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Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common diseases today. It will cause several complications, one of which is a diabetic foot wound. The effects of this complication will affect psychological conditions in the form of depression. Depression can be handled using a psychosocial approach, one of which is psychoeducation intervention. The provision of psycho-educational interventions can use a variety of media so that the educational material presented is more attractive and can be received as much as possible. This study aimed to determine if there is an effect of brief psychoeducation using audio-video on depression score in a patient with a diabetic foot ulcer. This research used a quasi-experimental study with a pretest and posttest approach with the control group. The sample consisted of 32 respondents, divided into 2 groups of intervention and control groups. Samples were taken using purposive sampling. The instrument used was the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon and Mann Whitney tests. The results showed that there was a difference in the average depression score between the control and intervention groups with a p-value less than 0.05. Psychoeducation using audio-video can help reduce depression in diabetic foot ulcer patients. Abstrak: Diabetes melitus merupakan salah satu penyakit yang paling banyak diderita saat ini. Diabetes melitus akan mengakibatkan terjadinya beberapa komplikasi, salah satunya luka kaki diabetik. Efek dari komplikasi ini akan mempengaruhi kondisi psikologis berupa depresi. Depresi dapat ditangani dengan menggunakan pendekatan psikososial, salah satunya intervensi psikoedukasi. Pemberian intervensi psikoedukasi dapat menggunakan berbagai media agar materi edukasi yang disampaikan lebih menarik dan dapat diterima semaksimal mungkin. Penelitian ini menggunakan kuasi eksperimen dengan pendekatan pretest and posttest with control group. Sampel berjumlah 32 responden, dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok intervensi dan kelompok control. Sampel diambil menggunakan purposive sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah kuesioner Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Data dianalisis menggunakan uji Wilcoxon dan Mann Whitney. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaaan rata-rata skor depresi antara kelompok kontrol dan intervensi dengan nilai p kurang dari 0,05. Psikoedukasi menggunakan video audio dapat membantu mengurangi depresi pada pasien diabetic foot ulcer.

BACKGROUND: Depression is major global public health problems. This disease is often associated with other chronic diseases, for example, depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The presence of depression in chronic disease exacerbates the underlying disease and leads to non-adherence to treatment, loss of disease control, lower quality of life, increased use of health resources, and increased morbidity and mortality and also depression in people with COPD can result in a high economic burden, therefore, screening, investigated the risk factors, and timely treatment of depressive symptoms in people with COPD are very important. AIM: This study aims to determine factors associated with depression score in people with COPD. METHODS: This study is a multivariate type of predictive study with a cross-sectional approach to determine the risk factors of depression score in people with COPD. Symptomatology of depression was assessed using the Beck depression inventory-II. RESULTS: Of the 119 people included, majority 76.5% of the participants were male. The mean ages were 61.09 ± 7.708 years. There was a significant association between depression and independent variables of the duration of illness (p < 0.001), gender (p = 0.006), employment status (p < 0.001), and marital status (p = 0.003) in people with COPD. CONCLUSIONS: Duration of illness, gender, employment status, and marital status were associated with depression in people with COPD.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin. Indonesia is the 7th most DM sufferer in the world. Patients when diagnosed with DM experience psychological stress, anxiety because they are no longer like normal people, causing depression. The way to reduce depression is to do physical activity such as gymnastics. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of diabetic exercise on the reduction of depression scores at Persadia RSI Klaten. This study used a quasy experimental pre post test design with a cross sectional approach. The study population was type II DM patients who joined Persadia Islamic Hospital Klaten. The sampling technique was purposive sampling with a total of 30 respondents. The data collection instrument used the PHQ questionnaire. Bivariate data analysis using the Wilcoxon test. The results of the research on the characteristics of respondents were dominated by women as many as 23 (76.7%). The average age of the respondents was 49 years. The ethnic group is dominated by Javanese as many as 28 (93.3%). Most of the respondents' occupation is Labor 12 (40.0%). The average score for depression before the intervention for diabetic exercise was 7,400 and after the intervention for diabetic exercise decreased to 2.166. The results of the Wilcoxon test showed that there was a significant effect of diabetes exercise on the reduction of depression scores in type II diabetes mellitus patients at Persadia RSI Klaten values ??(p = 0.000, Z = -4.813). Conclusion based on the results of the study, the average depression score in Type II DM patients before diabetes exercise was 7,400. Meanwhile, the average depression score after diabetes exercise was 2.166. The results of statistical tests showed that there was an effect of diabetes exercise on depression scores in Type II DM patients with a p value of 0.000.

