. When added at the time or sowing, maximum germination was obtained in T. viride + T. harzianum soil amendment, and, was on par with T. harzianum soil amendment. There was significant reduction in the incidence of root rot when T. viride + T. harzianum was amended to soil either 30 days before sowing or at the time of sowing followed by T. harzianum soil amendment.

Published
2014

40. Effect of Seed Pelleting with Antagonists in the Management of Seedling Disease of Cotton

Author

Alagarsamy, G.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Mohan, S.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Jeyarajan, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Alagarsamy, G.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Mohan, S.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, and Jeyarajan, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003

Abstract

No Abstract.

Published
2014

41. Effect of Antagonists on Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitz and the Growth of Chilli Seedlings

Author

Manoranjitham, S. K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, Prakasam, V.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, Rajappan, K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, Manoranjitham, S. K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, Prakasam, V.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, and Rajappan, K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu

Abstract

Trichoderma viride Pers. Ex. Fries and Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula effectively inhibited the growth of Pythium aphanidermatum. Seed treatment with talc based formulation of T. viride (4g/kg) + P. fluorescens (5g/kg) recorded the maximum germination (92.3%), shoot length (4.45cm), root length (13.50cm), dry matter production (6.77 mg) and vigour index (1655.67) compared to the minimum in control.

Published
2014

42. Control of Seed Borne Pathogens of Groundnut by Antagonistic Fungi

Author

Ramamoorthy, V.; Department of Plant Pathology, Agrl. College & Research Institute, Madurai, Muthusamy, M.; Department of Plant Pathology, Agrl.College & Research Institute, Madurai, Ramamoorthy, V.; Department of Plant Pathology, Agrl. College & Research Institute, Madurai, and Muthusamy, M.; Department of Plant Pathology, Agrl.College & Research Institute, Madurai

Abstract

Antagonistic fungi viz., Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, T. reesei, T. hamatum and T. pseudokoningii were evaluated agalnst seedborne pathogens of groundnut. The mycelial growth ot Aspergillus flavus was heavily inhibited by T. viride, T. hamatum, T. pseudokoningii and T. harzianum whereas A. niger was retarded by T. pseudokoningii and T. hamatum. All the antagonistic organisms used were effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth or Rhizoctonia bataticola and Fusarium semitectum, the biocontrol agents were as effective as seed treatment with mancozeb and carbendazim in controlling the seed borne pathogens. Among the biocontrol agents T. pseudokoningii and T. harzianum were effective agalnst A. flavus and R. bataticola while T. reesei was the most effective in controlling both pre-and post emergence death by A. niger. F. semitectum was controlled by T. harzianum and T. virlde.

Published
2014

43. Biological Management of Root and Collar Rot of Cauliflower (Rhizoctonia solani) by a Talc-Based formulation of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai

Author

Bhagat, Someshwar; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, 741252, West Bengal, Pan, Sitansu; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, 741252, West Bengal, Bhagat, Someshwar; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, 741252, West Bengal, and Pan, Sitansu; Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, 741252, West Bengal

Abstract

The study on the management of collar rot of cauliflower, caused by Rhizoctoniu solani by a talc-based formulation of Trichoderma harzianum, was carried out during the early rabi seasons of 2005-06 and 2006-07 under field condition at Mohanpur, West Bengal with isolates of T. harzinum. The seedling dip and soil application of T. harzianum (talc-based) @ 200g per plot significantly reduced the disease incidence (63.6%) at 50 DAT followed by pre-transplanting seedling tip in T. harzianum spore suspension @ 5g/l combined with soil application of talc formulation @ 100g/plot (52.7%) and soil application of the talc formulation of T. Iiarzianum at 200g/plot (50.9%) treatment and there was corresponding yield increase in the respective treatments. The highest population density of T. harzianum was recorded in the plot treated with seedling tip and soil application (210 cfu/g soil) and the lowest in the control plot (7.5 cfu/g soil).

Published
2013

44. Evaluation of Toxicity of Agrochemicals on Trichoderma isolates In vitro

Author

Ranganathaswamy, M.; Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College, Bapatla 522 101, Andhra Pradesh, Patibanda, A. K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College, Bapatla 522 101, Andhra Pradesh, Nageshwara Rao, G.; Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College, Bapatla 522 101, Andhra Pradesh, Ranganathaswamy, M.; Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College, Bapatla 522 101, Andhra Pradesh, Patibanda, A. K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College, Bapatla 522 101, Andhra Pradesh, and Nageshwara Rao, G.; Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College, Bapatla 522 101, Andhra Pradesh

Abstract

Thirty nine agrochemicals comprising eighteen fungicides, eleven insecticides, six fertilizers and four herbicides were evaluated at different concentrations against two isolates of Trichoderma spp., and EC50 and EC90 values were calculated based on inhibition in radial growth. Isolate T. virens TV9, obtained from citrus orchard-relatively less exposed to agrochemicals was found more sensitive compared to isolate T. harzianum Th4, obtained from cotton ecosystem relatively more exposed to agrochemicals. Among fungicides, benzimidazoles showed higher toxicity followed by chlorothalonil and triazoles when mean EC50 values were compared. Wettable sulphur, Bordeaux mixture, azoxystrobin and mancozeb were found to be less toxic to Trichoderma spp. Among insecticides, organophosphorous group was found more toxic while carbofuran followed by spinosad were least toxic. Among fertilizers Zinc sulphate and diammonium phosphate were found highly toxic whereas potassium nitrate, muriate of potash and ammonium sulphate showed less toxicity. All the four test herbicides, i.e., pendimethalin, alachlor, glyphosate and 2, 4-D were found to be toxic to Trichoderma spp.

