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1. On the variants of SVM methods applied to GPR data to classify tack coat characteristics in French pavements: two experimental case studies

Author

Andreoli, Grégory, Ihamouten, Amine, Nguyen, Mai Lan, Fargier, Yannick, Fauchard, Cyrille, Simonin, Jean-Michel, Buliuk, Viktoriia, Souriou, David, and Dérobert, Xavier

Subjects
Statistics - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

Among the commonly used non-destructive techniques, the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is one of the most widely adopted today for assessing pavement conditions in France. However, conventional radar systems and their forward processing methods have shown their limitations for the physical and geometrical characterization of very thin layers such as tack coats. However, the use of Machine Learning methods applied to GPR with an inverse approach showed that it was numerically possible to identify the tack coat characteristics despite masking effects due to low timefrequency resolution noted in the raw B-scans. Thus, we propose in this paper to apply the inverse approach based on Machine Learning, already validated in previous works on numerical data, on two experimental cases with different pavement structures. The first case corresponds to a validation on known pavement structures on the Gustave Eiffel University (Nantes, France) with its pavement fatigue carousel and the second case focuses on a new real road in Vend{\'e}e department (France). In both case studies, the performances of SVM/SVR methods showed the efficiency of supervised learning methods to classify and estimate the emulsion proportioning in the tack coats.

Published
2023
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22. Development of a multi-linear quadratic experimental design for the EM characterization of concretes in the radar frequency-band

Author

Derobert, Xavier and Villain, Geraldine

Subjects
Concretes -- Analysis, Dielectric materials -- Analysis, Electrical conductivity -- Analysis, Ground penetrating radar -- Analysis, Business, Construction and materials industries
Abstract

ABSTRACT This study is focused on the electromagnetic characterization of concretes within the ground-penetrating radar frequency band. The evaluation of the complex dielectric properties is carried out in laboratory on [...]

Published
2017
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28. GPR System Performance Compliance According to COST Action TU 1208 Guidelines

Author

Pajewski, Lara, Vrtunski, Milan, Bugarinovic, Željko, Ristic, Aleksandar, Govedarica, Miro, Van Der Wielen, Audrey, Gregoire, Colette, Van Geem, Carl, Derobert, Xavier, Borecký, Vladislav, Salih Serkan, Artagan, Fontul, Simona, Marecos, Vania, Lambot, Sebastien, Pajewski, Lara, Vrtunski, Milan, Bugarinovic, Željko, Ristic, Aleksandar, Govedarica, Miro, Van Der Wielen, Audrey, Gregoire, Colette, Van Geem, Carl, Derobert, Xavier, Borecký, Vladislav, Salih Serkan, Artagan, Fontul, Simona, Marecos, Vania, and Lambot, Sebastien