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: A férfiakat érintő egyik leggyakoribb malignus ráktípus a prosztatarák. A Nemzeti Rákregiszter adatai alapján hazánkban évente több mint 4600 új eset kerül diagnosztizálásra. Célkitűzés: A rákbetegek pszichoszociális háttere napjainkig alulvizsgált terület Magyarországon. A szerzők célja a magyar prosztatarákos férfiak szociodemográfiai, egészségi, mentális állapotának vizsgálata volt. Módszer: A vizsgálatban 100 prosztatarákos férfi vett részt, akiknek más urológiai betegsége nem volt, továbbá más daganatos betegségből kifolyó kezelésben nem részesültek a kérdőív kitöltésekor. A részvétel anonim és önkéntes volt. A standard validált tesztek mellett – mint a Beck Depresszió Kérdőív, Rosenberg Önértékelés Skála – szociodemográfiai, egészségmagatartás- és életmód-kérdéscsoportokat tartalmazott kérdőívünk. Statisztikai analízis: Leíró statisztikát, khi-négyzet-próbát, lineáris regresszió analízist, Fisher-egzakt tesztet, kétmintás t-próbát végeztünk 95%-os valószínűségi szinten az SPSS 20.0 és a Microsoft Excel 2016-os programban. Eredmények: Az egészségi állapotot a lakhely településcsoportja (p = 0,024), az anyagi helyzet (p = 0,001), a krónikus betegség (p = 0,000), a fizikai aktivitás (p = 0,000) és az alkoholfogyasztás (p = 0,001) befolyásolta. A társas támogatás (p = 0,726) ellenben nem bizonyult befolyásoló tényezőnek. A megkérdezettek 66%-a volt elhízott a BMI alapján. Helyesen csupán a megkérdezettek egyharmada táplálkozott a ma érvényes MDOSZ-ajánlás alapján. 62%-uk enyhén depressziósnak volt mondható a Beck Depresszió Kérdőív alapján, 73%-uk önértékelése azonban a Rosenberg Önértékelés Skála alapján átlagosnak volt mondható. Az életkorral nem nőtt sem a Depresszió Kérdőív pontszáma, sem az Önértékelés Skála pontszáma. Következtetés: Eredményeink alátámasztják, amit a hazai és a külföldi szakirodalom is mutat: az egészséget befolyásoló tényezőknek meghatározó szerepük van a daganatos megbetegedéssel élőknél is. A depresszió és az önértékelés közti összefüggés nem igazolódott a mintánkban. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(10): 383–391. Summary. Introduction: Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant cancers amongst men. More than 4600 men are diagnosed with prostate cancer every year in Hungary. Objective: The psychosocial background of cancer patients is an underexamined area in Hungary. The aim of the authors was to obtain information on the sociodemographic status, health and mental status of Hungarian men with prostate cancer. Method: 100 prostate cancer patiens were included in the study who did not have any urologic diseases and did not go under any therapy due to any other type of cancer. The applied questionnaire was put together by the authors about sociodemographic and health status, lifestyle. The Beck’s Depression Inventory and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were also used. Statistical analysis: We used descriptive statistics, chi-square test, linear regression, Fisher’s exact test, independent t-sample test on a 95% probability level in the SPSS 20.0 and Microsoft Excel 2016 softwers. Results: The settlement classification (p = 0.024), financial status (p = 0.001), chronic illnesses (p = 0.000), physical activity (p = 0.000) and alcohol consumption (p = 0.001) affected the health status. Only one third of the respondents ate healthy according to the recommendations of the MDOSZ. 66% of the respondents were overweight. 62% of the respondents were depressed according to the Beck’s Depression Inventory, however, 73% of them had average self-esteem measured by the Rosenberg Scale. We proved that with age either the depression score or the self-esteem score did not increase. Conclusion: Our results roughly mirror the national and international literature about health behavior. No connection was found between self-esteem and depression. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(10): 383–391.

