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The objective of the study is to prepare Ag+-doped ZnO nano crystals and to assess their structure, optical behavior, TL analysis, photocatalytic activity. Using sol–gel technique the Ag+-doped ZnO nano crystals prepared. Using the FT-IR, XRD, BET surface area, SEM, EDX characterization techniques, we have examined the structure of the developed samples. The TL analysis of samples was done under a dose of 25 kGy gamma irradiation. Trap depth parameters of the samples evaluated. Which suggested the ZnO nano crystals doped with Ag+ ions are purely TL active. The optical studies such optical absorption, photoluminescence of samples reveal their optical behavior. The optical band gap of the samples also evaluated. Which is increasing with increase in concentration of Ag+ ions in ZnO nano crystals. Using the MV (10 ppm) and CR (10 ppm) dyes, under visible light the photocatalytic activity of the samples reported. At a reaction period of 90 min, the nano powder containing 1.0 mol% Ag+-doped ZnO nano crystals and a band gap energy of 2.75 eV demonstrated the best photocatalytic efficiency (∼91 %) in both colors. The evaluation was done on the impact of radical scavenger research and catalyst dosage on degrading efficiency. The rate of reaction in the presence of 1.0 mol% Ag+-doped ZnO nano crystals was four times higher than the ZnO catalyst's rate constants, and the degradation reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. The degrading process shows pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the reaction rate was four times higher than the ZnO catalyst in the presence of 1.0 mol% Ag+-doped ZnO nano crystals. It took three cycle runs for the degrading efficiency to drop by 1 %. Thus, 1.0 mol% Ag+-doped ZnO nano crystals was employed as a promising photocatalyst with strong reusability potential for the degradation of textile colors, which will be very beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex impedance studies on pure and mixed crystals reveal two partially overlapping depressed semicircles in a complex impedance analysis. The impedance behavior of these samples is interpreted as between the two metal electrodes and can be claimed alike to a combination pertaining to pure R and C. In the variation of DC and AC ionic conductivity (from complex impedance analysis) with reciprocal temperature for pure Ba(NO3)2, KNO3 and different nano m/o viz. for 0.25Ba(NO3)2-0.75KNO3, 0.19Ba(NO3)2-0.81KNO3, 0.05Ba(NO3)2-0.95KNO3 it is found that the improvement of conductivity resulted in escalation along the mole fraction. That is, the improvement has been extreme in the case of nano 81m/o of KNO3 in 19m/o of Ba(NO3)2 and has shown to reduce for nano 0.05Ba(NO3)2-0.95KNO3 (which supports the DC conductivity by two probe method). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to develop glasses that are thermally reflective, radiation-resistant, and mechanically robust. We have synthesized the La(20-x)Pb10B70:Eux series of glasses in this regard. Then, characterization, radiation shielding, structural analysis (Raman, FT-IR, DTA, SEM, XRD, and EDX), dielectrics, thermoluminescence are planned. The XRD and SEM analyses of the test samples reveal a vitreous appearance. The chemical constituents are identified by the EDX analysis in terms of their percentage of atomic weight. The density (2.592 g/cm3) and molar volume (45.44 cm3 mol−1) of the fabricated glass were evaluated as physical properties. The glass transition temperature (approximately 273 °C) and thermal stabilities (0.656 percent) of glasses are determined to be solely dependent on Eu3+ ions, according to DTA investigations. FT-IR and Raman analyses were employed to determine the various structural vibrations of the sample glass. By employing the ultrasonic velocities of the test glasses, an assessment was conducted on the micro-hardness of the glass (5.01 GPa). The shielding characteristics of radiation, such as RPE (31.6 percent) and MAC (16.9 cm2/g), indicate that the shielding behavior is solely the result of the Eu3+ ions. It has been observed that TL properties are examined at gamma irradiation intensities ranging from 5 to 25 kGy. An evaluation was conducted on the frequency factor (3.225 × 1021 S−1) and A.E. (1.785 eV) of glasses. The findings indicate that the TL characteristics of glasses are solely influenced by the Eu3+ ions. Additionally, the investigation of the dielectric properties of glasses was ascertained. The analysis focused on the dielectric constant (8.891), dielectric loss (0.026), ac conductivity (0.735 × 10–8 Ω−1 cm−1), and A.E. (1.051 eV) values of the fabricated glass. The findings suggest that the dielectric properties of glasses are entirely determined by the presence of Eu3+ ions. Overall the LBPE-1.5 glass found to be best in the structural, mechanical, optical, dielectric, radiation shielding and thermoluminescence properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation, aimed to prepare lead silicate glasses doped with samarium ions and to study it's structure, elastic, spectroscopic and thermoluminiscence properties with Al(10−x)Sbx composite influence. The objective of the investigation is to develop TL sustained good laser active resource by means of studying photo and thermoluminiscence properties. In this direction, we have prepared the glass series of Al(10−x)SbxSm0.1Pb30Si59.9 materials (where, 0 ≤ x ≤ 10, with steps of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mol%) after that planned for structural (XRD, FT-IR, DTA, EDS & SEM), Optical (UV & PL) and thermoluminescence