Abstract

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) systems shall be periodically calibrated and their performance verified, in accordance with the recommendations and specifications of the manufacturer. Nevertheless, most GPR owners in Europe employ their instrumentation for years without ever having it checked by the manufacturer, unless major flaws or problems become evident, according to the results of a survey carried out in the context of COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action TU1208 “Civil engineering applications of Ground Penetrating Radar.” The D6087–08 standard, emitted by the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM International), describes four procedures for the calibration of GPR systems equipped with air-coupled antennas. After a critical analysis of those procedures, four improved tests were proposed by a team of Members of the COST Action TU1208, which can be carried out to evaluate the signal-to-noise ratio, short-term stability, linearity in the time axis, and long-term stability of the GPR signal. This paper includes a full description of the proposed tests and presents the results obtained by scientists from Belgium, Czech Republic, Portugal, and Serbia, who executed the tests on their GPR systems. Overall, five pulsed control units and nine antennas were tested (five horn and four ground-coupled antennas, with central frequencies from 400 MHz to 1.8 GHz). While the performed measurements are not representative enough to establish absolute thresholds for the tests, they provide a valuable indication about values that one could obtain when testing GPR equipment, if the equipment is working reasonably well. Moreover, by periodically repeating the tests on the same equipment, it is possible to detect any significant shift from previously obtained values, which may imply that the GPR unit or antenna under test is not working in a normal or satisfactory manner. We also believe that executing the tests described in this paper is a useful exerci, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) systems shall be periodically calibrated and their performance verified, in accordance with the recommendations and specifications of the manufacturer. Nevertheless, most GPR owners in Europe employ their instrumentation for years without ever having it checked by the manufacturer, unless major flaws or problems become evident, according to the results of a survey carried out in the context of COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action TU1208 “Civil engineering applications of Ground Penetrating Radar.” The D6087–08 standard, emitted by the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM International), describes four procedures for the calibration of GPR systems equipped with air-coupled antennas. After a critical analysis of those procedures, four improved tests were proposed by a team of Members of the COST Action TU1208, which can be carried out to evaluate the signal-to-noise ratio, short-term stability, linearity in the time axis, and long-term stability of the GPR signal. This paper includes a full description of the proposed tests and presents the results obtained by scientists from Belgium, Czech Republic, Portugal, and Serbia, who executed the tests on their GPR systems. Overall, five pulsed control units and nine antennas were tested (five horn and four ground-coupled antennas, with central frequencies from 400 MHz to 1.8 GHz). While the performed measurements are not representative enough to establish absolute thresholds for the tests, they provide a valuable indication about values that one could obtain when testing GPR equipment, if the equipment is working reasonably well. Moreover, by periodically repeating the tests on the same equipment, it is possible to detect any significant shift from previously obtained values, which may imply that the GPR unit or antenna under test is not working in a normal or satisfactory manner. We also believe that executing the tests described in this paper is a useful exerci

Published
2021

31. Non destructive monitoring of mechanical stress in concrete for the survey of nuclear power plants

Author

Chaix, Jean François, Garnier, Vincent, Rakotonarivo, Sandrine, Piwakowski, Bogdan, Ciccarone, Charles, Henault, Jean-Marie, Abraham, Odile, Villain, Géraldine, Derobert, Xavier, Gugole, G., Durand, Olivier, Lengland, Jean-Baptiste, Verdier, Jérome, Sogbossi, Hognon, Laboratoire de Mécanique et d'Acoustique [Marseille] (LMA ), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Transduction, Propagation et Imagerie Acoustique - IEMN (TPIA - IEMN), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - Département Opto-Acousto-Électronique - UMR 8520 (IEMN-DOAE), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), EDF R&D (EDF R&D), EDF (EDF), Université Gustave Eiffel - Institut francilien d'ingénierie des services (UGE IFIS), Université Gustave Eiffel, Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], [INFO]Computer Science [cs], [PHYS.MECA.ACOU]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Acoustics [physics.class-ph]
Abstract

Session 2-1 - NDE and NDT for Civil Engineering, paper QNDE2019-6837, 3 pages; International audience; To prevent consequences of damage in case of accident, some barriers of pre-stressed concrete are included in the nuclear power plant structures. Hence, to insure the nuclear security, it is important to control these structures. The nuclear accident induces pressure and temperature increases. This case is studied in a French Project involving eight academic and industrial laboratories with skills in NDE (Non-Destructive Evaluation) methods. In this paper, we focus on the synthesis for the results with different techniques in relation with the evolution of stress in the structure. Experiments tests have been conducted on slabs 0.5 m x 0.25 m x 0.12 m submitted to compressive load, for one concrete mix formulated to be representative of nuclear containment. In situ NDE measurements have been done during a test simulating nuclear accident. These experiments were realized on the Vercors mock-up which is a 1/3 scaled concrete power plant (? 16 m x h 30 m cylinder, with 0.40 m thick walls) submitted to internal pressure up to 4 bars. This study includes electromagnetic techniques such as radar, capacitive, resistivity, permeability and ultrasonic measurements (impact echo, ultrasonic pulse velocity for volume and surface waves, diffuse waves, coda wave interferometry, nonlinear acoustics, etc.). Good agreements are observed between laboratory and in situ measurements. Industrial and research perspectives are presented.