Background It has been suggested that premenstrual syndrome (PMS) may derive from either elevated oxidative stress or reduced antioxidant vitamin levels in the body; however, these relationships have been minimally studied in a large cohort of healthy women. Our objective was to estimate the association between serum concentrations of antioxidant vitamins (A, C, and E) and markers of oxidative stress (F2-isoprostane) with symptoms and severity of PMS. Methods The BioCycle study was a prospective cohort study following 259 healthy premenopausal women aged 18–44 years for up to 2 menstrual cycles. Frequency/severity of 20 PMS symptoms were assessed via questionnaires 4 times/cycle, and antioxidant vitamins and oxidative stress biomarkers were measured up to 8 times/cycle to correspond with specific cycle phases. Generalized linear models were used to estimate associations between mean antioxidant concentrations and oxidative stress biomarkers with PMS symptoms and severity; linear mixed models were used to evaluate associations with symptom severity scores within groups (e.g. depression, cravings, pain). Results Higher concentrations of serum antioxidant vitamins were largely not associated with prevalence or severity of PMS symptoms. Though a few associations were observed, only associations between mean γ-tocopherol and decreased odds of swelling of the hands/feet survived adjustment for multiple comparisons (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.16, 0.65, per ug/dL). However, F2-isoprostanes were associated with prevalence and severity of several symptoms specifically related to depression and cravings (depression score β = 0.07, 95% CI 0.02, 0.12, per 10 ug/dL; cravings score β = 0.16, 95% CI 0.10, 0.22, per 10 ug/dL), as well as with classification of PMS severity (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01, 1.14, per 10 pg/dL), with these associations surviving adjustment for false discovery rate. Conclusions F2-isoprostanes, but not antioxidant vitamins, were associated with select PMS symptoms, as well as symptom and severity categories. Specific symptom relationships merit further research.

Network mechanisms of depression development and especially of improvement from nonpharmacological treatment remain understudied. The current study is aimed at examining brain networks functional connectivity in depressed patients and its dynamics in nonpharmacological treatment. Resting state fMRI data of 21 healthy adults and 51 patients with mild or moderate depression were analyzed with spatial independent component analysis; then, correlations between time series of the components were calculated and compared between-group (study 1). Baseline and repeated-measure data of 14 treated (psychotherapy or fMRI neurofeedback) and 15 untreated depressed participants were similarly analyzed and correlated with changes in depression scores (study 2). Aside from diverse findings, studies 1 and 2 both revealed changes in within-default mode network (DMN) and DMN to executive control network (ECN) connections. Connectivity in one pair, initially lower in depression, decreased in no treatment group and was inversely correlated with Montgomery-Asberg depression score change in treatment group. Weak baseline connectivity in this pair also predicted improvement on Montgomery-Asberg scale in both treatment and no treatment groups. Coupling of another pair, initially stronger in depression, increased in therapy though was unrelated to improvement. The results demonstrate possible role of within-DMN and DMN-ECN functional connectivity in depression treatment and suggest that neural mechanisms of nonpharmacological treatment action may be unrelated to normalization of initially disrupted connectivity.

Background and Objective: Epileptic children and adolescents have a greater risk for behavioral and psychological disorders. This study aimed to illustrate symptoms of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with epilepsy, identify the quality of life among families of epileptic children, and assess the awareness and knowledge of caregivers about epilepsy. Methods: This is a hospital-based, cross-sectional study that included all children and adolescents (< 18 years of age) with confirmed epilepsy registered in a neurology clinic at governmental hospitals in Taif city, Saudi Arabia. Responses were collected from the caregivers after contacting them via phone numbers and getting consent. We used a Shortened Revised Child Anxiety and Depression scale -parent version and a validated short form 12 questionnaire for data collection. Results: The median total depression score was 20.0 (14.0-24.0), while the median total anxiety score was 10.0 (7.0- 14.0). There was a significant positive moderate association between depression and anxiety scores. The median depression and anxiety scores were significantly higher in adolescents than in children (p< 0.001). There was an impairment in all aspects of the quality of life of caregivers of epileptic children and adolescents to different degrees. Conclusions: Children and adolescents with epilepsy showed different grades of anxiety and depressive symptoms that were significantly more frequent among adolescents. The caregivers showed variable degrees of impaired quality of life.

