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1. Special nuclear layer contacts between starburst amacrine cells in the mouse retina

Author

Shang Mu, Nicholas L. Turner, William M. Silversmith, Chris S. Jordan, Nico Kemnitz, Marissa Sorek, Celia David, Devon L. Jones, Doug Bland, Merlin Moore, Amy Robinson Sterling, and H. Sebastian Seung

Subjects
starburst amacrine cells (SACs), electron microscopy, retina, 3D reconstruction, perisomatic contact, Medicine
Abstract

Starburst amacrine cells are a prominent neuron type in the mammalian retina that has been well-studied for its role in direction-selective information processing. One specific property of these cells is that their dendrites tightly stratify at specific depths within the inner plexiform layer (IPL), which, together with their unique expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), has made them the most common depth marker for studying other retinal neurons in the IPL. This stratifying property makes it unexpected that they could routinely have dendrites reaching into the nuclear layer or that they could have somatic contact specializations, which is exactly what we have found in this study. Specifically, an electron microscopic image volume of sufficient size from a mouse retina provided us with the opportunity to anatomically observe both microscopic details and collective patterns, and our detailed cell reconstructions revealed interesting cell-cell contacts between starburst amacrine neurons. The contact characteristics differ between the respective On and Off starburst amacrine subpopulations, but both occur within the soma layers, as opposed to their regular contact laminae within the inner plexiform layer.

Published
2023
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2. Digital museum of retinal ganglion cells with dense anatomy and physiology

Author

H. Sebastian Seung, Kevin L. Briggman, Alex D. Norton, Chris S. Jordan, Shang Mu, Celia David, Nicholas L. Turner, Nico Kemnitz, William Silversmith, Amy L. R. Sterling, J. S. Kim, Jungman Park, Rachel Prentki, Doug Bland, Devon L. Jones, Marissa Sorek, J. Alexander Bae, and Ignacio Tartavull

Subjects
Retinal Ganglion Cells, 0301 basic medicine, Nervous system, Cell type, Neurite, genetic structures, Physiology, Biology, Retinal ganglion, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Calcium imaging, medicine, Biological neural network, Humans, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Retina, Museums, 3D reconstruction, Single patch, Anatomy, Inner plexiform layer, Ganglion, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Mouse Retina, sense organs, Algorithms, Software, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Most digital brain atlases have macroscopic resolution and are confined to a single imaging modality. Here we present a new kind of resource that combines dense maps of anatomy and physiology at cellular resolution. The resource encompasses almost 400 ganglion cells from a single patch of mouse retina, and a digital “museum” provides a 3D interactive view of each cell’s anatomy as well as graphs of its visual responses. To demonstrate the utility of the resource, we use it to divide the inner plexiform layer of the retina into four sublaminae defined by a purely anatomical principle of arbor segregation. We also test the hypothesis that the aggregate neurite density of a ganglion cell type should be approximately uniform (“density conservation”). Finally, we find that ganglion cells arborizing in the inner marginal sublamina of the inner plexiform layer exhibit significantly more sustained visual responses on average.

Published
2018

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