characterization. The XRD and SEM studies reveal the glassy behavior of test samples. The EDX analysis signifies the chemical constitutes with atomic weight %. The physical properties such as density and molar volume of glasses were evaluated. The DTA studies of glasses reveal the glass transition and crystallization temperature points. The values of thermal stabilities of glasses found to be purely function of Sb3+ ions. Various structural vibrations of test glass conformed using FT-IR studies. Using ultrasonic velocities of the test glasses, the glasses' micro-hardness was evaluated. From the absorption spectra, the Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters (Ω2, Ω4, Ω6) have been calculated. The PL spectra under stimulation at 402 nm show a prominent reddish–orange emission at 602 nm. The experimental lifetimes (τr) of the 4G5/2 → 6H7/2 (602 nm) luminescence transition were measured using the decay spectral profiles of this transition. The evaluated emission cross-sections (σse), branching ratios (βr), and quantum efficiency (η) allow us to speculate that the lead silicate glasses doped with Sm3+ ions are ideally suitable as potential gain mediums for visible reddish orange lasers pumped directly by readily available 405 nm laser diodes. Quantum efficiencies of the produced glasses are obtained using a decay curve analysis. The emission spectra used to establish the developed glasses' reddish orange emission are used to compute the CIE chromaticity coordinates. It is evident from the stated fluorescent properties that the developed glasses are suited for reddish–orange laser applications, particularly in opto-electronic devices. From all of the values obtained, it can be observed that SAS6 glass code is ideally suited for reddish–orange laser applications. The TL properties are studied at 30 kGy gamma irradiation dose range. The frequency factor and A.E. of glasses were evaluated. This reveals that the TL behavior of glasses is a purely function of Sb3+ ions. Overall, the Al(10−x)SbxSm0.1Pb30Si59.9 glasses prepared are mechanical hard, TL effective, and optically useful resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we obtained nickel oxide-doped CaAl 2 SiO 6 glasses and analyzed their structural, optical, thermoluminescent, and photoluminescent properties. In general, NiO-doped glasses are useful as optical materials. However, optical materials such as glasses containing Ni2+ ions require refinement of their properties in terms of their structure, thermal stability, microhardness, electrical conductivity, and luminescence to facilitate the development of advanced thermoluminescent materials. Thus, Ni2+ ionic CaAl 2 SiO 6 glasses were synthesized and tested in this study. We observed the amorphous behavior of samples by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, differential thermal analysis, and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The order of density, oxygen packing density, polaronic radius, molar volume, and refractive index were evaluated for the glasses. The glass transition temperatures were identified using DTA to assess the order of the thermal stabilities, where the highest was found for the Ni 0.6 Ca 9.4 Al 30 Si 60 glass. The modes of molecular vibrations for Ni–O–Ni, Ca–O–Ca, Al–O–Al, and Si–O–Si molecules were identified using FT-IR. The highest transmittance intensities were determined for the Ni 0.6 Ca 9.4 Al 30 Si 60 glass. The order of the electrical conductivity and activation energy were obtained for glasses using DC conductivity measurements, where the highest was found for the Ni 0.6 Ca 9.4 Al 30 Si 60 glass. Optical absorption spectra were recorded for the glasses to determine the order of the band gap (∼0.78 eV) and nephelauxetic ratio (0.799). The photoluminescence was recorded for the glasses at an excitation wavelength of 400 nm to determine the order of the transition probability (∼1.85 S–1) and luminescence emission cross section (∼0.819 × 10−34 cm2). The highest transmittance intensities were obtained for the Ni 0.6 Ca 9.4 Al 30 Si 60 glass. Thermoluminescence was recorded for the glasses under gamma irradiation at a dose of 30 kGy, which yielded the shape symmetry factor (∼0.535%), frequency factor (1.31 S–1), and activation energy (∼0.551 eV). Irradiative thermoluminescent analysis suggested a higher order octahedral tendency, and the divalent oxidation states for nickel ions in the glass with an NiO concentration of 0.6 mol% obtained the best thermoluminescent intensities. The orders of the elastic modulus, nephelauxetic ratio, and microhardness for the glasses suggested covalently connected elastic lattices. • Microhardness range of the glasses, reveal the elastic strength. Which is found to be high in comparison with borophosphate glasses. • The d. c. Conductivity range of glasses suggest higher orders of polaronic radius, interstitial defects, and the octahedral tendency of Ni2+ ions, with in the glasses. • The order of ionic radius, trap centers, and the octahedral tendency of Ni2+ ions, with in the glasses suggest glasses will be useful advanced TL resource. The shape symmetry factor and low A.E.'s of the glasses under thermoluminescence studies suggest materials are TL active for low energies. • The order of the optical bandgap, transition probability and cross-section of the glasses are a highly suggestible for photonic resource. Due to the high orders of refractive index, the octahedral tendency of Ni2+ ions, and nephelauxetic ratio, the Ni-0.6 glass exhibited best spectroscopic properties in comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]