Published
2019

34. Non Destructive Evaluation of the durability and damages of concrete in nuclear power plant

Author

Garnier, Vincent, Piwakowski, Bogdan, Henault, Jean-Marie, Verdier, Jérôme, Balayssac, Jean-Paul, Ranaivomanana, Narintsoa, Chaix, J.F., Rakotonarivo, Sandrine T., Villain, Géraldine, Abraham, Odile, Derobert, Xavier, Payan, C., Sbartaï, Zoubir Medhi, Saliba, Jacqueline, Larose, E., Hafid, Hamid, Drelich, Radoslaw, Ciccarone, Charles, Ondes et Imagerie (O&I), Laboratoire de Mécanique et d'Acoustique [Marseille] (LMA ), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - Département Opto-Acousto-Électronique - UMR 8520 (IEMN-DOAE), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Transduction, Propagation et Imagerie Acoustique - IEMN (TPIA - IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Simulation et Traitement de l'information pour l'Exploitation des systèmes de Production (EDF R&D STEP), EDF R&D (EDF R&D), EDF (EDF)-EDF (EDF), Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Département Matériaux et Structures (IFSTTAR/MAST), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-PRES Université Paris-Est, Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), Institut de Mécanique et d'Ingénierie de Bordeaux (I2M), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers (ENSAM), Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), MISTRAS Group, and Kazimierz Wielki University (UKW)

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], [INFO]Computer Science [cs], [PHYS.MECA.ACOU]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Acoustics [physics.class-ph]
Abstract

Session - Civil Infrastructure-Concrete 3, paper ECNDT-0349-2018; International audience; The “Non Destructive Evaluation of containment nuclear plant structures” project (ENDE) is a French project developed with 8 partners. Its aims are to control the containment of structures by Non Destructive Testing with ultrasonic, electromagnetic and electric techniques. The results are than combined together to consolidate the final evaluation. Two different objectives are proposed, the first is to estimate concrete properties and the second to follow concrete damages and cracks. The 4 years project was carried out in two steps (in laboratory and on site). The first step consists in realizing two sets of tests on concrete specimens in the laboratory. Objectives of the first set are to characterize the material and to quantify the sensitivity of the Non Destructive Evaluation (NDE) to durability indicators (elasticity modulus, strength, porosity, water content) of the concrete. Two new indicators (thermal damage and stress applied) are tested in order to take into account a possibility of an accident (LLCA). Such accident induces relatively very severe conditions (pressure=4.2 bar and temperature T=180°C) inside the containment The second set was developed to evaluate damaged zones and cracks. The data fusion of measured NDE parameters is applied and developed for each result with two specific processes. It allows to select most sensitive and efficient approaches. The second step consists in an investigation of selected non destructives parameters on a real structures that is containment structures under varying pressure. The presented results were obtained on a mock-up of a containment wall realized in a 1/3 scale and constructed by EDF (Electricity of France) within the VeRCoRs program. These tests are realized in 2017 and simulate the ten-year nuclear power plants control in which the two functions regularly tested are: the concrete mechanical properties and the containment walls leakage. This paper presents the ENDE project and some of in site obtained results.

Published
2018

35. Design of an UHF antenna insensitive to the concrete dielectric characteristics. In : Dominique Lesselier, Christophe Reboud (Eds.). Electromagnetic Non-Destructive Evaluation (XXI)

Author

RICHARD, Théo, LATRACH, Mohamed, Ihamouten, Amine, Borderon, Caroline, Gundel, Hartmut, DEROBERT, Xavier, École supérieure d'électronique de l'ouest [Angers] (ESEO), Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement - Equipe-projet ENDSUM (Cerema Equipe-projet ENDSUM), Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement (Cerema), Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Géophysique et évaluation non destructive (IFSTTAR/GERS/GeoEND), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Nantes Université (NU)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1)