Purpose To examine the relationships of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) with psychiatric symptoms and quality of life in dermatological patients. Patients and Methods A total of 154 female patients with dermatological disease underwent a comprehensive clinical assessment that included the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination-Self Report (BDDE-SR), Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R), and Skindex-29. Dermatological disease was categorized as follows: inflammatory dermatoses (reference category), isolated lesions, and unclassified dermatoses. The BDDE-SR and SCL-90-R scores were used to evaluate BDD and psychiatric symptoms, respectively. Dermatological quality of life was measured with the Skindex-29. Results The BDDE-SR score was significantly associated with the SCL-90-R and Skindex-29 total and subscores, even after controlling for age, body mass index, and dermatological diagnosis. The variables that contributed most to the BDDE-SR score were the SCL-90-R depression score and Skindex-29 emotion scores. Additional analyses revealed that the BDDE-SR score was higher in participants with unclassified dermatoses, but neither the SCL-90-R score nor Skindex-29 score was related to any dermatological diagnosis. Conclusion The BDD symptoms were especially prominent in the unclassified dermatoses group and were highly related to psychiatric symptoms and a poor quality of life in our dermatological patients. Further research including studies involving psychiatric interviews to confirm the BDD diagnosis and symptoms will improve our understanding of BDD in dermatological patients.

Objective:To assess dairy Ca intake and investigate its relationship with insomnia and other common co-morbidities including anxiety, depression and musculoskeletal pain (MSP) among university students.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:University, Irbid, Jordan.Participants:Male and female individuals (n 1000), aged 20·87 ± 2·69 years.Results:Low dairy Ca intake (P-values < 0·05). Dairy Ca was weakly inversely correlated with Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) score, depression score and measures of MSP (P-values < 0·05). Regression analysis indicated that insomnia was predicted by low dairy Ca, anxiety, depression, MSP and smoking (P-values < 0·05). Both anxiety and depression were predicted by increased ISI score (P-values < 0·05), while depression alone was predicted by low dairy Ca (P-value < 0·01). MSP was predicted by increased ISI and anxiety scores (P-values < 0·05).Conclusions:Low dairy Ca was highly prevalent and associated with insomnia and depression among university students. Individuals should be advised to increase dietary Ca intake to achieve the recommended daily amount. Further research is required to investigate a potential causal relationship between low Ca and both insomnia and its related co-morbidities.

Research into emotion regulation has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Besides, there has been a growing number of Chinese students pursuing undergraduate and postgraduate studies abroad. However, instruments and evidence of their emotion regulation ability and psychological well-beings are somewhat limited. The aim of this study is to develop a reliable and valid regulatory emotional self-efficacy (RESE) scale that can be used to assess their current RESE status, and to explore the relationship between RESE, coping self-efficacy (CSE) and depression. The results found: (1) the RESE scale for overseas Chinese university students follows a first-order five-factor model. These five factors are perceived self-efficacy in managing fear (FEA), anxiety (ANX), positive affect (POS), distress/despondency (DES) and anger/irritation (ANG); (2) the CSE score for university students is higher in males than in females; (3) the depression score for university students is low, indicating that their current levels of depression are low; (4) RESE has a predictive effect on CSE and depression, and CSE also has a predictive effect on depression; (5) CSE fully mediates the relation between RESE and depression. The current study offers insight into distinguishing emotions of overseas Chinese university students in relation to RESE and clarifying the mechanism of how CSE affects the depression.

