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The use of ureteral stents to relieve urinary tract obstruction is still challenged by the problems of infection, encrustation, and compression, leading to the need for early removal procedures. Biodegradable ureteral stents, commonly made of polymers, have been proposed to overcome these problems. Recently, absorbable metals have been considered as potential materials offering both biodegradation and strength. This work proposed zinc-based absorbable metals by firstly evaluating their cytocompatibility toward normal primary human urothelial cells using 2D and 3D assays. In the 2D assay, the cells were exposed to different concentrations of metal extracts (i.e., 10 mg/mL of Zn&ndash, 1Mg and 8.75 mg/mL of Zn&ndash, 0.5Al) for up to 3 days and found that their cytoskeletal networks were affected but were recovered at day 3, as observed by immunofluorescence. In the 3D ureteral wall tissue construct, the cells formed a multilayered urothelium, as found in native tissue, with the presence of tight junctions at the superficial layer and laminin at the basal layer, indicating a healthy tissue condition even with the presence of the metal samples for up to 7 days of exposure. The basal cells attached to the metal surface as seen in a natural spreading state with pseudopodia and fusiform morphologies, indicating that the metals were non-toxic.

Summary Background/Objective Hydrogen gas cavity is formed during in vivo degradation of magnesium implants. In many studies, the gas cavity is mostly punctured out subcutaneously. However, this procedure becomes inapplicable in certain internal surgeries; therefore, the effect of this gas cavity is worth further assessment. Methods In this study, we investigated the effect of hydrogen gas evolution on the mortality of rats and analysed the whole body capacity to relieve the gas. Porous pure-magnesium implants were implanted in the femoral bone defect of adult Sprague-Dawley rats up to 18 days, and their survival rate was calculated while the gas cavity size was measured, and its effect was analysed with support of radiographic and blood analysis. Results The gas cavity was rapidly formed surrounding the implantation site and obviously decreased the rats' survival rate. The gas was observed to swell the surrounding implantation site by filling the loose compartments and then dispersing subcutaneously to other areas. Conclusion The rat's whole body capacity was unable to tolerate the rapid and persistent hydrogen gas cavity formation as shown by high postimplantation mortality.

Foreign body materials enter human body through ingestion, insertion, or deposited by injury and may migrate from the entry site causing inflammation, abscess formation or undergo distant embolization. The aim of this study was to observe the degradation process of iron-based foreign body materials in different site of implantation through radiography approach. Forty two adult male ddy mice were used and iron-based implants were inserted into nape area, subcutaneously and into right femoral muscle using trocar, aseptically. The implants consisted of iron, chromium(Cr)-coated iron and stainless steel surgical wire (SS316L). Serial radiography was performed at day-1, 4 and 14 after implantation. The gray value of material density were then measured at 4 points : 2 points on both end and 2 points on the middle of the implants by using plot profile module in ImageJ® software. Results showed that the radiodensity of the implants from each group in both implantation site was increased at day-4 and materials’ radiodensity implanted subcutaneously showed higher gray value especially at peri-implant site along the side of the implant than those which implanted intramuscularly. Discussion on the degradation process and radiographic measurement is detailed in the manuscript.

A foreign body is any object originating outside the body. It may migrate from its entry site and cause pain, inflammation and infection. This study aims to examine in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo tissue response at different implantation sites of two iron-based foreign body (FeFB) specimens: pure Fe wire, Cr-coated Fe wire, and SS316L wire as control. In vitro cytotoxicity was assessed towards rat smooth muscle cells with direct method of methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. In vivo tissue response was examined using mice animal model until day 14 after surgical implantation in subcutaneous nape area and intramuscular right femoral muscle. Cell viability, surface morphology and Fe ion release were examined. Implant density and tissue response were examined by using radiographic imaging and histology, respectively. Results showed that both FeFB specimens exhibited similar cell viability with SS316L. Iron ion concentration was higher in both FeFB medium compared to that of SS316L and with oxide layer formation on their surface. Radiographic analysis showed that the density of both FeFB implants end-side was increased. Meanwhile, histological tissue response at intramuscular sites for FeFB specimens showed a prominent inflammatory response compared to SS316L. Detailed analysis on cell and tissue-material interactions of the iron-based foreign body specimens is discussed further in this article.

Kasus nefrolithiasis ini ditemukan pada seekor red eared slider (RES) atau di Indonesia dikenal dengan nama kura-kura Brazil, secara tidak disengaja ketika hewan tersebut diperiksa secara radiografi untuk melihat morfologi normalnya. Kura-kura telah dipelihara selama satu tahun oleh pemilik tanpa ada keluhan apapun. Kura-kura tersebut dipelihara di dalam kolam bersama dengan ikan, pakan yang diberikan pemilik adalah ikan kecil dan sayur. Riwayat kura-kura sebelum dipelihara pemilik tidak diketahui. Radiografi dilakukan melalui 3 standar pandang, yaitu dorsoventral, laterolateral dan craniocaudal. Hasil radiografi dari ketiga standar pandang tersebut menunjukkan adanya massa radiopaque di bagian kanan dan kiri abdomen kura-kura. Pemeriksaan ultrasonografi (USG) dilakukan sebagai diagnosa penunjang. Hasil yang didapat dari pemeriksaan USG ini adalah ditemukan massa hiperekhoik pada ginjal.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pencitraan struktur jaringan penyusun organ reproduksi jantan pada domba ekor tipis (DET) melalui pencitraan B-Mode ultrasonografi. Penelitian ini menggunakan 3 ekor DET jantan dengan berat 14-16 kg berumur 10-12 bulan. Pencitraan ultrasonografi dilakukan secara langsung pada domba tanpa menggunakan anestesi atau sedasi. Transduser linear berfrekuensi 7,5-15 MHz digunakan untuk memeriksa organ reproduksi jantan meliputi preputium, penis, epididimis, dan testis. Pemeriksaan dilakukan secara melintang dan memanjang dalam proses pemindaian. Hasil yang didapat adalah struktur jaringan penyusun organ reproduksi jantan dapat terlihat jelas dengan ekogenitas yang bervariasi. Bagian organ juga dapat dibedakan melalui pencitraan ultrasonografi sesuai dengan bentuk struktur jaringan penyusun organ yang diamati.