Subjects
FREQUENCE, UHF BAND, ESSAI NON DESTRUCTIF, CONCRETE MEDIUM, ESSAI, NON DESTRUCTIF, EMETTEUR, INSENSITIVE ANTENNA, SURVEILLANCE DE SANTE STRUCTURALE, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, TRAITEMENT DU SIGNAL, [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, SURVEILLANCE, NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING, BETON, ANTENNE
Abstract

In this communication, we present a design methodology for an insensitive radiating structure for concrete health monitoring applications. It takes advantage of an optimized smaller vacuum box surrounding a patch antenna. The Ansys HFSS software is used to simulate the studies of different configurations. The patch antenna consists of a radiating metallic element with a ground plane printed on a low-cost FR4 substrate. It is optimized to be linearly polarized and to be able to operate in free space medium at the first two resonant frequencies of 1.55 GHz and 1.95 GHz. This study demonstrates that a 5 mm high vacuum box above main radiating antenna, is sufficient to reduce the influence of three surrounding dielectric materials studied in this work, such as a PVC, concrete and limestone. Theoretical predictions, for all types of surrounded materials, show reasonably good agreement with experimental results.

Published
2018

36. GPR System Performance Compliance According to COST Action TU 1208 Guidelines

Author

Pajewski, Lara, Vrtunski, Milan, Bugarinovic, Željko, Ristic, Aleksandar, Govedarica, Miro, Van Der Wielen, Audrey, Gregoire, Colette, Van Geem, Carl, Derobert, Xavier, Borecký, Vladislav, Salih Serkan, Artagan, Fontul, Simona, Marecos, Vania, and Lambot, Sebastien

Subjects
signal linearity in the time axis, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), system performance compliance, signal-to-noise ratio, antennas, calibration, signal stability
Abstract

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) systems shall be periodically calibrated and their performance verified, in accordance with the recommendations and specifications of the manufacturer. Nevertheless, most GPR owners in Europe employ their instrumentation for years without ever having it checked by the manufacturer, unless major flaws or problems become evident, according to the results of a survey carried out in the context of COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action TU1208 “Civil engineering applications of Ground Penetrating Radar.” The D6087–08 standard, emitted by the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM International), describes four procedures for the calibration of GPR systems equipped with air-coupled antennas. After a critical analysis of those procedures, four improved tests were proposed by a team of Members of the COST Action TU1208, which can be carried out to evaluate the signal-to-noise ratio, short-term stability, linearity in the time axis, and long-term stability of the GPR signal. This paper includes a full description of the proposed tests and presents the results obtained by scientists from Belgium, Czech Republic, Portugal, and Serbia, who executed the tests on their GPR systems. Overall, five pulsed control units and nine antennas were tested (five horn and four ground-coupled antennas, with central frequencies from 400 MHz to 1.8 GHz). While the performed measurements are not representative enough to establish absolute thresholds for the tests, they provide a valuable indication about values that one could obtain when testing GPR equipment, if the equipment is working reasonably well. Moreover, by periodically repeating the tests on the same equipment, it is possible to detect any significant shift from previously obtained values, which may imply that the GPR unit or antenna under test is not working in a normal or satisfactory manner. We also believe that executing the tests described in this paper is a useful exercise to gain awareness about the behaviour of a GPR system, its accuracy and limits, and how to best utilize it. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) systems shall be periodically calibrated and their performance verified, in accordance with the recommendations and specifications of the manufacturer. Nevertheless, most GPR owners in Europe employ their instrumentation for years without ever having it checked by the manufacturer, unless major flaws or problems become evident, according to the results of a survey carried out in the context of COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action TU1208 “Civil engineering applications of Ground Penetrating Radar.” The D6087–08 standard, emitted by the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM International), describes four procedures for the calibration of GPR systems equipped with air-coupled antennas. After a critical analysis of those procedures, four improved tests were proposed by a team of Members of the COST Action TU1208, which can be carried out to evaluate the signal-to-noise ratio, short-term stability, linearity in the time axis, and long-term stability of the GPR signal. This paper includes a full description of the proposed tests and presents the results obtained by scientists from Belgium, Czech Republic, Portugal, and Serbia, who executed the tests on their GPR systems. Overall, five pulsed control units and nine antennas were tested (five horn and four ground-coupled antennas, with central frequencies from 400 MHz to 1.8 GHz). While the performed measurements are not representative enough to establish absolute thresholds for the tests, they provide a valuable indication about values that one could obtain when testing GPR equipment, if the equipment is working reasonably well. Moreover, by periodically repeating the tests on the same equipment, it is possible to detect any significant shift from previously obtained values, which may imply that the GPR unit or antenna under test is not working in a normal or satisfactory manner. We also believe that executing the tests described in this paper is a useful exercise to gain awareness about the behaviour of a GPR system, its accuracy and limits, and how to best utilize it.