Objective The aim of this study was to find the level of anxiety and depression and its clinical and sociodemographic determinants among the parents of children with cancer on chemotherapy. Materials and Methods Hamilton-A (HAM-A) and Hamilton-D (HAM-D) scales were used to assess anxiety and depression, respectively, in this cross-sectional study. The assessed parents were administered the questionnaire along with collection of sociodemographic and clinical data through a structured data collection proforma between August 2018 and November 2018. Statistical Analysis The sociodemographic factors and the clinical characteristics were analyzed and have been expressed descriptively and associations between the sociodemographic characteristics, clinical characteristics of the children, and the calculated scores obtained from HAM-A and HAM-D scales were analyzed using chi-squared test. A p-value of Results Out of 101 parents, 86 (85.14%) were found to have a mild, moderate, or severe depression score. Parents of children with solid tumors undergoing chemotherapy had higher frequency of severe and very severe depression. Majority of the parents (56.4%) assessed with HAM-A scale had mild level of anxiety that was significantly affected by the level of education. Conclusion This study confirmed a very high frequency of depression and anxiety in the parents of children affected with cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Type of cancer (solid or hematological) was found to be a predictor of depression, while education level was found to be a predictor of anxiety in the parents.

To explore the risk factors for stroke by using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). A total of 19384 cases from the NHANES database during 2005 to 2016 were included in this study, of which 661 were stroke patients, with a weighted prevalence of 2.60%. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze possible risk factors for stroke. The risk of stroke was 1.839 times higher in subjects with diabetes than in those without diabetes, P

Depression is a common and serious mental disorder that causes a person to have sad or hopeless feelings in his/her daily life. With the rapid development of social media, people tend to express their thoughts or emotions on the social platform. Different social platforms have various formats of data presentation, which makes huge and diverse data available for analysis by researchers. In our study, we aim to detect users with depressive tendency on Instagram. We create a depression dictionary for automatically collecting data of depressive and non-depressive users. In terms of the prediction model, we construct a multimodal system, which utilizes image, text and behavior features to predict the aggregated depression score of each post on Instagram. Considering the time interval between posts, we propose a two-stage detection mechanism for detecting depressive users. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed methods can achieve up to 0.835 F1-score for detecting depressive users. It can therefore serve as an early depression detector for a timely treatment before it becomes severe.

Objective: Assessment of the potential effect of yoga, motivational videos, and a combination of two on stress reduction in female dental students. Methods: The current study design is a nonrandomized trial carried out among female dental students (n = 120). The selected subjects were allocated into three groups, namely, group A: yoga group assigned under a professional yoga instructor, group B: motivational video group, and group C: a combination of two (A and B) involving yoga sessions and motivational videos; following which formative examinations were carried out at 6 weeks which were referred to as stressor 1 and those carried out at 12 weeks were referred to as stressor 2. Using Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults (STAI-A) recordings were measured at baseline, stressor 1, and stressor 2. Results: There was a significant decrease in trait anxiety scores at both stressors in all the groups with a significant reduction in depression score from stressor 1 to 2 in group 1 and group 3 subjects. The significant decrease occurred in STAI-A scores in group 1 and group 3 subjects at both stressors (P < 0.001) with no change observed in group 2 subjects. Conclusion: The present study is one of a kind and positively correlates yoga and motivational videos with stress reduction. Both of these interventions proved to be beneficiary for physical as well as mental health of study subjects.

Introduction/Background* To investigate the feasibility and acceptance of the Mika health app by patients with cancer. Methodology Prospective intra-individually controlled pilot study. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either digital psycho-oncological support in the form of the app or standard care. Result(s)* A total of 70 patients were included, one-third of whom had high levels of psychological distress. Relative to the baseline during the 12-week period, the mean depression score decreased in the intervention group (p = 0.00078 one-tailed, p = 0.0016 two-tailed), without any changes in the control group. The most prevalent disease-specific side effect was fatigue, which decreased by 23.1% in the intervention group and by 31.1% in the chemotherapy subgroup (p = 0.02). Conclusion* The digital app showed high acceptance and satisfaction among patients with gynaecological malignancies, regardless of age group.