The interaction of biomaterials with the human body not only affects the surrounding implantation tissue but also the integrity of biomaterial itself. The body fluid that contains aggressive chloride ions can trigger degradation of metallic biomaterials, leading to the release of metal ions and the formation of degradation products. This natural reaction has been heavily prevented from occurring on inert metallic biomaterials. However, a new type of metallic biomaterial, biodegradable metal, is intentionally made to degrade within the human body at a controllable manner. Monitoring the formation of degradation products and the release of metal ions therefore becomes essential. This chapter presents methods currently used for monitoring in vivo degradation of biodegradable metals from radiography, microcomputed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography till blood, and histological analysis. In addition, new techniques capable of the online monitoring of local changes surrounding the implantation site and systemic changes in body fluid are also discussed. Both methods are important and complementary to gain comprehensive information of in vivo degradation of biodegradable metal implants.

Porous iron has been recently introduced as new biomaterials for bone scaffolds. As a metal that degrades in the in vivo setting (biodegradable metal), little has been known for its cell-material interaction within the living tissue especially in the view of its applications for bone implant materials. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess tissue response to the implantation of porous iron in the in vivo setting using rats as animal model and radiographic examination. Ten adult Sprague Dawley rats received the implantation of porous iron implants having different porosity into their femoral bone followed by radiographic examination up to 5 months post-implantation. Results shows differences in the opacity of radiographic images where the implants looked more radiopaque than bone and muscle. Radiodensity values of the implants decreases overtime indicating they experienced progressive degradation. This values dynamically change over time up to 5 months in relation to the event of chronic inflammation, degradation and bone healing process.

Biocompatibility or safety of the medical device is considered important. It can be determined by blood profile examination. The aim of this study was to assess the biocompatibility of biodegradable metal implant through peripheral white blood cells (WBCs) profile approach. Forty eight male ddy mice were divided into four groups according to the materials implanted: iron wire (Fe), magnesium rod (Mg), stainless steel surgical wire (SS316L) and control with sham (K). Implants were inserted and attached onto the right femoral bone on latero-medial region. In this study, peripheral white blood cells and leukocyte differentiation were the parameters examined. The result showed that the WBCs value of all groups were decreased at the first day after implantation, increased at the 10th day and continued increasing at the 30th day of observation, except Mg group which has decreased. Neutrophil, as an inflammatory cells, was increased at the early weeks and decreased at the day-30 after surgery in all groups. Despite, these values during the observation were still within the normal range. As a conclus ion, biodegradable metal implants lead to an inflammatory reaction, with no adverse effect on WBC value found.

Chemical castration is a method that can be applied easily without any surgical intervention in animals. This study utilized iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O) as a new material for chemical castration in mice. Twenty seven adult male mice were divided into five groups: FeCl3 20% (n = 6), FeCl3 10% (n = 6), FeCl3 5.0% (n = 6), FeCl3 2.5% (n = 6), and control NaCl 0.9% (n = 3). A 0.2 mL of NaCl 0.9% or FeCl3 in various concentrations was injected intra-testicularly on each testis of the mice. Post-castration survival rate with LD50 values was obtained at the concentrations between 2.5-5.0% of FeCl3 groups, and 100% mice survived in the control group. The size of testis and concentration of spermatozoa decreased, in contrast with the increased concentration of FeCl3 solution used seven days post-injection compared to the control group. ABSTRAK Kebiri/kastrasi kimiawi secara injeksi intra-testis merupakan metode pengebiriam yang dapat dilakukan dengan mudah tanpa prosedur bedah pada hewan. Penelitian ini memanfaatkan larutan besi (ferri/III) klorida (FeCl3) sebagai bahan baru untuk tindakan kebiri kimiawi pada mencit. Mencit jantan dewasa umur lima bulan sebanyak 27 ekor dibagi dalam lima kelompok yaitu FeCl3 20% (n=6), FeCl3 10% (n=6), FeCl3 5,0% (n=6), FeCl3 2,5% (n=6) dan kontrol NaCl 0,9% (n=3). Larutan FeCl3 sebanyak 0,2 mL diinjeksikan secara intra-testikel pada setiap organ testis. Daya hidup pascakebiri injeksi nilai LD 50 diperoleh pada kelompok FeCl3 konsentrasi di antara 2,5-5,0 % dan kelompok kontrol 100 % hidup. Organ testis dalam skrotum mengalami pengecilan ukuran dan konsentrasi spermatozoa mengalami penurunan seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi larutan FeCl3 yang digunakan setelah tujuh hari pasca injeksi dibandingkan dengan kontrol.