Published
2018

40. Design of an UHF antenna insensitive to concrete characteristics

Author

RICHARD , Théo, LATRACH , Mohamed, Ihamouten , Amine, Gundel , Hartmut, Derobert , Xavier, ESEO - RF-EMC ( RF-EMC ), ESEO-Tech, PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans ( UNAM ) -PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans ( UNAM ), Institut d'Electronique et de Télécommunications de Rennes ( IETR ), Université de Nantes ( UN ) -Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes ( INSA Rennes ) -CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement - Direction Ouest ( Cerema Direction Ouest ), Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement ( Cerema ), Laboratoire Géophysique et évaluation non destructive ( IFSTTAR/GERS/GeoEND ), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux ( IFSTTAR ) -PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans ( UNAM ), ESEO - RF-EMC (RF-EMC), Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-École supérieure d'électronique de l'ouest [Angers] (ESEO)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-École supérieure d'électronique de l'ouest [Angers] (ESEO), Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement - Equipe-projet ENDSUM (Cerema Equipe-projet ENDSUM), Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement (Cerema), Laboratoire Géophysique et évaluation non destructive (IFSTTAR/GERS/GeoEND), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nantes Université (NU)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Cadic, Ifsttar

Subjects
FREQUENCE, [SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics], BETON ARME, REINFORCED CONCRETE, PERMITTIVITE, DIELECTRIC PERMITTIVITY, DIELECTRIQUE, TRAITEMENT DU SIGNAL, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], UHF ANTENNA, EXTRA HAUTES FREQUENCES, SURVEILLANCE, [ SPI ] Engineering Sciences [physics], MONITORING, ANTENNE
Abstract

ENDE 2017, 22nd International Workshop on Electromagnetic Nondestructive Evaluation, PARIS, FRANCE, 06-/09/2017 - 08/09/2017; The global objective of this research work is to monitor civil en- gineering structures with reinforced concrete and electromagnetic wave propagation between an embedded antenna and an outside interrogative antenna is hence analyzed. We focus on the optimization of an UHF (Ultra High Frequency) antenna with would be insensitive to the concrete intrinsic properties, thus allowing propagation without frequency shift. A parametric study of the antenna topology as well as experimentations are done showing the antenna insensitivity in the choosen geometry.

Published
2017

41. Automated data extraction from synthetic and real radargrams of district heating pipelines

Author

GOVEDARICA, Aleksandar, PAJEWSKI, Milan, DEROBERT, Miro, RISTIC, Aleksandar, VRTUNSKI, Milan, GOVEDARICA, Miro, Pajewski, Lara, Derobert, Xavier, University of Novi Sad, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Laboratoire Géophysique et évaluation non destructive (IFSTTAR/GERS/GeoEND), and Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)

Subjects
LOCALISATION, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], TARGET, TRAITEMENT DES DONNEES, DISTRICT HEATING NETWORK, RADAR PENETRANT, GROUND PENETRATING RADAR, DATA PROCESSING, TELEDETECTION, ELECTROMAGNETIC MODELLING
Abstract