Telemedicine and Relationship of Depression Score Improvement to Hypertension Improvement via Video Visits Introduction: Our group has elsewhere demonstrated effectiveness of telemedicine video visits nationwide for effective hypertension control. Here we explore associated depression scores, grouping patients into cohorts with improvement in systolic BP and patients with no improvement, over 12 months. Hypothesis: PHQ-9 depression scores may reveal barriers to achieving BP control via video visits. Methods: Quantitative analysis was performed of home video visits coded with Essential Hypertension diagnosis March 2020 through February 2021, the first 12 months of the pandemic. 569 patients with 1785 hypertension visits were in our national telemedicine practice database in the period. Serial PHQ-9 scores were available on 78 patients with multiple hypertension visits. Average percent change in PHQ-9 score was calculated as average change in score / average initial score. Results: Patients with reduction in BP had an average of 3.2 visits. The average number of BP measurements in the multiple visits group was 6.37. Average age of patients was 44. There were 56 patients with PHQ-9 scores with improvement in systolic BPs in the study period. Mean initial PHQ-9 score for this group was 11.79 (SEM = +/- 0.92, SD = +/- 6.87), and mean PHQ-9 score at a subsequent measurement was 7.18 (SEM = +/- 0.72, SD = +/- 5.42) . The average change in score was 4.61 (SEM = +/- 0.92, SD = +/- 6.91). These patients improved their PHQ-9 scores by an average of 39.10% (4.61 of 11.79, SEM = +/- 7.84%, SD = +/- 58.64%). There were 22 patients with PHQ-9 scores with no improvement in systolic BPs in the study period. Mean initial PHQ-9 score for this group was 13.09 (SEM = +/- 1.54, SD = +/- 7.22), and mean PHQ-9 score at a subsequent measurement was 9.5 (SEM = +/- 7.74). The average change in score was 3.59 (SEM = +/- 1.50, SD = +/- 7.01). These patients improved their PHQ-9 scores by an average of 27.40% (3.59 of 13.09, SEM = +/- 11.42%, , SD = +/- 53.58%). Conclusions: These results are hypothesis-generating about possible relationships between depression diagnosis, improvement in management of depression, and hypertension control. Further study of more PHQ-9 data with a larger study sample would be of interest.

The immunomodulatory capacity of mental stress is one of the basic concepts of psychoneuroimmunology. The current prospective longitudinal study was designed to evaluate the effect of acute mental stress on neurotransmitter precursor amino acid levels in individuals with depression at 2 time points. Ten physically healthy patients with a diagnosis of major depressive episode and Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale scores (MADRAS) ⩾20 points at inclusion were assessed on 2 study days (once with higher MADRAS scores, once with lower MADRAS scores; median 34.5 days apart) and subjected to a standardized acute mental stress test on each study day. Blood was collected at 4 time points: once prior to and at 3 time points (0, 30 minutes, 60 minutes) following mental stress. Neurotransmitter precursor amino acid levels, that is kynurenine/tryptophan (KYN/TRP) and phenylalanine/tyrosine (PHE/TYR), as well as neopterin and nitrite were analyzed in a total of 80 individual blood samples. Regression and correlation analyses were performed. Regression analyses of PHE/TYR ( R2 = .547) and KYN/TRP ( R2 = .440) in relation to MADRAS depression severity showed a quadratic curve fit. This was reflected by a negative linear correlation between MADRAS scores and PHE/TYR as well as KYN/TRP in the lower score range ( r = −.805, P

Clinical depression can occur in young children as early as age three. This very early onset variant of depression shows the same clinical features with developmental adjustments as depression that onsets later in life. One robust neural feature of adult depression is reduced hippocampal volume. We measured hippocampal volume in a sample of 35 children aged 4 to 7 who were either in a clinical trial for preschool onset depression or were recruited from the community. We used T1 MPRAGE acquisitions on a Siemen’s Scanner, with Freesurfer 5.3 used to segment the hippocampus. Depression was measured using the K-SADS early childhood (K-SADS-EC) to create a dimensional depression severity score and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Depression T-Score. Multilevel models indicated that greater depression severity as measured by either the CBCL Depression Score or the K-SADS-EC was associated with lower hippocampal volume, even controlling for total gray matter, maternal depression, income-to-needs ratio, and stressful life events. These data indicate evidence for reduced hippocampal volume among children with PO-MDD who were more severely depressed. Findings are consistent with the idea that hippocampal volume reductions are an early occurring associated neural marker of MDD, particularly for more severe depression.