Published
2012

45. Efficacy of Biological Control Agents for Management of Postharvest Black Rot Pathogen Aspergillus carbonarius in Grapes

Author

Senthil, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, Rajendran, L.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, Prabakar, K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, Senthil, R.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, Rajendran, L.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, and Prabakar, K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu

Abstract

Grape berries were treated with different biological agents to test their efficacy in reducing post harvest incidence of black mould rot and minimize the loss. The agents Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Trichoderma and yeast isolates were individually screened against the black rot pathogen Aspergillus carbonarius. B. subtilis strains EPC-8 and EPCO-16 and T. harzianum (Th Co) showed high mycelial growth suppression of A. carbonarius in vitro. The effective biological control agents were tested in pre, post and combined inoculation studies against A. carbonarius in grape berries. In the pre inoculation, B. subtilis (EPC-8) showed 57.80 per cent reduction in the incidence of A. carbonarius followed by T. harzianum (Th Co) (48.43 percent). The same trend of effectiveness was also found in the post-inoculation and combined inoculation tests under storage conditions at room temperature in grape berries.

Published
2012

46. Relative Antagonistic Effect of Different Isolates of Trichoderma Viride and T. harzianum against Phytophthora capsici - A Bell Pepper Pathogen

Author

Srivastava, R. K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Crop Research Station, Bahraich, 271801, Uttar Pradesh, Singh, R. K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Crop Research Station, Bahraich, 271801, Uttar Pradesh, Prasad, R. D.; Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, Andhra Pradesh, Srivastava, R. K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Crop Research Station, Bahraich, 271801, Uttar Pradesh, Singh, R. K.; Department of Plant Pathology, Crop Research Station, Bahraich, 271801, Uttar Pradesh, and Prasad, R. D.; Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, Andhra Pradesh

Abstract

Isolates of Trichoderma viride and T. harzianum were tested for their myco-parasitic ability and relative antagonistic effect that showed all the Trichoderma isolates inhibited significantly the growth of the pathogen and it ranged from 62.73% (T. viride 1) to 45.37% (T. viride PDBC TV 23). Germination per cent ranged from 78.8 (T. viride 3) to 98.9 (T. viride PDBC TV 23) when treated with bio-agents, whereas in pathogen check it was only 73.3%. Maximum vigor index (547.3) was recorded in T. viride (PDBC TV 23), whereas in pathogen check it was 84.7 only. Fungicide treatment exhibited almost equal disease incidence and in pathogen check, it was as high as 68.9%, while minimum (16.7%) plant mortality was recorded in seeds treated with T. viride 1. In fungicidal treatment 33% plant mortality was recorded while in pathogen check it was highest (46.7%). The results obtained clearly indicated that the efficacy of different isolates of the same species also showed variation when tested against the same pathogen. Therefore, it may be concluded that before application in the field the potentiality of every strain of the bioagents should be tested against the target pathogen.

Published
2011

47. In vivo Effect of Antagonistic Treatments on Red Rot Disease Incidence, Yield and Quality Parameters of Sugarcane

Author

Sangeetha, A.; Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625104, Tamil Nadu, Neelamegam, R.; P.G. and Research Department of Botany, S. T. Hindu College, Nagercoil 629002, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, Mohan, S.; Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625104, Tamil Nadu, Sangeetha, A.; Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625104, Tamil Nadu, Neelamegam, R.; P.G. and Research Department of Botany, S. T. Hindu College, Nagercoil 629002, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, and Mohan, S.; Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625104, Tamil Nadu

Abstract

Experiments were carried out to develop an effective biocontrol method against sugarcane red rot disease under field conditions in sugarcane var. CoC-671. Integrated approach as sett treatment + foliar spray + soil application of the antagonistic organism Pseudomonas fluorescens recorded the lowest disease incidence (10.37 per cent), higher germination (77.67 per cent), more number of tillers (2.67/ha), economic shoots (1.95/ha) and increased yield (47.80tonnes/ha), highest brix value (21.27 per cent), sucrose (18.67 per cent) and commercial cane sugar (10.86 per cent) in the sugar cane var. CoC-671.