IWAGPR 2017, 9th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar, EDIMBOURG, ROYAUME-UNI, 28-/06/2017 - 30/06/2017; The main goal of this paper is to investigate the performance of an algorithm for point extraction from hyperbolic reflections in synthetic and experimental Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) data. The real radargrams that we considered contain hyperbolic reflections due to the presence, in the surveyed area, of district heating pipelines DN250. These are buried 88 cm deep in a soil trench, and covered by compacted sand and concrete bricks (behaton pavement). The synthetic radargrams result from the simulation of a model representing the real geometry on the location of interest. The simulation was carried out by using gprMax, version 3.

Published
2017

42. Near-field full-waveform inversion of radar waves to monitor water front in limestone

Author

GUAN, Borui, Ihamouten, Amine, Derobert, Xavier, Guilbert, David, Lambot, Sébastien, Villain, Géraldine, Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement - Equipe-projet ENDSUM (Cerema Equipe-projet ENDSUM), Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement (Cerema), Laboratoire Géophysique et évaluation non destructive (IFSTTAR/GERS/GeoEND), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), and Laboratoire Auscultation, Modélisation, Expérimentation des infrastructures de transport (IFSTTAR/MAST/LAMES)

Subjects
[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], GENETIC ALGORITHMS, DISPERSIVE MEDIA, ALGORITHME, RADAR PENETRANT, EAU, MILIEU, PERMITTIVITE, GREEN FUNCTION, WATER, PERMITTIVITY, GROUND PENETRATING RADAR (GPR)
Abstract

Limestone has been a widely used building material for many years. Its degradation process has been strongly linked to its water content, to which the radar waves are sensitive. In this paper, the closed-form, near-field full-wave radar model of Lambot et al. is utilized for monitoring water ingress in limestone. This model is based on planar layered media Green's functions combined with an intrinsic representation of the antenna through global reflection and transmission functions. The Jonscher's model is used to describe the frequency dependence of the limestone electromagnetic properties. Then, an inversion method based on a genetic algorithm is developed and optimized. The method is numerically validated by simulating electromagnetic wave propagation in medias, using a three-dimensional finite element software, namely high-frequency electromagnetic field simulation. Finally, the method is experimentally validated, with a stepped-frequency radar system and an ultra-wide band antenna, during an imbibition process of a limestone slab. Results are compared to gamma densimetry measurements, a nuclear and semi-destructive approach, performed as the reference. Analyses of the results show that the average relative difference between the estimated and the reference water front is 2.5%, thereby demonstrating the performance of the proposed nondestructive method.

Published
2017

47. Near-Field Full-Waveform Inversion of Ground-Penetrating Radar Data to Monitor the Water Front in Limestone

Author

UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, Guan, Borui, Ihamouten, Amine, Derobert, Xavier, Guilbert, David, Lambot, Sébastien, Villain, Geraldine, UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, Guan, Borui, Ihamouten, Amine, Derobert, Xavier, Guilbert, David, Lambot, Sébastien, and Villain, Geraldine

Abstract

Limestone has been a widely used building material for many years. Its degradation process has been strongly linked to its water content, to which the radar waves are sensitive. In this paper, the closed-form, near-field full-wave radar model of Lambot et al. is utilized for monitoring water ingress in limestone. This model is based on planar layered media Green’s functions combined with an intrinsic representation of the antenna through global reflection and transmission functions. The Jonscher model is used to describe the frequency dependence of the limestone electromagnetic properties. Then, an inversion method based on a genetic algorithm is developed and optimized. The method is numerically validated by simulating electromagnetic wave propagation in medias, using a three-dimensional finite element software, namely high-frequency electromagnetic field simulation. Finally, the method is experimentally validated, with a stepped-frequency radar system and an ultrawide band antenna, during an imbibition process of a limestone slab. Results are compared to gammadensimetry measurements, a nuclear and semidestructive approach, performed as the reference. Analyses of the results showthat theaverage relative difference between the estimated and the reference water front is 2.5%, thereby demonstrating the performanceof the proposed nondestructive method.