The study was conducted to know whether bulk inflow of Non Emergency Calls (NECs) acts as an independent predictor for depression in call handlers of Rescue 1122, Punjab, Pakistan. Forty five (45) call handlers were recruited from evening shift of 9 districts. Similarly, same-sized control group was made out of field rescuers. The groups were compared for rate and severity level of depression using Beck’s Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996). Probable predictors (except workplace stress) for depression in call handlers were evaluated through risk estimates. For workplace stress, a purposefully developed close- ended Workplace Stress Questionnaire including two subscales i.e. Non Emergency call and Control Room Environment of 30 items each was administrated. Twenty nine (64.4%) subjects of study group reported depression on BDI. Consequently, the same group had significantly higher mean depression score than control (18.2 vs. 12.6; p = .00). The scores also showed insignificant association with any of the probable predictors (demographic variables) of the call attendees. The respondents perceived more occupational stress against NECs. The findings attract the attention of authorities towards the severity of the concern.

There is growing interest on the impact of diet on depressive disorders. However, there are limited data on the association between dietary patterns and depression symptoms among Iranian adolescents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between dietary patterns and depression score among Iranian adolescent girls. Data were obtained from 750 adolescent girls, who were recruited from several schools using a random cluster sampling. Dietary data were collected using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Beck's depression inventory (BDI-II) was used to assess depression severity score. The prevalence of girls diagnosed with depression was 29.1%. Three major dietary patterns were identified in the study based on factor analysis: “Healthy”, “Traditional” and “Western”. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of having depressive symptoms was 0.55 (95% confidence intervals, 0.34–0.89) for the highest versus lowest quartile of the healthy dietary pattern score. However, there were no significant associations between the Traditional and Western dietary patterns and depression symptoms. Our results indicate that adherence to a Healthy dietary pattern characterized by high intakes of fruits, vegetables, fish and dairy products is associated with a lower probability of having depressive symptoms among Iranian adolescent girls.

Background: Fairview Specialty Pharmacy provides comprehensive therapy management (TM) for patients, yet some patients require additional social, physical, and psychological support that may be unmet by a pharmacist or nurse. To address complex patient needs and remotely improve social determinants of health, a health coach is employed. The projected benefits of a health coaching program for patients include providing holistic support for health and mental well-being, identifying and overcoming barriers to healthy coping, and identifying additional resources for support. Aims: Goals of this study were to determine the impact of a health coach in patients who receive specialty pharmacy services as measured by number of referrals to this program, patient satisfaction and perceived impact on health, and impact on patient depression scores. Methods: Health coaching services were offered to patients during initial TM call or when a trigger was identified, such as emotional distress, new chronic illness diagnosis, life transition, coping issues, stress management, end of life, advanced care planning, or family concerns. Initial outreach health coach call to the patient provided program overview, confirmed interest, determined focus area (emotional/spiritual needs, loss/grief, lifestyle changes, or stress management), encouraged goal setting, and documented baseline depression score using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Follow-up calls between the patient and health coach were focused on patient goals; referrals to additional services were documented. At the end of the third call, the PHQ-9 was given and a satisfaction survey was mailed to the patient. Program impact was determined based on satisfaction surveys, referrals, and the change in PHQ-9 after the third call. Results: 623 health coaching assessments were completed in 82 patients (April 2016-January 2019). The most common coaching focus (46% of patients) was combined emotional/spiritual and loss/grief. PHQ-9 was assessed in 54 patients at baseline and session 3; improvement occurred in 30 of the 54 patients (56%). In patients with baseline moderate to severe depression, 70% of patients experienced decreased depression. Anonymous patient experience survey (n = 21) revealed that 86% of patients in this program strongly agreed or agreed that their physical health and 95% strongly agreed or agreed that their mental health was positively impacted by working with the health coach. All patients (100%) strongly agreed or agreed that they were satisfied with the Fairview Specialty Pharmacy health coaching program. The health coach referred 37 patients to additional services, including support groups, social workers, case managers, physicians, psychiatrists, and hospice or advance care planning. Conclusions: The specialty pharmacy health coaching program was impactful, as measured by high patient satisfaction, positive patient perception of program impact on physical and mental health, improved patient depression scores, and referrals to other resources.