Published
2010

48. Management of Macrophomina Disease Complex in Jute (Corchorus olitorius) by Trichoderma viride

Author

Srivastava, R. K.; N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Plant Pathology, Crop Research Station, Bahraich 271801, Uttar Pradesh, Singh, R. K.; N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Plant Pathology, Crop Research Station, Bahraich 271801, Uttar Pradesh, Kumar, N.; N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Plant Pathology, Crop Research Station, Bahraich 271801, Uttar Pradesh, Singh, S.; N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Plant Pathology, Crop Research Station, Bahraich 271801, Uttar Pradesh, Srivastava, R. K.; N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Plant Pathology, Crop Research Station, Bahraich 271801, Uttar Pradesh, Singh, R. K.; N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Plant Pathology, Crop Research Station, Bahraich 271801, Uttar Pradesh, Kumar, N.; N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Plant Pathology, Crop Research Station, Bahraich 271801, Uttar Pradesh, and Singh, S.; N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Plant Pathology, Crop Research Station, Bahraich 271801, Uttar Pradesh

Abstract

An experiment was conducted in R.B.D. with seven treatments in four replications with olitorius jute variety JRO524 for five consecutive years (2002-07) at the experimental farm of the Crop Research Station, Bahraich in a plot size of 3X5 m2 with a row spacing of 30 cm. Recommended doses of N:P:K @ 60:30:30 kg ha-1 were applied. The treatment with soil application of Trichoderma viride thrice, i.e., 7, 15, 30 DAS was found best in controlling seedling blight, collor rot, stem rot and root rot diseases giving minimum per cent disease incidence (1.45, 3.07, 4.70 and 4.92, respectively) as compared to control (16.12, 9.47, 16.67 and 16.34, respectively). Soil application with T. viride twice (7 and 15 DAS) showed 2.05, 4.42, 6.14 and 6.15% incidence of the same diseases and ranked second. The treatment with carbendazim 50WP @ 2g kg−1, seed showed 8.52% seedling blight 5.24% collor rot, 6.93% stem rot and 8.56% root rot incidence. Mean dry fibre yield was highest (25.70q ha−1) in the plots when the soil was treated with T. viride at 7, 15 and 30 DAS, while it was lowest in control (17.76q ha−1) and in carbendazim treatment it was 22.23q ha−1. Variation in yield was due to the variations in plant height and basal diameter.

Published
2010

49. Effect of Different Media on Growth and Sporulation of Metarhizium anisopliae, a Fungal Bioagent

Author

Lal, Sunita; N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Plant Pathology, Crop Research Station, Bahraich 271801, Uttar Pradesh, Rajak, D. C.; N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Plant Pathology, Crop Research Station, Bahraich 271801, Uttar Pradesh, Sinha, O. K.; N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Plant Pathology, Crop Research Station, Bahraich 271801, Uttar Pradesh, Singh, V.; N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Plant Pathology, Crop Research Station, Bahraich 271801, Uttar Pradesh, Lal, Sunita; N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Plant Pathology, Crop Research Station, Bahraich 271801, Uttar Pradesh, Rajak, D. C.; N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Plant Pathology, Crop Research Station, Bahraich 271801, Uttar Pradesh, Sinha, O. K.; N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Plant Pathology, Crop Research Station, Bahraich 271801, Uttar Pradesh, and Singh, V.; N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Plant Pathology, Crop Research Station, Bahraich 271801, Uttar Pradesh

Abstract

An Influence of different culture media containing host extract as substrate on hyphal growth and sporulation of Metarhizium was evaluated in laboratory studied. The minimum average of 5.6 days was required for the sporulation of the fungus in Sabouraud's dextrose agar (SDA) medium supplemented with host extract (Pyrilla nymph/adult), where as in Emerson YPSS medium it was 7.3 days. The SDA medium in combination of host extract of the insect was found significantly superior over the other entire medium tested. Radial growth of 4.03 cm at days after inoculation (DAI) was observed in SDA medium supplemented with insect extract followed by SDA alone and Emerson YPSS medium with radial growth of 3.5 and 3.01 cm, respectively.

Published
2010

50. Effect of Time of Application of Biocontrol Agents for the Management of Crown Rot Disease in Banana (Musa acuminata L.)

Author

Sangeetha, G.; Department of Plant Pathology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, Usharani, S.; Department of Plant Pathology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, Sangeetha, G.; Department of Plant Pathology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, and Usharani, S.; Department of Plant Pathology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu

Abstract

Crown rot disease caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon and Maubl. and Colletotrichum musae (Berk and Curtis) Arx. is the major problem in banana cv. Robusta. Efficacy of application time of biocontrol agents in postharvest environment in relation to pathogen infection is an important factor in controlling the crown rot disease of banana. Trichoderma viride isolates TV3 and TV4 which showed effectiveness against both pathogens in vitro were applied at different time intervals in relation to the time of pathogen inoculation in order to know the effective application time of biocontrol agents. Biocontrol agents were applied 2 and 4 h before pathogen inoculation; simultaneous challenge inoculation; and 2, 4 h after pathogen inoculation. The results indicated that the highest reduction of crown rot disease of banana was achieved when the biocontrol agents were applied 4 and 2 h before pathogen inoculation (preventive method of application) compared with the other treatments.

Published
2010

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