Published
2017

48. Catalogue of GPR test sites. COST Action TU1208.

Author

UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, Pajewski Lara, Persico Raffaele, Derobert Xavier, Balayssac Jean-Paul, Ebihara Satoshi, Grégoire Colette, Ivashchuk Volodymyr, Kind Thomas, Krysinski Lech, Lai Wallace Wai-Lok, Lambot, Sébastien, UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, Pajewski Lara, Persico Raffaele, Derobert Xavier, Balayssac Jean-Paul, Ebihara Satoshi, Grégoire Colette, Ivashchuk Volodymyr, Kind Thomas, Krysinski Lech, Lai Wallace Wai-Lok, and Lambot, Sébastien

Abstract

This publication aims to provide a list of the main available test sites and laboratories where Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) equipment, methodology and procedures can be tested. It also ecompasses recommendations for the design of new GPR test sites. The catalogue is an outcome of the COST Action TU1208 "Civil engineering applications of Ground Penetrating Radar." Most test sites presented in this volume are located in Europe; information about a few extra-European facilities is included, as well. The catalogue will contribute to identifying new collaboration possibilities among European research teams and stimulate a stronger cooperation between academia and industry. Furthermore, the catalogue clarifies which are the existing and missing testing facilities in the various European regions, thus highlighting and possibly addressing current and near-future research needs. Scientists, GPR end-users and manufacturers can exploit the facilities listed in this catalogue to test and calibrate their equipment and inspection procedures, to investigate the feasibility of new applications, to plan and offer training activities, to verify and increase the level of their own experience with respect to specific applications, and more. Moreover, this publication represents a helpful reference for the preparation of new project proposals, as well as for the definition of the workplan of research initiatives and industrial ventures. It is worth stressing that test sites are central to any future Quality Assurance/Control strategy to be developed in the GPR field. Additionally, test sites are the only practical means of collecting experimental datasets in controlled conditions, to be analyzed and compared for the purposes of deriving knowledge about the performance of different GPR systems, antennas, procedures and algotithms. The list of facilities provided in this publication is not exhaustive. We hope that, in the future, this catalogue will progressively become more complete a

Published
2017

49. Parametric pipe detection on the urban site Sense-City using Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR)

Author

Sagnard, Florence, Norgeot, Christophe, Derobert, Xavier, Baltazart, Vincent, Merliot, Erick, Derkx, François, Lebental, Bérengère, Laboratoire Électronique Ondes et Signaux pour les Transports (IFSTTAR/COSYS/LEOST), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-PRES Université Lille Nord de France, Le Matériel de Sondage, parent, Laboratoire Géophysique et évaluation non destructive (IFSTTAR/GERS/GeoEND), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Structure et Instrumentation Intégrée (IFSTTAR/COSYS/SII), Laboratoire Instrumentation, Simulation et Informatique Scientifique (IFSTTAR/COSYS/LISIS), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Communauté Université Paris-Est, and Cadic, Ifsttar

Subjects
TECHNOLOGIE SANS FIL, FREQUENCE, RADAR PENETRANT, GROUND PENETRATING RADAR, DIELECTRIQUE, POLARISATION, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, [SPI.SIGNAL] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, DETECTION
Abstract

EGU - European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2016 , Vienna, AUTRICHE, 17-/04/2016 - 22/04/2016; Sense-City facility is a modeled urban test-bed of 250 m2 (25m×10m) located at University Paris-Est (France) that is dedicated to the validation of measurement technologies in the field of urban sustainability [1]. The novel Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) test site falls within the purview of Sense-City smart road topic, as networks usually lie below road structures. This site lies within the actual concern of mapping the underground with a non-destructive technique to retrieve the location of underground pipelines, in order to update urban cadastral databases, to contribute to space saving and to a wise use of land resources when planning for new networks. Thus, the test site designed provides several sources of measurement interest expressed by the presence of a multilayered soil with significant dielectric contrasts, and two distinct areas dedicated to the validation of utility mapping tools, one with buried pipes, and the other with buried blades with various dielectric properties; the objects having a relative small lateral dimension (less than 15 cm) have been buried at several depths (ranging from 14.5 to 64.5 cm ) in trenches filled with a backfill soil different from the natural soil. This paper is focused on the buried pipe area: experimental radargrams have been acquired using several GPR systems (GSSI SIR 3000, UtilityScan DF and a SFCW made of a pair of bowtie slot antennas conceived in our laboratory) operating at frequencies ranging from 300 MHz to 1.5 GHz. At first, the comparison and the interpretation of a few raw Bscans have allowed to characterize the dielectric properties of the soil layers. Afterwards, during the experiments made with the different GPR systems, we have studied the hyperbola signatures of the buried pipes according to several parameters such as central frequency, dielectric contrast of the objects (air filled or water filled), and polarization. The results of this study will help to further evaluate and develop different types of algorithms in signal and image processing (wavelet transform, Hilbert transform, matched filter, mode decomposition, super resolution algorithm, template matching, migration...) in radargrams to finally extract quantitative information. Experimental results highlight that 800 and 900 MHz are the most suited frequencies to obtain radargrams with enough resolution and penetration to characterize the buried objects with relatively small lateral dimension. First measurements have been made in the blade zone and they are currently under interpretation.

Published
2016

50. Comparaison de profils de taux de saturation obtenus par plusieurs méthodes non destructives électriques et électromagnétiques

Author

Villain, Géraldine, Balayssac, Jean-Paul, FARES, Mila, SBARTAÏ, Zoubir Medhi, LATASTE, Jean-François, Derobert, Xavier, Laboratoire Auscultation, Modélisation, Expérimentation des infrastructures de transport (IFSTTAR/MAST/LAMES), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut de Mécanique et d'Ingénierie de Bordeaux (I2M), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers (ENSAM), Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Géophysique et évaluation non destructive (IFSTTAR/GERS/GeoEND), PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers (ENSAM), and HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

Subjects
[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], BETON ARME, TENEUR EN EAU, GRADIENT, PERMITTIVITE, CONTROLE NON DESTRUCTIF, RESISTIVITE, DURABILITE
Abstract

Diagnobéton 2016, MARRAKECH, MAROC, 24-/03/2016 - 25/03/2016; Dans le cadre du projet ANR-EVADEOS, différentes méthodes d'évaluation non destructives (ND) ont été mises en oeuvre simultanément pour suivre la pénétration d'eau dans le béton au cours du temps. Nous nous focalisons dans cette communication sur les méthodes électriques et électromagnétiques ainsi que sur les méthodes de références et de validation. Des dalles de béton de classe C20 de 600x250x150 mm ont été séchées pour obtenir un taux de saturation initial homogène dans l'épaisseur des dalles. Elles ont ensuite été soumises à un essai d'imbibition pour que l'eau pénètre par absorption capillaire puis testées à différentes échéances pendant 7 jours. Les méthodes de référence, choisies pour suivre la pénétration de l'eau et pour valider les méthodes d'évaluation ND, sont la gammadensimétrie et des capteurs thermohygrométriques noyés dans les dalles de béton. Nous montrerons les résultats bruts et discuterons des mesures complémentaires et calculs nécessaires pour obtenir les profils de taux de saturation. Des biais et incertitudes de mesures étant apportés par les méthodes de référence, il est avantageux de développer les méthodes ND pouvant fournir le taux de saturation. Les méthodes ND choisies sont les sondes capacitives et plusieurs méthodes de tomographie de résistivité électrique qui fournissent des résultats intégrés de la surface jusqu'à différentes profondeurs. Ces mesures apparentes sont ensuite inversées et transformées en degré de saturation (S) en utilisant les courbes de calibration. Les profils de taux de saturation ND peuvent alors être comparés et analysés pour chaque échéance.

Published
2016

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